v2.30.0

* pin cryptography<40 on pypy 3.7

.coveragerc

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 [run]
-omit = requests/packages/*
+omit = requests/packages/*

.git-blame-ignore-revs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# You can configure git to automatically use this file with the following config:
+# git config --global blame.ignoreRevsFile .git-blame-ignore-revs
+
+# Add automatic code formatting to Requests
+2a6f290bc09324406708a4d404a88a45d848ddf9

.github/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Treat each other well
+
+Everyone participating in the _requests_ project, and in particular in the issue tracker,
+pull requests, and social media activity, is expected to treat other people with respect
+and more generally to follow the guidelines articulated in the
+[Python Community Code of Conduct](https://www.python.org/psf/codeofconduct/).

.github/CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 # Contribution Guidelines
 
-Before opening any issues or proposing any pull requests, please do the
-following:
-
-1. Read our [Contributor's Guide](http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/dev/contributing/).
-2. Understand our [development philosophy](http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/dev/philosophy/).
+Before opening any issues or proposing any pull requests, please read
+our [Contributor's Guide](https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/dev/contributing/).
 
 To get the greatest chance of helpful responses, please also observe the
 following additional notes.

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+custom: ['https://www.python.org/psf/sponsorship/']

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ import requests
 
 This command is only available on Requests v2.16.4 and greater. Otherwise,
 please provide some basic information about your system (Python version,
-operating system, &c).
+operating system, &c).

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/Bug_report.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+name: Bug report
+about: Create a report to help us improve
+
+---
+
+<!-- Summary. -->
+
+## Expected Result
+
+<!-- What you expected. -->
+
+## Actual Result
+
+<!-- What happened instead. -->
+
+## Reproduction Steps
+
+```python
+import requests
+
+```
+
+## System Information
+
+    $ python -m requests.help
+
+```json
+{
+  "paste": "here"
+}
+```
+
+<!-- This command is only available on Requests v2.16.4 and greater. Otherwise,
+please provide some basic information about your system (Python version,
+operating system, &c). -->

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/Custom.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+name: Request for Help
+about: Guidance on using Requests.
+
+---
+
+Please refer to our [Stack Overflow tag](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/python-requests) for guidance.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/Feature_request.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+name: Feature request
+about: Suggest an idea for this project
+
+---
+
+Requests is not accepting feature requests at this time.

.github/SECURITY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# Vulnerability Disclosure
+
+If you think you have found a potential security vulnerability in
+requests, please email [Nate](mailto:nate.prewitt@gmail.com)
+and [Seth](mailto:sethmichaellarson@gmail.com) directly.
+**Do not file a public issue.**
+
+Our PGP Key fingerprints are:
+
+- 8722 7E29 AD9C FF5C FAC3  EA6A 44D3 FF97 B80D C864 ([@nateprewitt](https://keybase.io/nateprewitt))
+
+- EDD5 6765 A9D8 4653 CBC8  A134 51B0 6736 1740 F5FC ([@sethmlarson](https://keybase.io/sethmlarson))
+
+You can also contact us on [Keybase](https://keybase.io) with the
+profiles above if desired.
+
+If English is not your first language, please try to describe the
+problem and its impact to the best of your ability. For greater detail,
+please use your native language and we will try our best to translate it
+using online services.
+
+Please also include the code you used to find the problem and the
+shortest amount of code necessary to reproduce it.
+
+Please do not disclose this to anyone else. We will retrieve a CVE
+identifier if necessary and give you full credit under whatever name or
+alias you provide. We will only request an identifier when we have a fix
+and can publish it in a release.
+
+We will respect your privacy and will only publicize your involvement if
+you grant us permission.
+
+## Process
+
+This following information discusses the process the requests project
+follows in response to vulnerability disclosures. If you are disclosing
+a vulnerability, this section of the documentation lets you know how we
+will respond to your disclosure.
+
+### Timeline
+
+When you report an issue, one of the project members will respond to you
+within two days *at the outside*. In most cases responses will be
+faster, usually within 12 hours. This initial response will at the very
+least confirm receipt of the report.
+
+If we were able to rapidly reproduce the issue, the initial response
+will also contain confirmation of the issue. If we are not, we will
+often ask for more information about the reproduction scenario.
+
+Our goal is to have a fix for any vulnerability released within two
+weeks of the initial disclosure. This may potentially involve shipping
+an interim release that simply disables function while a more mature fix
+can be prepared, but will in the vast majority of cases mean shipping a
+complete release as soon as possible.
+
+Throughout the fix process we will keep you up to speed with how the fix
+is progressing. Once the fix is prepared, we will notify you that we
+believe we have a fix. Often we will ask you to confirm the fix resolves
+the problem in your environment, especially if we are not confident of
+our reproduction scenario.
+
+At this point, we will prepare for the release. We will obtain a CVE
+number if one is required, providing you with full credit for the
+discovery. We will also decide on a planned release date, and let you
+know when it is. This release date will *always* be on a weekday.
+
+At this point we will reach out to our major downstream packagers to
+notify them of an impending security-related patch so they can make
+arrangements. In addition, these packagers will be provided with the
+intended patch ahead of time, to ensure that they are able to promptly
+release their downstream packages. Currently the list of people we
+actively contact *ahead of a public release* is:
+
+-   Jeremy Cline, Red Hat (@jeremycline)
+-   Daniele Tricoli, Debian (@eriol)
+
+We will notify these individuals at least a week ahead of our planned
+release date to ensure that they have sufficient time to prepare. If you
+believe you should be on this list, please let one of the maintainers
+know at one of the email addresses at the top of this article.
+
+On release day, we will push the patch to our public repository, along
+with an updated changelog that describes the issue and credits you. We
+will then issue a PyPI release containing the patch.
+
+At this point, we will publicise the release. This will involve mails to
+mailing lists, Tweets, and all other communication mechanisms available
+to the core team.
+
+We will also explicitly mention which commits contain the fix to make it
+easier for other distributors and users to easily patch their own
+versions of requests if upgrading is not an option.

.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# For most projects, this workflow file will not need changing; you simply need
+# to commit it to your repository.
+#
+# You may wish to alter this file to override the set of languages analyzed,
+# or to provide custom queries or build logic.
+name: "CodeQL"
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+  pull_request:
+    # The branches below must be a subset of the branches above
+    branches: [main]
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 23 * * 0'
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  analyze:
+    permissions:
+      actions: read  # for github/codeql-action/init to get workflow details
+      contents: read  # for actions/checkout to fetch code
+      security-events: write  # for github/codeql-action/autobuild to send a status report
+    name: Analyze
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+
+
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      with:
+        # We must fetch at least the immediate parents so that if this is
+        # a pull request then we can checkout the head.
+        fetch-depth: 2
+
+    # If this run was triggered by a pull request event, then checkout
+    # the head of the pull request instead of the merge commit.
+    - run: git checkout HEAD^2
+      if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+
+    # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
+    - name: Initialize CodeQL
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@v1
+      with:
+        languages: "python"
+        # If you wish to specify custom queries, you can do so here or in a config file.
+        # By default, queries listed here will override any specified in a config file.
+        # Prefix the list here with "+" to use these queries and those in the config file.
+        # queries: ./path/to/local/query, your-org/your-repo/queries@main
+
+    # Autobuild attempts to build any compiled languages  (C/C++, C#, or Java).
+    # If this step fails, then you should remove it and run the build manually (see below)
+    - name: Autobuild
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v1
+
+    # ℹ️ Command-line programs to run using the OS shell.
+    # 📚 https://git.io/JvXDl
+
+    # ✏️ If the Autobuild fails above, remove it and uncomment the following three lines
+    #    and modify them (or add more) to build your code if your project
+    #    uses a compiled language
+
+    #- run: |
+    #   make bootstrap
+    #   make release
+
+    - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v1

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+name: Lint code
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  lint:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.x"
+    - name: Run pre-commit
+      uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.0

.github/workflows/lock-issues.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+name: 'Lock Threads'
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 0 * * *'
+
+permissions:
+  issues: write
+  pull-requests: write
+
+jobs:
+  action:
+    if: github.repository_owner == 'psf'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: dessant/lock-threads@v3
+        with:
+            issue-lock-inactive-days: 90
+            pr-lock-inactive-days: 90

.github/workflows/run-tests.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+name: Tests
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        python-version: ["3.7", "3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11"]
+        os: [ubuntu-22.04, macOS-latest, windows-latest]
+        include:
+          # pypy-3.7 on Mac OS currently fails trying to compile
+          # brotlipy. Moving pypy3 to only test linux.
+          - python-version: pypy-3.7
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            experimental: false
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: |
+        make
+    - name: Run tests
+      run: |
+        make ci

.gitignore

@@ -14,16 +14,24 @@ requests.egg-info/
 *.swp
 *.egg
 env/
+.venv/
+.eggs/
+.tox/
+.pytest_cache/
+.vscode/
+.eggs/
 
 .workon
 
+# in case you work with IntelliJ/PyCharm
+.idea
+*.iml
+.python-version
+
+
 t.py
 
 t2.py
 dist
 
 /.mypy_cache/
-
-/.pytest_cache/
-
-/.tox/

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+exclude: 'docs/|ext/'
+
+repos:
+- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+  rev: v4.0.1
+  hooks:
+  - id: check-yaml
+  - id: debug-statements
+  - id: end-of-file-fixer
+  - id: trailing-whitespace
+- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/isort
+  rev: 5.12.0
+  hooks:
+    - id: isort
+- repo: https://github.com/psf/black
+  rev: 22.3.0
+  hooks:
+    - id: black
+      exclude: tests/test_lowlevel.py
+- repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
+  rev: v2.31.1
+  hooks:
+    - id: pyupgrade
+      args: [--py37-plus]
+- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
+  rev: 6.0.0
+  hooks:
+    - id: flake8

.travis.yml

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-sudo: false
-language: python
-python:
-  # - "3.4"
-  # - "3.5"
-  - "3.6"
-  # - "3.7-dev"
-  # - "pypy"  -- appears to hang
-  # - "pypy3"
-matrix:
-  allow_failures:
-    - python: 3.7-dev
-# command to install dependencies
-install: "make"
-# command to run tests
-script:
-  - make test-readme
-  - make ci
-cache: pip
-jobs:
-  include:
-    - stage: test
-      script:
-        - make test-readme
-        - make ci
-    - stage: coverage
-      python: 3.6
-      script: codecov
-
-

3.0-HISTORY.rst

@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-3.0.0 (2017-xx-xx)
-++++++++++++++++++
-
-- Support for Python 2.6 has been dropped.
-
-  - The ``OrderedDict`` import no longer exists in compat.py because it is part
-    of ``collections`` in Python 2.7 and newer.
-
-- Simplified logic for determining Content-Length and Transfer-Encoding.
-  Requests will now avoid setting both headers on the same request, and
-  raise an exception if this is done manually by a user.
-
-- Remove the HTTPProxyAuth class in favor of supporting proxy auth via
-  the proxies parameter.
-
-- Relax how Requests strips bodies from redirects. 3.0.0 only supports body
-  removal on 301/302 POST redirects and all 303 redirects.
-
-- Remove support for non-string/bytes parameters in ``_basic_auth_str``.
-
-- Prevent ``Session.merge_environment`` from erroneously setting the
-  ``verify`` parameter to ``None`` instead of ``True``.
-
-- Streaming responses with ``Response.iter_lines`` or ``Response.iter_content``
-  now requires an encoding to be set if one isn't provided by the server.
-
-- Exception raised during read timeout for ``Response.iter_content`` and
-  ``Response.iter_lines`` changed from ``ConnectionError`` to more
-  specific ``ReadTimeout``.
-
-- Raise exception if multiple locations are returned during a redirect.
-
-- Update ConnectionPool connections when TLS/SSL settings change.
-
-- Remove simplejson import and only use standard json module.
-
-- Strip surrounding whitespace from urls.
-
-- MissingSchema and InvalidSchema renamed to MissingScheme and InvalidScheme
-  respectively.
-
-- Change merge order for environment settings to avoid excluding Session-level
-  settings.
-
-- Encode redirect URIs as latin-1 before performing redirects in Python 3 to
-  avoid mangling during the requoting process.
-
-- Remove the ``__bool__`` and ``__nonzero__`` methods from a ``Response``
-  object.
-
-  This has been a planned feature for over a year. The behaviour is surprising
-  to most people and breaks most of the assumptions that people have about
-  Response objects. This resolves issue `#2002`_
-
-- Skip over empty chunks in iterators. Empty chunks could prematurely signal
-  the end of a request body's transmission, skipping them allows all of the
-  data through. See `#2631`_ for more details.
-
-- Rename the ``req`` argument from ``Session.resolve_redirects`` method
-  to ``request``.
-
-- Rename the ``resp`` argument from ``Session.resolve_redirects`` to
-  ``response``.
-
-- New ``PreparedRequest.send`` method. Now, you can
-  ``Request().prepare().send()``.
-
-- All porcelain API functions (e.g. ``requests.get``, etc) now accept an
-  optional ``session`` parameter. If provided, the session given will be used
-  for the request, in place of one being created for you.
-
-- URLs are now automatically stripped of leading/trailing whitespace.
-
-- ``Response.raise_for_status()`` now returns the response object for good responses
-
-- Use ``HTTPHeaderDict`` for response headers, allowing easier access to
-  individual values when multiple response headers are sent using the same
-  header name.
-
-.. _#2002: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2002
-.. _#2631: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2631

AUTHORS.rst

@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
-Requests is written and maintained by Kenneth Reitz and
-various contributors:
+Requests was lovingly created by Kenneth Reitz.
 
-Keepers of the Four Crystals
+Keepers of the Crystals
+```````````````````````
+
+- Nate Prewitt `@nateprewitt <https://github.com/nateprewitt>`_.
+- Seth M. Larson `@sethmlarson <https://github.com/sethmlarson>`_.
+
+Previous Keepers of Crystals
 ````````````````````````````
-
-- Kenneth Reitz <me@kennethreitz.org> `@kennethreitz <https://github.com/kennethreitz>`_, Keeper of the Master Crystal.
+- Kenneth Reitz <me@kennethreitz.org> `@ken-reitz <https://github.com/ken-reitz>`_, reluctant Keeper of the Master Crystal.
 - Cory Benfield <cory@lukasa.co.uk> `@lukasa <https://github.com/lukasa>`_
-- Ian Cordasco <graffatcolmingov@gmail.com> `@sigmavirus24 <https://github.com/sigmavirus24>`_
-- Nate Prewitt <nate.prewitt@gmail.com> `@nateprewitt <https://github.com/nateprewitt>`_
+- Ian Cordasco <graffatcolmingov@gmail.com> `@sigmavirus24 <https://github.com/sigmavirus24>`_.
 
 
 Patches and Suggestions
@@ -153,19 +156,16 @@ Patches and Suggestions
 - Muhammad Yasoob Ullah Khalid <yasoob.khld@gmail.com> (`@yasoob <https://github.com/yasoob>`_)
 - Paul van der Linden (`@pvanderlinden <https://github.com/pvanderlinden>`_)
 - Colin Dickson (`@colindickson <https://github.com/colindickson>`_)
-- Sabari Kumar Murugesan (`@neosab <https://github.com/neosab>`_)
 - Smiley Barry (`@smiley <https://github.com/smiley>`_)
 - Shagun Sodhani (`@shagunsodhani <https://github.com/shagunsodhani>`_)
 - Robin Linderborg (`@vienno <https://github.com/vienno>`_)
 - Brian Samek (`@bsamek <https://github.com/bsamek>`_)
 - Dmitry Dygalo (`@Stranger6667 <https://github.com/Stranger6667>`_)
-- Tomáš Heger (`@geckon <https://github.com/geckon>`_)
 - piotrjurkiewicz
 - Jesse Shapiro <jesse@jesseshapiro.net> (`@haikuginger <https://github.com/haikuginger>`_)
 - Nate Prewitt <nate.prewitt@gmail.com> (`@nateprewitt <https://github.com/nateprewitt>`_)
 - Maik Himstedt
 - Michael Hunsinger
-- Jeremy Cline <jcline@redhat.com> (`@jeremycline <https://github.com/jeremycline>`_)
 - Brian Bamsch <bbamsch32@gmail.com> (`@bbamsch <https://github.com/bbamsch>`_)
 - Om Prakash Kumar <omprakash070@gmail.com> (`@iamprakashom <https://github.com/iamprakashom>`_)
 - Philipp Konrad <gardiac2002@gmail.com> (`@gardiac2002 <https://github.com/gardiac2002>`_)
@@ -179,11 +179,16 @@ Patches and Suggestions
 - Shmuel Amar (`@shmuelamar <https://github.com/shmuelamar>`_)
 - Gary Wu (`@garywu <https://github.com/garywu>`_)
 - Ryan Pineo (`@ryanpineo <https://github.com/ryanpineo>`_)
-<<<<<<< HEAD
 - Ed Morley (`@edmorley <https://github.com/edmorley>`_)
 - Matt Liu <liumatt@gmail.com> (`@mlcrazy <https://github.com/mlcrazy>`_)
 - Taylor Hoff <primdevs@protonmail.com> (`@PrimordialHelios <https://github.com/PrimordialHelios>`_)
-- Hugo van Kemenade (`@hugovk <https://github.com/hugovk>`_)
-=======
-- Allan Crooks (`@the-allanc <https://github.com/the-allanc>`_)
->>>>>>> 4f0b496d2b3c91d72a951bebdd6be9cec33c17d6
+- Arthur Vigil (`@ahvigil <https://github.com/ahvigil>`_)
+- Nehal J Wani (`@nehaljwani <https://github.com/nehaljwani>`_)
+- Demetrios Bairaktaris (`@DemetriosBairaktaris <https://github.com/demetriosbairaktaris>`_)
+- Darren Dormer (`@ddormer <https://github.com/ddormer>`_)
+- Rajiv Mayani (`@mayani <https://github.com/mayani>`_)
+- Antti Kaihola (`@akaihola <https://github.com/akaihola>`_)
+- "Dull Bananas" <dull.bananas0@gmail.com> (`@dullbananas <https://github.com/dullbananas>`_)
+- Alessio Izzo (`@aless10 <https://github.com/aless10>`_)
+- Sylvain Marié (`@smarie <https://github.com/smarie>`_)
+- Hod Bin Noon (`@hodbn <https://github.com/hodbn>`_)

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-Be cordial or be on your way.
-
-https://www.kennethreitz.org/essays/be-cordial-or-be-on-your-way

LICENSE

@@ -1,13 +1,175 @@
-Copyright 2017 Kenneth Reitz
 
-   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
 
-       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
 
-   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-   limitations under the License.
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+      as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+      meet the following conditions:
+
+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+          stating that You changed the files; and
+
+      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+          attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+          the Derivative Works; and
+
+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+          as modifying the License.
+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+      of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.

MANIFEST.in

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-include README.rst LICENSE NOTICE HISTORY.rst pytest.ini requirements.txt
+include README.md LICENSE NOTICE HISTORY.md pytest.ini requirements-dev.txt
 recursive-include tests *.py

Makefile

@@ -1,23 +1,20 @@
 .PHONY: docs
 init:
-	pip install pipenv --upgrade
-	pipenv install --dev --skip-lock
+	pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
 test:
-	# This runs all of the tests, on both Python 2 and Python 3.
-	python setup.py test
-mypy:
-	python setup.py mypy
+	# This runs all of the tests on all supported Python versions.
+	tox -p
 ci:
-	pipenv run py.test -n 8 --boxed --junitxml=report.xml
+	pytest tests --junitxml=report.xml
 
 test-readme:
-	@pipenv run python setup.py check --restructuredtext --strict && ([ $$? -eq 0 ] && echo "README.rst and HISTORY.rst ok") || echo "Invalid markup in README.rst or HISTORY.rst!"
+	python setup.py check --restructuredtext --strict && ([ $$? -eq 0 ] && echo "README.rst and HISTORY.rst ok") || echo "Invalid markup in README.rst or HISTORY.rst!"
 
 flake8:
-	pipenv run flake8 --ignore=E501,F401,E128,E402,E731,F821 requests
+	flake8 --ignore=E501,F401,E128,E402,E731,F821 requests
 
 coverage:
-	pipenv run py.test --cov-config .coveragerc --verbose --cov-report term --cov-report xml --cov=requests tests
+	pytest --cov-config .coveragerc --verbose --cov-report term --cov-report xml --cov=requests tests
 
 publish:
 	pip install 'twine>=1.5.0'
@@ -27,4 +24,4 @@ publish:
 
 docs:
 	cd docs && make html
-	@echo "\033[95m\n\nBuild successful! View the docs homepage at docs/_build/html/index.html.\n\033[0m"
+	@echo "\033[95m\n\nBuild successful! View the docs homepage at docs/_build/html/index.html.\n\033[0m"

NOTICE

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Requests
+Copyright 2019 Kenneth Reitz

Pipfile

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-[[source]]
-
-url = "https://pypi.python.org/simple"
-verify_ssl = true
-
-
-[dev-packages]
-
-pytest = ">=2.8.0"
-codecov = "*"
-pytest-httpbin = "*"
-pytest-mock = "*"
-pytest-cov = "*"
-pytest-xdist = "*"
-alabaster = "*"
-readme-renderer = "*"
-sphinx = "<=1.5.5"
-pysocks = "*"
-docutils = "*"
-"flake8" = "*"
-tox = "*"
-detox = "*"
-httpbin = "==0.5.0"
-pytest-mypy = {git = "https://github.com/petr-muller/pytest-mypy", editable = true, ref = "flush-errors"}
-white = {version="*"}
-"e1839a8" = {path = ".", editable = true, extras=["socks"]}
-mypy = "*"
-"rfc3986" = "*"
-
-
-[packages]
-

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# Requests
+
+**Requests** is a simple, yet elegant, HTTP library.
+
+```python
+>>> import requests
+>>> r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/pass', auth=('user', 'pass'))
+>>> r.status_code
+200
+>>> r.headers['content-type']
+'application/json; charset=utf8'
+>>> r.encoding
+'utf-8'
+>>> r.text
+'{"authenticated": true, ...'
+>>> r.json()
+{'authenticated': True, ...}
+```
+
+Requests allows you to send HTTP/1.1 requests extremely easily. There’s no need to manually add query strings to your URLs, or to form-encode your `PUT` & `POST` data — but nowadays, just use the `json` method!
+
+Requests is one of the most downloaded Python packages today, pulling in around `30M downloads / week`— according to GitHub, Requests is currently [depended upon](https://github.com/psf/requests/network/dependents?package_id=UGFja2FnZS01NzA4OTExNg%3D%3D) by `1,000,000+` repositories. You may certainly put your trust in this code.
+
+[![Downloads](https://pepy.tech/badge/requests/month)](https://pepy.tech/project/requests)
+[![Supported Versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/requests.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/requests)
+[![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/psf/requests.svg)](https://github.com/psf/requests/graphs/contributors)
+
+## Installing Requests and Supported Versions
+
+Requests is available on PyPI:
+
+```console
+$ python -m pip install requests
+```
+
+Requests officially supports Python 3.7+.
+
+## Supported Features & Best–Practices
+
+Requests is ready for the demands of building robust and reliable HTTP–speaking applications, for the needs of today.
+
+- Keep-Alive & Connection Pooling
+- International Domains and URLs
+- Sessions with Cookie Persistence
+- Browser-style TLS/SSL Verification
+- Basic & Digest Authentication
+- Familiar `dict`–like Cookies
+- Automatic Content Decompression and Decoding
+- Multi-part File Uploads
+- SOCKS Proxy Support
+- Connection Timeouts
+- Streaming Downloads
+- Automatic honoring of `.netrc`
+- Chunked HTTP Requests
+
+## API Reference and User Guide available on [Read the Docs](https://requests.readthedocs.io)
+
+[![Read the Docs](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/psf/requests/main/ext/ss.png)](https://requests.readthedocs.io)
+
+## Cloning the repository
+
+When cloning the Requests repository, you may need to add the `-c
+fetch.fsck.badTimezone=ignore` flag to avoid an error about a bad commit (see
+[this issue](https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/2690) for more background):
+
+```shell
+git clone -c fetch.fsck.badTimezone=ignore https://github.com/psf/requests.git
+```
+
+You can also apply this setting to your global Git config:
+
+```shell
+git config --global fetch.fsck.badTimezone ignore
+```
+
+---
+
+[![Kenneth Reitz](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/psf/requests/main/ext/kr.png)](https://kennethreitz.org) [![Python Software Foundation](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/psf/requests/main/ext/psf.png)](https://www.python.org/psf)

README.rst

@@ -1,110 +0,0 @@
-Requests: HTTP for Humans
-=========================
-
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/requests.svg
-    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
-
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/requests.svg
-    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
-
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/requests.svg
-    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
-
-.. image:: https://codecov.io/github/requests/requests/coverage.svg?branch=master
-    :target: https://codecov.io/github/requests/requests
-    :alt: codecov.io
-
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/requests/requests.svg
-    :target: https://github.com/requests/requests/graphs/contributors
-
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Say%20Thanks-!-1EAEDB.svg
-    :target: https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz
-
-Requests is the only *Non-GMO* HTTP library for Python, safe for human
-consumption.
-
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4317/35198386374_1939af3de6_k_d.jpg
-
-Behold, the power of Requests:
-
-.. code-block:: python
-
-    >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=('user', 'pass'))
-    >>> r.status_code
-    200
-    >>> r.headers['content-type']
-    'application/json; charset=utf8'
-    >>> r.encoding
-    'utf-8'
-    >>> r.text
-    u'{"type":"User"...'
-    >>> r.json()
-    {u'disk_usage': 368627, u'private_gists': 484, ...}
-
-See `the similar code, sans Requests <https://gist.github.com/973705>`_.
-
-.. image:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/requests/requests/master/docs/_static/requests-logo-small.png
-    :target: http://docs.python-requests.org/
-
-
-Requests allows you to send *organic, grass-fed* HTTP/1.1 requests, without the
-need for manual labor. There's no need to manually add query strings to your
-URLs, or to form-encode your POST data. Keep-alive and HTTP connection pooling
-are 100% automatic, thanks to `urllib3 <https://github.com/shazow/urllib3>`_.
-
-Besides, all the cool kids are doing it. Requests is one of the most
-downloaded Python packages of all time, pulling in over 11,000,000 downloads
-every month. You don't want to be left out!
-
-Feature Support
----------------
-
-Requests is ready for today's web.
-
-- International Domains and URLs
-- Keep-Alive & Connection Pooling
-- Sessions with Cookie Persistence
-- Browser-style SSL Verification
-- Basic/Digest Authentication
-- Elegant Key/Value Cookies
-- Automatic Decompression
-- Automatic Content Decoding
-- Unicode Response Bodies
-- Multipart File Uploads
-- HTTP(S) Proxy Support
-- Connection Timeouts
-- Streaming Downloads
-- ``.netrc`` Support
-- Chunked Requests
-
-Requests officially supports Python 2.7 & 3.4–3.7, and runs great on PyPy.
-
-Installation
-------------
-
-To install Requests, simply use `pipenv <http://pipenv.org/>`_ (or pip, of course):
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-    $ pipenv install requests
-    ✨🍰✨
-
-Satisfaction guaranteed.
-
-Documentation
--------------
-
-Fantastic documentation is available at http://docs.python-requests.org/, for a limited time only.
-
-
-How to Contribute
------------------
-
-#. Check for open issues or open a fresh issue to start a discussion around a feature idea or a bug. There is a `Contributor Friendly`_ tag for issues that should be ideal for people who are not very familiar with the codebase yet.
-#. Fork `the repository`_ on GitHub to start making your changes to the **master** branch (or branch off of it).
-#. Write a test which shows that the bug was fixed or that the feature works as expected.
-#. Send a pull request and bug the maintainer until it gets merged and published. :) Make sure to add yourself to AUTHORS_.
-
-.. _`the repository`: http://github.com/requests/requests
-.. _AUTHORS: https://github.com/requests/requests/blob/master/AUTHORS.rst
-.. _Contributor Friendly: https://github.com/requests/requests/issues?direction=desc&labels=Contributor+Friendly&page=1&sort=updated&state=open

_appveyor/install.ps1

@@ -1,229 +0,0 @@
-# Sample script to install Python and pip under Windows
-# Authors: Olivier Grisel, Jonathan Helmus, Kyle Kastner, and Alex Willmer
-# License: CC0 1.0 Universal: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
-
-$MINICONDA_URL = "http://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/"
-$BASE_URL = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/"
-$GET_PIP_URL = "https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py"
-$GET_PIP_PATH = "C:\get-pip.py"
-
-$PYTHON_PRERELEASE_REGEX = @"
-(?x)
-(?<major>\d+)
-\.
-(?<minor>\d+)
-\.
-(?<micro>\d+)
-(?<prerelease>[a-z]{1,2}\d+)
-"@
-
-
-function Download ($filename, $url) {
-    $webclient = New-Object System.Net.WebClient
-
-    $basedir = $pwd.Path + "\"
-    $filepath = $basedir + $filename
-    if (Test-Path $filename) {
-        Write-Host "Reusing" $filepath
-        return $filepath
-    }
-
-    # Download and retry up to 3 times in case of network transient errors.
-    Write-Host "Downloading" $filename "from" $url
-    $retry_attempts = 2
-    for ($i = 0; $i -lt $retry_attempts; $i++) {
-        try {
-            $webclient.DownloadFile($url, $filepath)
-            break
-        }
-        Catch [Exception]{
-            Start-Sleep 1
-        }
-    }
-    if (Test-Path $filepath) {
-        Write-Host "File saved at" $filepath
-    } else {
-        # Retry once to get the error message if any at the last try
-        $webclient.DownloadFile($url, $filepath)
-    }
-    return $filepath
-}
-
-
-function ParsePythonVersion ($python_version) {
-    if ($python_version -match $PYTHON_PRERELEASE_REGEX) {
-        return ([int]$matches.major, [int]$matches.minor, [int]$matches.micro,
-                $matches.prerelease)
-    }
-    $version_obj = [version]$python_version
-    return ($version_obj.major, $version_obj.minor, $version_obj.build, "")
-}
-
-
-function DownloadPython ($python_version, $platform_suffix) {
-    $major, $minor, $micro, $prerelease = ParsePythonVersion $python_version
-
-    if (($major -le 2 -and $micro -eq 0) `
-        -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -le 2 -and $micro -eq 0) `
-        ) {
-        $dir = "$major.$minor"
-        $python_version = "$major.$minor$prerelease"
-    } else {
-        $dir = "$major.$minor.$micro"
-    }
-
-    if ($prerelease) {
-        if (($major -le 2) `
-            -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -eq 1) `
-            -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -eq 2) `
-            -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -eq 3) `
-            ) {
-            $dir = "$dir/prev"
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (($major -le 2) -or ($major -le 3 -and $minor -le 4)) {
-        $ext = "msi"
-        if ($platform_suffix) {
-            $platform_suffix = ".$platform_suffix"
-        }
-    } else {
-        $ext = "exe"
-        if ($platform_suffix) {
-            $platform_suffix = "-$platform_suffix"
-        }
-    }
-
-    $filename = "python-$python_version$platform_suffix.$ext"
-    $url = "$BASE_URL$dir/$filename"
-    $filepath = Download $filename $url
-    return $filepath
-}
-
-
-function InstallPython ($python_version, $architecture, $python_home) {
-    Write-Host "Installing Python" $python_version "for" $architecture "bit architecture to" $python_home
-    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
-        Write-Host $python_home "already exists, skipping."
-        return $false
-    }
-    if ($architecture -eq "32") {
-        $platform_suffix = ""
-    } else {
-        $platform_suffix = "amd64"
-    }
-    $installer_path = DownloadPython $python_version $platform_suffix
-    $installer_ext = [System.IO.Path]::GetExtension($installer_path)
-    Write-Host "Installing $installer_path to $python_home"
-    $install_log = $python_home + ".log"
-    if ($installer_ext -eq '.msi') {
-        InstallPythonMSI $installer_path $python_home $install_log
-    } else {
-        InstallPythonEXE $installer_path $python_home $install_log
-    }
-    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
-        Write-Host "Python $python_version ($architecture) installation complete"
-    } else {
-        Write-Host "Failed to install Python in $python_home"
-        Get-Content -Path $install_log
-        Exit 1
-    }
-}
-
-
-function InstallPythonEXE ($exepath, $python_home, $install_log) {
-    $install_args = "/quiet InstallAllUsers=1 TargetDir=$python_home"
-    RunCommand $exepath $install_args
-}
-
-
-function InstallPythonMSI ($msipath, $python_home, $install_log) {
-    $install_args = "/qn /log $install_log /i $msipath TARGETDIR=$python_home"
-    $uninstall_args = "/qn /x $msipath"
-    RunCommand "msiexec.exe" $install_args
-    if (-not(Test-Path $python_home)) {
-        Write-Host "Python seems to be installed else-where, reinstalling."
-        RunCommand "msiexec.exe" $uninstall_args
-        RunCommand "msiexec.exe" $install_args
-    }
-}
-
-function RunCommand ($command, $command_args) {
-    Write-Host $command $command_args
-    Start-Process -FilePath $command -ArgumentList $command_args -Wait -Passthru
-}
-
-
-function InstallPip ($python_home) {
-    $pip_path = $python_home + "\Scripts\pip.exe"
-    $python_path = $python_home + "\python.exe"
-    if (-not(Test-Path $pip_path)) {
-        Write-Host "Installing pip..."
-        $webclient = New-Object System.Net.WebClient
-        $webclient.DownloadFile($GET_PIP_URL, $GET_PIP_PATH)
-        Write-Host "Executing:" $python_path $GET_PIP_PATH
-        & $python_path $GET_PIP_PATH
-    } else {
-        Write-Host "pip already installed."
-    }
-}
-
-
-function DownloadMiniconda ($python_version, $platform_suffix) {
-    if ($python_version -eq "3.4") {
-        $filename = "Miniconda3-3.5.5-Windows-" + $platform_suffix + ".exe"
-    } else {
-        $filename = "Miniconda-3.5.5-Windows-" + $platform_suffix + ".exe"
-    }
-    $url = $MINICONDA_URL + $filename
-    $filepath = Download $filename $url
-    return $filepath
-}
-
-
-function InstallMiniconda ($python_version, $architecture, $python_home) {
-    Write-Host "Installing Python" $python_version "for" $architecture "bit architecture to" $python_home
-    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
-        Write-Host $python_home "already exists, skipping."
-        return $false
-    }
-    if ($architecture -eq "32") {
-        $platform_suffix = "x86"
-    } else {
-        $platform_suffix = "x86_64"
-    }
-    $filepath = DownloadMiniconda $python_version $platform_suffix
-    Write-Host "Installing" $filepath "to" $python_home
-    $install_log = $python_home + ".log"
-    $args = "/S /D=$python_home"
-    Write-Host $filepath $args
-    Start-Process -FilePath $filepath -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru
-    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
-        Write-Host "Python $python_version ($architecture) installation complete"
-    } else {
-        Write-Host "Failed to install Python in $python_home"
-        Get-Content -Path $install_log
-        Exit 1
-    }
-}
-
-
-function InstallMinicondaPip ($python_home) {
-    $pip_path = $python_home + "\Scripts\pip.exe"
-    $conda_path = $python_home + "\Scripts\conda.exe"
-    if (-not(Test-Path $pip_path)) {
-        Write-Host "Installing pip..."
-        $args = "install --yes pip"
-        Write-Host $conda_path $args
-        Start-Process -FilePath "$conda_path" -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru
-    } else {
-        Write-Host "pip already installed."
-    }
-}
-
-function main () {
-    InstallPython $env:PYTHON_VERSION $env:PYTHON_ARCH $env:PYTHON
-    InstallPip $env:PYTHON
-}
-
-main

appveyor.yml

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-# AppVeyor.yml from https://github.com/ogrisel/python-appveyor-demo
-# License: CC0 1.0 Universal: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
-
-build: off
-
-environment:
-  matrix:
-    - PYTHON: "C:\\Python36-x64"
-      PYTHON_VERSION: "3.6.x"
-      PYTHON_ARCH: "64"
-      TOXENV: "py36"
-
-install:
-  # Install Python (from the official .msi of http://python.org) and pip when
-  # not already installed.
-  - ps: if (-not(Test-Path($env:PYTHON))) { & _appveyor\install.ps1 }
-
-  # Prepend newly installed Python to the PATH of this build (this cannot be
-  # done from inside the powershell script as it would require to restart
-  # the parent CMD process).
-  - "SET PATH=%PYTHON%;%PYTHON%\\Scripts;%PATH%"
-
-  # Check that we have the expected version and architecture for Python
-  - "python --version"
-  - "python -c \"import struct; print(struct.calcsize('P') * 8)\""
-
-  # Upgrade to the latest version of pip to avoid it displaying warnings
-  # about it being out of date.
-  - "pip install --disable-pip-version-check --user --upgrade pip"
-  - "C:\\MinGW\\bin\\mingw32-make"
-
-test_script:
-  - "C:\\MinGW\\bin\\mingw32-make coverage"
-
-on_success:
-  - "pipenv run codecov -f coverage.xml"

docs/.nojekyll

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+

docs/_static/custom.css

@@ -1,12 +1,21 @@
+body > div.document > div.sphinxsidebar > div > form > table > tbody > tr:nth-child(2) > td > select {
+  width: 100%!important;
+}
+
+#python27 > a {
+  color: white;
+}
+
+/* Carbon by BuySellAds */
 #carbonads {
   display: block;
   overflow: hidden;
+  margin: 1.5em 0 2em;
   padding: 1em;
+  border: solid 1px #cccccc;
+  border-radius: 2px;
   background-color: #eeeeee;
   text-align: center;
-  border: solid 1px #cccccc;
-  margin: 1.5em 0 2em;
-  border-radius: 2px;
   line-height: 1.5;
 }
 
@@ -34,6 +43,135 @@
   display: block;
   text-transform: uppercase;
   letter-spacing: 1px;
+  font-size: 10px;
   line-height: 1;
+}
+
+
+/* Native CPC by BuySellAds */
+
+#native-ribbon #_custom_ {
+  position: fixed;
+  right: 0;
+  bottom: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  box-shadow: 0 -1px 4px 1px hsla(0, 0%, 0%, .15);
+  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu,
+    Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+  transition: all .25s ease-in-out;
+  transform: translateY(calc(100% - 35px));
+
+  flex-flow: column nowrap;
+}
+
+#native-ribbon #_custom_:hover {
+  transform: translateY(0);
+}
+
+.native-img {
+  margin-right: 20px;
+  max-height: 50px;
+  border-radius: 3px;
+}
+
+.native-sponsor {
+  margin: 10px 20px;
+  text-align: center;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  letter-spacing: .5px;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  transition: all .3s ease-in-out;
+  transform-origin: left;
+}
+
+#native-ribbon #_custom_:hover .native-sponsor {
+  margin: 0 20px;
+  opacity: 0;
+  transform: scaleY(0);
+}
+
+.native-flex {
+  display: flex;
+  padding: 10px 20px 25px;
+  text-decoration: none;
+
+  flex-flow: row nowrap;
+  justify-content: center;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+
+.native-main {
+  display: flex;
+
+  flex-flow: row nowrap;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+
+.native-details {
+  display: flex;
+  margin-right: 30px;
+
+  flex-flow: column nowrap;
+}
+
+.native-company {
+  margin-bottom: 4px;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  letter-spacing: 2px;
   font-size: 10px;
 }
+
+.native-desc {
+  letter-spacing: 1px;
+  font-weight: 300;
+  font-size: 14px;
+  line-height: 1.4;
+}
+
+.native-cta {
+  padding: 10px 14px;
+  border-radius: 3px;
+  box-shadow: 0 6px 13px 0 hsla(0, 0%, 0%, .15);
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  letter-spacing: 1px;
+  font-weight: 400;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  transition: all .3s ease-in-out;
+  transform: translateY(-1px);
+}
+
+.native-cta:hover {
+  box-shadow: none;
+  transform: translateY(1px);
+}
+
+@media only screen and (min-width: 320px) and (max-width: 759px) {
+  .native-flex {
+    padding: 5px 5px 15px;
+    flex-direction: column;
+
+    flex-wrap: wrap;
+  }
+
+  .native-img {
+    margin: 0;
+    display: none;
+  }
+
+  .native-details {
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+
+  .native-main {
+    flex-direction: column;
+    text-align: left;
+
+    flex-wrap: wrap;
+    align-content: center;
+  }
+
+  .native-cta {
+    display: none;
+  }
+}

docs/_static/konami.js

@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Konami-JS ~
- * :: Now with support for touch events and multiple instances for
- * :: those situations that call for multiple easter eggs!
- * Code: http://konami-js.googlecode.com/
- * Examples: http://www.snaptortoise.com/konami-js
- * Copyright (c) 2009 George Mandis (georgemandis.com, snaptortoise.com)
- * Version: 1.4.2 (9/2/2013)
- * Licensed under the MIT License (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
- * Tested in: Safari 4+, Google Chrome 4+, Firefox 3+, IE7+, Mobile Safari 2.2.1 and Dolphin Browser
- */
-
-var Konami = function (callback) {
-	var konami = {
-		addEvent: function (obj, type, fn, ref_obj) {
-			if (obj.addEventListener)
-				obj.addEventListener(type, fn, false);
-			else if (obj.attachEvent) {
-				// IE
-				obj["e" + type + fn] = fn;
-				obj[type + fn] = function () {
-					obj["e" + type + fn](window.event, ref_obj);
-				};
-				obj.attachEvent("on" + type, obj[type + fn]);
-			}
-		},
-		input: "",
-		pattern: "38384040373937396665",
-		load: function (link) {
-			this.addEvent(document, "keydown", function (e, ref_obj) {
-				if (ref_obj) konami = ref_obj; // IE
-				konami.input += e ? e.keyCode : event.keyCode;
-				if (konami.input.length > konami.pattern.length)
-					konami.input = konami.input.substr((konami.input.length - konami.pattern.length));
-				if (konami.input == konami.pattern) {
-					konami.code(link);
-					konami.input = "";
-					e.preventDefault();
-					return false;
-				}
-			}, this);
-			this.iphone.load(link);
-		},
-		code: function (link) {
-			window.location = link
-		},
-		iphone: {
-			start_x: 0,
-			start_y: 0,
-			stop_x: 0,
-			stop_y: 0,
-			tapTolerance: 8,
-			capture: false,
-			orig_keys: "",
-			keys: ["UP", "UP", "DOWN", "DOWN", "LEFT", "RIGHT", "LEFT", "RIGHT", "TAP", "TAP"],
-			code: function (link) {
-				konami.code(link);
-			},
-      touchCapture: function(evt) {
-				konami.iphone.start_x = evt.changedTouches[0].pageX;
-				konami.iphone.start_y = evt.changedTouches[0].pageY;
-				konami.iphone.capture = true;        
-      },
-			load: function (link) {
-				this.orig_keys = this.keys;
-				konami.addEvent(document, "touchmove", function (e) {
-					if (e.touches.length == 1 && konami.iphone.capture == true) {
-						var touch = e.touches[0];
-						konami.iphone.stop_x = touch.pageX;
-						konami.iphone.stop_y = touch.pageY;
-						konami.iphone.check_direction();
-					}
-				});
-				konami.addEvent(document, "touchend", function (evt) {
-					konami.touchCapture(evt);
-					konami.iphone.check_direction(link);
-				}, false);
-				konami.addEvent(document, "touchstart", function (evt) {
-					konami.touchCapture(evt);
-				});
-			},
-			check_direction: function (link) {
-				var x_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_x - this.stop_x);
-				var y_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_y - this.stop_y);
-				var hasMoved = (x_magnitude > this.tapTolerance || y_magnitude > this.tapTolerance);
-				var result;
-				if (this.capture === true && hasMoved) {
-					this.capture = false;
-					var x = ((this.start_x - this.stop_x) < 0) ? "RIGHT" : "LEFT";
-					var y = ((this.start_y - this.stop_y) < 0) ? "DOWN" : "UP";
-					var result = (x_magnitude > y_magnitude) ? x : y;
-				}
-				else if (this.capture === false && !hasMoved) {
-					result = (this.tap == true) ? "TAP" : result;
-					result = "TAP";
-				}
-				if (result) {
-					if (result == this.keys[0]) this.keys = this.keys.slice(1, this.keys.length);
-					else this.keys = this.orig_keys;
-				}
-				if (this.keys.length == 0) {
-					this.keys = this.orig_keys;
-					this.code(link);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	typeof callback === "string" && konami.load(callback);
-	if (typeof callback === "function") {
-		konami.code = callback;
-		konami.load();
-	}
-
-	return konami;
-};

docs/_templates/hacks.html

@@ -1,34 +1,4 @@
 <!-- Alabaster (krTheme++) Hacks -->
-<aside id="python27">
-    Python 3, the new best practice, is here to stay.
-    Python 2 will retire in only <time></time> months!
-</aside>
-
-<!-- Python 2 Death Clock™ -->
-<style type="text/css">
-  body { margin-top: 4em; }
-  #python27 {
-      position: fixed;
-      top: 0;
-      left: 0; right: 0;
-      height:  auto;
-      text-align: center;
-      color: white;
-      background-color: black;
-      font-size: larger;
-      line-height: 3;
-  }
-
-</style>
-<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/moment.js/2.18.1/moment.min.js"></script>
-<script>
-  var death = new Date('2020-04-12');
-
-  var diff = moment.duration(death - moment());
-
-  document.querySelector('#python27 time').innerText = (diff.years() * 12) + diff.months();
-</script>
-
 
 <!-- CSS Adjustments (I'm very picky.) -->
 <style type="text/css">
@@ -53,34 +23,58 @@
     /* Have code blocks escape the document right-margin. */
     div.highlight pre {margin-right: -30px;}
   }
-
 </style>
 
+<!-- Native CPC by BuySellAds -->
 
-<!-- Analytics tracking for Kenneth. -->
-<script type="text/javascript">
-  var _gauges = _gauges || [];
-  (function() {
-    var t   = document.createElement('script');
-    t.type  = 'text/javascript';
-    t.async = true;
-    t.id    = 'gauges-tracker';
-    t.setAttribute('data-site-id', '56ca7a57c88d9011080024dd');
-    t.setAttribute('data-track-path', 'https://track.gaug.es/track.gif');
-    t.src = 'https://d36ee2fcip1434.cloudfront.net/track.js';
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(t, s);
-  })();
-</script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="//m.servedby-buysellads.com/monetization.js"></script>
 
+<div id="native-ribbon">
+</div>
 
-<!-- There are no more hacks. -->
-<!--         இڿڰۣ-ڰۣ—         -->
-<!--   Love, Kenneth Reitz    -->
-
-<script src="{{ pathto('_static/', 1) }}/konami.js"></script>
 <script>
-  var easter_egg = new Konami('http://fortunes.herokuapp.com/random/raw');
-</script>
+_bsa.init('custom', 'CK7D62JU', 'placement:pythonrequestsorg',
+    {
+      target: '#native-ribbon',
+      template: `
+<div class="native-sponsor">Sponsored by ##company## — Learn More</div>
+  <a href="##link##" class="native-flex">
+    <style>
+    #native-ribbon #_custom_ {
+      background: linear-gradient(-30deg, ##backgroundColor##E5, ##backgroundColor##E5 45%, ##backgroundColor## 45%) #fff;
+    }
 
-<!-- That was not a hack. That was art. -->
+    .native-details,
+    .native-sponsor,
+    .native-bsa {
+      color: ##textColor## !important;
+    }
+
+    .native-details:hover {
+      color: ##textColorHover## !important;
+    }
+
+    .native-cta {
+      color: ##ctaTextColor##;
+      background-color: ##ctaBackgroundColor##;
+    }
+
+    .native-cta:hover {
+      color: ##ctaTextColorHover##;
+      background-color: ##ctaBackgroundColorHover##;
+    }
+    </style>
+    <div class="native-main">
+      <img class="native-img" src="##logo##">
+      <div class="native-details">
+        <span class="native-company">##title##</span>
+        <span class="native-desc">##description##</span>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <span class="native-cta">##callToAction##</span>
+  </a>
+</div>
+`
+    }
+  );
+</script>

docs/_templates/sidebarintro.html

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <p class="logo">
   <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/requests-sidebar.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos"/>
+    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/requests-sidebar.png', 1) }}" alt="Requests logo" />
   </a>
 </p>
 
 <p>
-  <iframe src="http://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=requests&repo=requests&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
+  <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=psf&repo=requests&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
     allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
 </p>
 
@@ -14,57 +14,24 @@
   human beings.
 </p>
 
-<script async type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.carbonads.com/carbon.js?zoneid=1673&serve=C6AILKT&placement=pythonrequestsorg" id="_carbonads_js"></script>
-
-<h3><a href="http://www.unixstickers.com/stickers/coding_stickers/requests-shaped-sticker">Stickers!</a></h3>
-<h3>Stay Informed</h3>
-<p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>
-
-<p><iframe src="http://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=false"
-  allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
-
-<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow @kennethreitz</a> <script>!function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)?'http':'https';if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=p+'://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js';fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script></p>
-<p><a href="https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz">Say Thanks!</a></p>
-<p><a href="http://tinyletter.com/kennethreitz">Join Mailing List</a>.</p>
-<h3>Other Projects</h3>
-
-<p>More <a href="http://kennethreitz.org/">Kenneth Reitz</a> projects:</p>
-<ul>
-    <li><a href="http://edmsynths.com/">edmsynths.com</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://pipenv.org/">pipenv</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://pep8.org/">pep8.org</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://httpbin.org/">httpbin.org</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://python-guide.org">The Python Guide</a></li>
-    <li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/maya">Maya: Datetimes for Humans</a></li>
-    <li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/records">Records: SQL for Humans</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://www.git-legit.org">Legit: Git for Humans</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://docs.python-tablib.org/en/latest/">Tablib: Tabular Datasets</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-
 <h3>Useful Links</h3>
 <ul>
-  <li><a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/community/recommended/">Recommended Packages and Extensions</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user/quickstart/">Quickstart</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user/advanced/">Advanced Usage</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/">API Reference</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/community/updates/#release-history">Release History</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/dev/contributing/">Contributors Guide</a></li>
 
   <p></p>
 
-  <li><a href="http://github.com/requests/requests">Requests @ GitHub</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests">Requests @ PyPI</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://github.com/requests/requests/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/community/updates/#software-updates">Release History</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-
-<h3>Translations</h3>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/">English</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://fr.python-requests.org/">French</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://de.python-requests.org/">German</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://jp.python-requests.org/">Japanese</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://cn.python-requests.org/">Chinese</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://pt.python-requests.org/">Portuguese</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://it.python-requests.org/">Italian</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://es.python-requests.org/">Spanish</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/community/recommended/">Recommended Packages and Extensions</a></li>
+
+  <p></p>
+
+  <li><a href="https://github.com/psf/requests">Requests @ GitHub</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://pypi.org/project/requests/">Requests @ PyPI</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://github.com/psf/requests/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
 </ul>
 
+<div id="native-ribbon">
+</div>

docs/_templates/sidebarlogo.html

@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
-<p class="logo">
-  <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/requests-sidebar.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos"/>
-  </a>
-</p>
 <p>
-<iframe src="http://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=requests&repo=requests&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
-  allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
+  <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=psf&repo=requests&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
+    allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -13,50 +8,23 @@
   human beings. You are currently looking at the documentation of the
   development release.
 </p>
-<h3><a href="http://www.unixstickers.com/stickers/coding_stickers/requests-shaped-sticker">Stickers!</a></h3>
-<h3>Stay Informed</h3>
-<p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>
 
-<p><a href="http://tinyletter.com/kennethreitz">Join Mailing List</a>.</p>
-
-<hr/>
-
-<script async type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.carbonads.com/carbon.js?zoneid=1673&serve=C6AILKT&placement=pythonrequestsorg" id="_carbonads_js"></script>
-
-<p>If you enjoy using this project, <a href="https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz">Say Thanks!</a></p>
-
-<p><iframe src="http://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=false"
-  allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
-
-<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow @kennethreitz</a> <script>!function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)?'http':'https';if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=p+'://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js';fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script></p>
-
-
-<h3>Other Projects</h3>
-
-<p>More <a href="http://kennethreitz.org/">Kenneth Reitz</a> projects:</p>
+<h3>Useful Links</h3>
 <ul>
-    <li><a href="http://edmsynths.com/">edmsynths.com</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://pipenv.org/">pipenv</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://pep8.org/">pep8.org</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://httpbin.org/">httpbin.org</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://python-guide.org">The Python Guide</a></li>
-    <li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/maya">Maya: Datetimes for Humans</a></li>
-    <li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/records">Records: SQL for Humans</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://www.git-legit.org">Legit: Git for Humans</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://docs.python-tablib.org/en/latest/">Tablib: Tabular Datasets</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-
-<h3>Translations</h3>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/">English</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://fr.python-requests.org/">French</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://de.python-requests.org/">German</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://jp.python-requests.org/">Japanese</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://cn.python-requests.org/">Chinese</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://pt.python-requests.org/">Portuguese</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://it.python-requests.org/">Italian</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://es.python-requests.org/">Spanish</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user/quickstart/">Quickstart</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user/advanced/">Advanced Usage</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/">API Reference</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/community/updates/#release-history">Release History</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/dev/contributing/">Contributors Guide</a></li>
+
+  <p></p>
+
+  <li><a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/community/recommended/">Recommended Packages and Extensions</a></li>
+
+  <p></p>
+
+  <li><a href="https://github.com/psf/requests">Requests @ GitHub</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://pypi.org/project/requests/">Requests @ PyPI</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://github.com/psf/requests/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
 </ul>
 

docs/_themes/flask_theme_support.py

@@ -1,76 +1,86 @@
 # flasky extensions.  flasky pygments style based on tango style
 from pygments.style import Style
-from pygments.token import Keyword, Name, Comment, String, Error, Number, Operator, Generic, Whitespace, Punctuation, Other, Literal
+from pygments.token import Keyword, Name, Comment, String, Error, \
+     Number, Operator, Generic, Whitespace, Punctuation, Other, Literal
 
 
 class FlaskyStyle(Style):
     background_color = "#f8f8f8"
     default_style = ""
+
     styles = {
         # No corresponding class for the following:
         #Text:                     "", # class:  ''
-        Whitespace: "underline #f8f8f8",  # class: 'w'
-        Error: "#a40000 border:#ef2929",  # class: 'err'
-        Other: "#000000",  # class 'x'
-        Comment: "italic #8f5902",  # class: 'c'
-        Comment.Preproc: "noitalic",  # class: 'cp'
-        Keyword: "bold #004461",  # class: 'k'
-        Keyword.Constant: "bold #004461",  # class: 'kc'
-        Keyword.Declaration: "bold #004461",  # class: 'kd'
-        Keyword.Namespace: "bold #004461",  # class: 'kn'
-        Keyword.Pseudo: "bold #004461",  # class: 'kp'
-        Keyword.Reserved: "bold #004461",  # class: 'kr'
-        Keyword.Type: "bold #004461",  # class: 'kt'
-        Operator: "#582800",  # class: 'o'
-        Operator.Word: "bold #004461",  # class: 'ow' - like keywords
-        Punctuation: "bold #000000",
-        # class: 'p'
+        Whitespace:                "underline #f8f8f8",      # class: 'w'
+        Error:                     "#a40000 border:#ef2929", # class: 'err'
+        Other:                     "#000000",                # class 'x'
+
+        Comment:                   "italic #8f5902", # class: 'c'
+        Comment.Preproc:           "noitalic",       # class: 'cp'
+
+        Keyword:                   "bold #004461",   # class: 'k'
+        Keyword.Constant:          "bold #004461",   # class: 'kc'
+        Keyword.Declaration:       "bold #004461",   # class: 'kd'
+        Keyword.Namespace:         "bold #004461",   # class: 'kn'
+        Keyword.Pseudo:            "bold #004461",   # class: 'kp'
+        Keyword.Reserved:          "bold #004461",   # class: 'kr'
+        Keyword.Type:              "bold #004461",   # class: 'kt'
+
+        Operator:                  "#582800",   # class: 'o'
+        Operator.Word:             "bold #004461",   # class: 'ow' - like keywords
+
+        Punctuation:               "bold #000000",   # class: 'p'
+
         # because special names such as Name.Class, Name.Function, etc.
         # are not recognized as such later in the parsing, we choose them
         # to look the same as ordinary variables.
-        Name: "#000000",  # class: 'n'
-        Name.Attribute: "#c4a000",  # class: 'na' - to be revised
-        Name.Builtin: "#004461",  # class: 'nb'
-        Name.Builtin.Pseudo: "#3465a4",  # class: 'bp'
-        Name.Class: "#000000",  # class: 'nc' - to be revised
-        Name.Constant: "#000000",  # class: 'no' - to be revised
-        Name.Decorator: "#888",  # class: 'nd' - to be revised
-        Name.Entity: "#ce5c00",  # class: 'ni'
-        Name.Exception: "bold #cc0000",  # class: 'ne'
-        Name.Function: "#000000",  # class: 'nf'
-        Name.Property: "#000000",  # class: 'py'
-        Name.Label: "#f57900",  # class: 'nl'
-        Name.Namespace: "#000000",  # class: 'nn' - to be revised
-        Name.Other: "#000000",  # class: 'nx'
-        Name.Tag: "bold #004461",  # class: 'nt' - like a keyword
-        Name.Variable: "#000000",  # class: 'nv' - to be revised
-        Name.Variable.Class: "#000000",  # class: 'vc' - to be revised
-        Name.Variable.Global: "#000000",  # class: 'vg' - to be revised
-        Name.Variable.Instance: "#000000",  # class: 'vi' - to be revised
-        Number: "#990000",  # class: 'm'
-        Literal: "#000000",  # class: 'l'
-        Literal.Date: "#000000",  # class: 'ld'
-        String: "#4e9a06",  # class: 's'
-        String.Backtick: "#4e9a06",  # class: 'sb'
-        String.Char: "#4e9a06",  # class: 'sc'
-        String.Doc: "italic #8f5902",  # class: 'sd' - like a comment
-        String.Double: "#4e9a06",  # class: 's2'
-        String.Escape: "#4e9a06",  # class: 'se'
-        String.Heredoc: "#4e9a06",  # class: 'sh'
-        String.Interpol: "#4e9a06",  # class: 'si'
-        String.Other: "#4e9a06",  # class: 'sx'
-        String.Regex: "#4e9a06",  # class: 'sr'
-        String.Single: "#4e9a06",  # class: 's1'
-        String.Symbol: "#4e9a06",  # class: 'ss'
-        Generic: "#000000",  # class: 'g'
-        Generic.Deleted: "#a40000",  # class: 'gd'
-        Generic.Emph: "italic #000000",  # class: 'ge'
-        Generic.Error: "#ef2929",  # class: 'gr'
-        Generic.Heading: "bold #000080",  # class: 'gh'
-        Generic.Inserted: "#00A000",  # class: 'gi'
-        Generic.Output: "#888",  # class: 'go'
-        Generic.Prompt: "#745334",  # class: 'gp'
-        Generic.Strong: "bold #000000",  # class: 'gs'
-        Generic.Subheading: "bold #800080",  # class: 'gu'
-        Generic.Traceback: "bold #a40000",  # class: 'gt'
+        Name:                      "#000000",        # class: 'n'
+        Name.Attribute:            "#c4a000",        # class: 'na' - to be revised
+        Name.Builtin:              "#004461",        # class: 'nb'
+        Name.Builtin.Pseudo:       "#3465a4",        # class: 'bp'
+        Name.Class:                "#000000",        # class: 'nc' - to be revised
+        Name.Constant:             "#000000",        # class: 'no' - to be revised
+        Name.Decorator:            "#888",           # class: 'nd' - to be revised
+        Name.Entity:               "#ce5c00",        # class: 'ni'
+        Name.Exception:            "bold #cc0000",   # class: 'ne'
+        Name.Function:             "#000000",        # class: 'nf'
+        Name.Property:             "#000000",        # class: 'py'
+        Name.Label:                "#f57900",        # class: 'nl'
+        Name.Namespace:            "#000000",        # class: 'nn' - to be revised
+        Name.Other:                "#000000",        # class: 'nx'
+        Name.Tag:                  "bold #004461",   # class: 'nt' - like a keyword
+        Name.Variable:             "#000000",        # class: 'nv' - to be revised
+        Name.Variable.Class:       "#000000",        # class: 'vc' - to be revised
+        Name.Variable.Global:      "#000000",        # class: 'vg' - to be revised
+        Name.Variable.Instance:    "#000000",        # class: 'vi' - to be revised
+
+        Number:                    "#990000",        # class: 'm'
+
+        Literal:                   "#000000",        # class: 'l'
+        Literal.Date:              "#000000",        # class: 'ld'
+
+        String:                    "#4e9a06",        # class: 's'
+        String.Backtick:           "#4e9a06",        # class: 'sb'
+        String.Char:               "#4e9a06",        # class: 'sc'
+        String.Doc:                "italic #8f5902", # class: 'sd' - like a comment
+        String.Double:             "#4e9a06",        # class: 's2'
+        String.Escape:             "#4e9a06",        # class: 'se'
+        String.Heredoc:            "#4e9a06",        # class: 'sh'
+        String.Interpol:           "#4e9a06",        # class: 'si'
+        String.Other:              "#4e9a06",        # class: 'sx'
+        String.Regex:              "#4e9a06",        # class: 'sr'
+        String.Single:             "#4e9a06",        # class: 's1'
+        String.Symbol:             "#4e9a06",        # class: 'ss'
+
+        Generic:                   "#000000",        # class: 'g'
+        Generic.Deleted:           "#a40000",        # class: 'gd'
+        Generic.Emph:              "italic #000000", # class: 'ge'
+        Generic.Error:             "#ef2929",        # class: 'gr'
+        Generic.Heading:           "bold #000080",   # class: 'gh'
+        Generic.Inserted:          "#00A000",        # class: 'gi'
+        Generic.Output:            "#888",           # class: 'go'
+        Generic.Prompt:            "#745334",        # class: 'gp'
+        Generic.Strong:            "bold #000000",   # class: 'gs'
+        Generic.Subheading:        "bold #800080",   # class: 'gu'
+        Generic.Traceback:         "bold #a40000",   # class: 'gt'
     }

docs/api.rst

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ Exceptions
 .. autoexception:: requests.ConnectTimeout
 .. autoexception:: requests.ReadTimeout
 .. autoexception:: requests.Timeout
+.. autoexception:: requests.JSONDecodeError
 
 
 Request Sessions
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@ Authentication
 
 .. autoclass:: requests.auth.AuthBase
 .. autoclass:: requests.auth.HTTPBasicAuth
+.. autoclass:: requests.auth.HTTPProxyAuth
 .. autoclass:: requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth
 
 
@@ -108,17 +110,7 @@ Status Code Lookup
 
 .. autoclass:: requests.codes
 
-::
-
-    >>> requests.codes['temporary_redirect']
-    307
-
-    >>> requests.codes.teapot
-    418
-
-    >>> requests.codes['\o/']
-    200
-
+.. automodule:: requests.status_codes
 
 
 Migrating to 1.x
@@ -136,7 +128,7 @@ API Changes
   ::
 
       import requests
-      r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
+      r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')
       r.json()   # This *call* raises an exception if JSON decoding fails
 
 * The ``Session`` API has changed. Sessions objects no longer take parameters.
@@ -148,7 +140,7 @@ API Changes
       s = requests.Session()    # formerly, session took parameters
       s.auth = auth
       s.headers.update(headers)
-      r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers')
+      r = s.get('https://httpbin.org/headers')
 
 * All request hooks have been removed except 'response'.
 
@@ -165,7 +157,7 @@ API Changes
   ::
 
       # in 0.x, passing prefetch=False would accomplish the same thing
-      r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json', stream=True)
+      r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events', stream=True)
       for chunk in r.iter_content(8192):
           ...
 
@@ -190,11 +182,11 @@ API Changes
 
       logging.basicConfig() # you need to initialize logging, otherwise you will not see anything from requests
       logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
-      requests_log = logging.getLogger("requests.packages.urllib3")
+      requests_log = logging.getLogger("urllib3")
       requests_log.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
       requests_log.propagate = True
 
-      requests.get('http://httpbin.org/headers')
+      requests.get('https://httpbin.org/headers')
 
 
 
@@ -206,8 +198,8 @@ license from the ISC_ license to the `Apache 2.0`_ license. The Apache 2.0
 license ensures that contributions to Requests are also covered by the Apache
 2.0 license.
 
-.. _ISC: http://opensource.org/licenses/ISC
-.. _Apache 2.0: http://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0
+.. _ISC: https://opensource.org/licenses/ISC
+.. _Apache 2.0: https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0
 
 
 Migrating to 2.x
@@ -222,7 +214,7 @@ For more details on the changes in this release including new APIs, links
 to the relevant GitHub issues and some of the bug fixes, read Cory's blog_
 on the subject.
 
-.. _blog: http://lukasa.co.uk/2013/09/Requests_20/
+.. _blog: https://lukasa.co.uk/2013/09/Requests_20/
 
 
 API Changes
@@ -251,7 +243,7 @@ API Changes
       }
 
       # In requests 1.x, this was legal, in requests 2.x,
-      #  this raises requests.exceptions.MissingScheme
+      #  this raises requests.exceptions.MissingSchema
       requests.get("http://example.org", proxies=proxies)
 
 

docs/community/faq.rst

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 Frequently Asked Questions
 ==========================
 
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4290/35294660055_42c02b2316_k_d.jpg
-
 This part of the documentation answers common questions about Requests.
 
 Encoded Data?
@@ -13,6 +11,9 @@ Encoded Data?
 Requests automatically decompresses gzip-encoded responses, and does
 its best to decode response content to unicode when possible.
 
+When either the `brotli <https://pypi.org/project/Brotli/>`_ or `brotlicffi <https://pypi.org/project/brotlicffi/>`_
+package is installed, requests also decodes Brotli-encoded responses.
+
 You can get direct access to the raw response (and even the socket),
 if needed as well.
 
@@ -21,7 +22,8 @@ Custom User-Agents?
 -------------------
 
 Requests allows you to easily override User-Agent strings, along with
-any other HTTP Header.
+any other HTTP Header. See `documentation about headers <https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user/quickstart/#custom-headers>`_.
+
 
 
 Why not Httplib2?
@@ -53,14 +55,17 @@ Chris Adams gave an excellent summary on
 Python 3 Support?
 -----------------
 
-Yes! Here's a list of Python platforms that are officially
-supported:
+Yes! Requests officially supports Python 3.7+ and PyPy.
 
-* Python 2.7
-* Python 3.4
-* Python 3.5
-* Python 3.6
-* PyPy
+Python 2 Support?
+-----------------
+
+No! As of Requests 2.28.0, Requests no longer supports Python 2.7. Users who
+have been unable to migrate should pin to `requests<2.28`. Full information
+can be found in `psf/requests#6023 <https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/6023>`_.
+
+It is *highly* recommended users migrate to Python 3.8+ now since Python
+2.7 is no longer receiving bug fixes or security updates as of January 1, 2020.
 
 What are "hostname doesn't match" errors?
 -----------------------------------------
@@ -78,10 +83,7 @@ when servers are using `Virtual Hosting`_. When such servers are hosting
 more than one SSL site they need to be able to return the appropriate
 certificate based on the hostname the client is connecting to.
 
-Python3 and Python 2.7.9+ include native support for SNI in their SSL modules.
-For information on using SNI with Requests on Python < 2.7.9 refer to this
-`Stack Overflow answer`_.
+Python 3 already includes native support for SNI in their SSL modules.
 
 .. _`Server-Name-Indication`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication
 .. _`virtual hosting`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_hosting
-.. _`Stack Overflow answer`: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18578439/using-requests-with-tls-doesnt-give-sni-support/18579484#18579484

docs/community/out-there.rst

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 Integrations
 ============
 
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4239/34450900674_15863ddea0_k_d.jpg
-
 Python for iOS
 --------------
 
@@ -15,10 +13,10 @@ To give it a try, simply::
 
 Articles & Talks
 ================
-- `Python for the Web <http://gun.io/blog/python-for-the-web/>`_ teaches how to use Python to interact with the web, using Requests.
-- `Daniel Greenfeld's Review of Requests <http://pydanny.blogspot.com/2011/05/python-http-requests-for-humans.html>`_
-- `My 'Python for Humans' talk <http://python-for-humans.heroku.com>`_ ( `audio <http://codeconf.s3.amazonaws.com/2011/pycodeconf/talks/PyCodeConf2011%20-%20Kenneth%20Reitz.m4a>`_ )
-- `Issac Kelly's 'Consuming Web APIs' talk <http://issackelly.github.com/Consuming-Web-APIs-with-Python-Talk/slides/slides.html>`_
-- `Blog post about Requests via Yum <http://arunsag.wordpress.com/2011/08/17/new-package-python-requests-http-for-humans/>`_
-- `Russian blog post introducing Requests <http://habrahabr.ru/blogs/python/126262/>`_
+- `Python for the Web <https://www.gun.io/blog/python-for-the-web>`_ teaches how to use Python to interact with the web, using Requests.
+- `Daniel Greenfeld's Review of Requests <https://pydanny.blogspot.com/2011/05/python-http-requests-for-humans.html>`_
+- `My 'Python for Humans' talk <http://python-for-humans.heroku.com>`_ ( `audio <https://codeconf.s3.amazonaws.com/2011/pycodeconf/talks/PyCodeConf2011%20-%20Kenneth%20Reitz.m4a>`_ )
+- `Issac Kelly's 'Consuming Web APIs' talk <https://issackelly.github.com/Consuming-Web-APIs-with-Python-Talk/slides/slides.html>`_
+- `Blog post about Requests via Yum <https://arunsag.wordpress.com/2011/08/17/new-package-python-requests-http-for-humans/>`_
+- `Russian blog post introducing Requests <https://habr.com/post/126262/>`_
 - `Sending JSON in Requests <http://www.coglib.com/~icordasc/blog/2014/11/sending-json-in-requests.html>`_

docs/community/recommended.rst

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 Recommended Packages and Extensions
 ===================================
 
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4218/35224319272_cfc0e621fb_k_d.jpg
-
 Requests has a great variety of powerful and useful third-party extensions.
 This page provides an overview of some of the best of them.
 
@@ -15,7 +13,7 @@ Certifi CA Bundle
 validating the trustworthiness of SSL certificates while verifying the
 identity of TLS hosts. It has been extracted from the Requests project.
 
-.. _Certifi: http://certifi.io/en/latest/
+.. _Certifi: https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi
 
 CacheControl
 ------------
@@ -34,13 +32,13 @@ but do not belong in Requests proper. This library is actively maintained
 by members of the Requests core team, and reflects the functionality most
 requested by users within the community.
 
-.. _Requests-Toolbelt: http://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html
+.. _Requests-Toolbelt: https://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html
 
 
 Requests-Threads
 ----------------
 
-`Requests-Threads` is a Requests session that returns the amazing Twisted's awaitable Deferreds instead of Response objects. This allows the use of ``async``/``await`` keyword usage on Python 3, or Twisted's style of programming, if desired.
+`Requests-Threads`_ is a Requests session that returns the amazing Twisted's awaitable Deferreds instead of Response objects. This allows the use of ``async``/``await`` keyword usage on Python 3, or Twisted's style of programming, if desired.
 
 .. _Requests-Threads: https://github.com/requests/requests-threads
 
@@ -61,7 +59,4 @@ Betamax
 `Betamax`_ records your HTTP interactions so the NSA does not have to.
 A VCR imitation designed only for Python-Requests.
 
-.. _betamax: https://github.com/sigmavirus24/betamax
-
-
-
+.. _betamax: https://github.com/betamaxpy/betamax

docs/community/release-process.rst

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 Release Process and Rules
 =========================
 
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4215/34450901614_b74ae720db_k_d.jpg
-
 .. versionadded:: v2.6.2
 
 Starting with the version to be released after ``v2.6.2``, the following rules
@@ -19,19 +17,18 @@ Breaking changes are changes that break backwards compatibility with prior
 versions. If the project were to change the ``text`` attribute on a
 ``Response`` object to a method, that would only happen in a Major release.
 
-Major releases may also include miscellaneous bug fixes and upgrades to
-vendored packages. The core developers of Requests are committed to providing
-a good user experience. This means we're also committed to preserving
-backwards compatibility as much as possible. Major releases will be infrequent
-and will need strong justifications before they are considered.
+Major releases may also include miscellaneous bug fixes. The core developers of
+Requests are committed to providing a good user experience. This means we're
+also committed to preserving backwards compatibility as much as possible. Major
+releases will be infrequent and will need strong justifications before they are
+considered.
 
 Minor Releases
 --------------
 
-A minor release will not include breaking changes but may include
-miscellaneous bug fixes and upgrades to vendored packages. If the previous
-version of Requests released was ``v10.2.7`` a minor release would be
-versioned as ``v10.3.0``.
+A minor release will not include breaking changes but may include miscellaneous
+bug fixes. If the previous version of Requests released was ``v10.2.7`` a minor
+release would be versioned as ``v10.3.0``.
 
 Minor releases will be backwards compatible with releases that have the same
 major version number. In other words, all versions that would start with

docs/community/support.rst

@@ -3,51 +3,29 @@
 Support
 =======
 
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4198/34080352913_5c13ffb336_k_d.jpg
-
 If you have questions or issues about Requests, there are several options:
 
-StackOverflow
--------------
+Stack Overflow
+--------------
 
 If your question does not contain sensitive (possibly proprietary)
 information or can be properly anonymized, please ask a question on
-`StackOverflow <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/python-requests>`_
+`Stack Overflow <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/python-requests>`_
 and use the tag ``python-requests``.
 
-Send a Tweet
-------------
-
-If your question is less than 140 characters, feel free to send a tweet to
-`@kennethreitz <https://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_,
-`@sigmavirus24 <https://twitter.com/sigmavirus24>`_, or
-`@lukasaoz <https://twitter.com/lukasaoz>`_.
 
 File an Issue
 -------------
 
 If you notice some unexpected behaviour in Requests, or want to see support
 for a new feature,
-`file an issue on GitHub <https://github.com/requests/requests/issues>`_.
+`file an issue on GitHub <https://github.com/psf/requests/issues>`_.
 
 
-E-mail
-------
+Send a Tweet
+------------
 
-I'm more than happy to answer any personal or in-depth questions about
-Requests. Feel free to email
-`requests@kennethreitz.com <mailto:requests@kennethreitz.com>`_.
-
-
-IRC
----
-
-The official Freenode channel for Requests is
-`#python-requests <irc://irc.freenode.net/python-requests>`_
-
-The core developers of requests are on IRC throughout the day.
-You can find them in ``#python-requests`` as:
-
-- kennethreitz
-- lukasa
-- sigmavirus24
+If your question is less than 280 characters, feel free to send a tweet to
+`@nateprewitt <https://twitter.com/nateprewitt>`_,
+`@sethmlarson <https://twitter.com/sethmlarson>`_, or
+`@sigmavirus24 <https://twitter.com/sigmavirus24>`_.

docs/community/updates.rst

@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
 Community Updates
 =================
 
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4244/34080354873_516c283ad0_k_d.jpg
-
 If you'd like to stay up to date on the community and development of Requests,
 there are several options:
 
@@ -14,19 +12,7 @@ GitHub
 ------
 
 The best way to track the development of Requests is through
-`the GitHub repo <https://github.com/requests/requests>`_.
-
-Twitter
--------
-
-The author, Kenneth Reitz, often tweets about new features and releases of Requests.
-
-Follow `@kennethreitz <https://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_ for updates.
+`the GitHub repo <https://github.com/psf/requests>`_.
 
 
-
-Release and Version History
-===========================
-
-.. include:: ../../HISTORY.rst
-
+.. include:: ../../HISTORY.md

docs/community/vulnerabilities.rst

@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 Vulnerability Disclosure
 ========================
 
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4211/34709353644_b041e9e1c2_k_d.jpg
-
 If you think you have found a potential security vulnerability in requests,
-please email `sigmavirus24 <mailto:graffatcolmingov@gmail.com>`_ and
-`Lukasa <mailto:cory@lukasa.co.uk>`_ directly. **Do not file a public issue.**
+please email `Nate <mailto:nate.prewitt@gmail.com>`_ and `Seth <mailto:@sethmichaellarson@gmail.com>`_ directly. **Do not file a public issue.**
 
 Our PGP Key fingerprints are:
 
-- 0161 BB7E B208 B5E0 4FDC  9F81 D9DA 0A04 9113 F853 (@sigmavirus24)
+- 8722 7E29 AD9C FF5C FAC3  EA6A 44D3 FF97 B80D C864 (`@nateprewitt <https://keybase.io/nateprewitt>`_)
 
-- 90DC AE40 FEA7 4B14 9B70  662D F25F 2144 EEC1 373D (@lukasa)
+- EDD5 6765 A9D8 4653 CBC8  A134 51B0 6736 1740 F5FC (`@sethmlarson <https://keybase.io/sethmlarson>`_)
+
+You can also contact us on `Keybase <https://keybase.io/>`_ with the
+profiles above if desired.
 
 If English is not your first language, please try to describe the problem and
 its impact to the best of your ability. For greater detail, please use your
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ time, to ensure that they are able to promptly release their downstream
 packages. Currently the list of people we actively contact *ahead of a public
 release* is:
 
-- Jeremy Cline, Red Hat (@jeremycline)
+- Python Maintenance Team, Red Hat (python-maint@redhat.com)
 - Daniele Tricoli, Debian (@eriol)
 
 We will notify these individuals at least a week ahead of our planned release
@@ -95,13 +95,16 @@ if upgrading is not an option.
 Previous CVEs
 -------------
 
+- Fixed in 2.20.0
+  - `CVE 2018-18074 <https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2018-18074>`_
+
 - Fixed in 2.6.0
 
-  - `CVE 2015-2296 <http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2015-2296>`_,
+  - `CVE 2015-2296 <https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2015-2296>`_,
     reported by Matthew Daley of `BugFuzz <https://bugfuzz.com/>`_.
 
 - Fixed in 2.3.0
 
-  - `CVE 2014-1829 <http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2014-1829>`_
+  - `CVE 2014-1829 <https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2014-1829>`_
 
-  - `CVE 2014-1830 <http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2014-1830>`_
+  - `CVE 2014-1830 <https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2014-1830>`_

docs/conf.py

@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ import os
 # If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
 # add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
 # documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
-#sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
+# sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
 
 # Insert Requests' path into the system.
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('..'))
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('_themes'))
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath(".."))
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath("_themes"))
 
 import requests
 
@@ -30,36 +30,36 @@ import requests
 # -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------
 
 # If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
-#needs_sphinx = '1.0'
+# needs_sphinx = '1.0'
 
 # Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
 # extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
 # ones.
 extensions = [
-    'sphinx.ext.autodoc',
-    'sphinx.ext.intersphinx',
-    'sphinx.ext.todo',
-    'sphinx.ext.viewcode',
+    "sphinx.ext.autodoc",
+    "sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
+    "sphinx.ext.todo",
+    "sphinx.ext.viewcode",
 ]
 
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
-templates_path = ['_templates']
+templates_path = ["_templates"]
 
 # The suffix(es) of source filenames.
 # You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
 # source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
-source_suffix = '.rst'
+source_suffix = ".rst"
 
 # The encoding of source files.
-#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
+# source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
 
 # The master toctree document.
-master_doc = 'index'
+master_doc = "index"
 
 # General information about the project.
-project = u'Requests'
-copyright = u'MMXVII. A <a href="http://kennethreitz.com/pages/open-projects.html">Kenneth Reitz</a> Project'
-author = u'Kenneth Reitz'
+project = u"Requests"
+copyright = u'MMXVIX. A <a href="https://kenreitz.org/projects">Kenneth Reitz</a> Project'
+author = u"Kenneth Reitz"
 
 # The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
 # |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
@@ -79,17 +79,17 @@ language = None
 
 # There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
 # non-false value, then it is used:
-#today = ''
+# today = ''
 # Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
-#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+# today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
 
 # List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
-exclude_patterns = ['_build']
+exclude_patterns = ["_build"]
 
 # The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all
 # documents.
-#default_role = None
+# default_role = None
 
 # If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
 add_function_parentheses = False
@@ -100,16 +100,16 @@ add_module_names = True
 
 # If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
 # output. They are ignored by default.
-#show_authors = False
+# show_authors = False
 
 # The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
-pygments_style = 'flask_theme_support.FlaskyStyle'
+pygments_style = "flask_theme_support.FlaskyStyle"
 
 # A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
-#modindex_common_prefix = []
+# modindex_common_prefix = []
 
 # If true, keep warnings as "system message" paragraphs in the built documents.
-#keep_warnings = False
+# keep_warnings = False
 
 # If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
 todo_include_todos = True
@@ -119,52 +119,52 @@ todo_include_todos = True
 
 # The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
 # a list of builtin themes.
-html_theme = 'alabaster'
+html_theme = "alabaster"
 
 # Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
 # further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
 # documentation.
 html_theme_options = {
-    'show_powered_by': False,
-    'github_user': 'requests',
-    'github_repo': 'requests',
-    'github_banner': True,
-    'show_related': False,
-    'note_bg': '#FFF59C'
+    "show_powered_by": False,
+    "github_user": "requests",
+    "github_repo": "requests",
+    "github_banner": True,
+    "show_related": False,
+    "note_bg": "#FFF59C",
 }
 
 # Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
-#html_theme_path = []
+# html_theme_path = []
 
 # The name for this set of Sphinx documents.  If None, it defaults to
 # "<project> v<release> documentation".
-#html_title = None
+# html_title = None
 
 # A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
-#html_short_title = None
+# html_short_title = None
 
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
 # of the sidebar.
-#html_logo = None
+# html_logo = None
 
 # The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
 # docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
 # pixels large.
-#html_favicon = None
+# html_favicon = None
 
 # Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
 # relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
 # so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
-html_static_path = ['_static']
+html_static_path = ["_static"]
 
 # Add any extra paths that contain custom files (such as robots.txt or
 # .htaccess) here, relative to this directory. These files are copied
 # directly to the root of the documentation.
-#html_extra_path = []
+# html_extra_path = []
 
 # If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
 # using the given strftime format.
-#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+# html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
 
 # If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
 # typographically correct entities.
@@ -172,24 +172,29 @@ html_use_smartypants = False
 
 # Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
 html_sidebars = {
-    'index':    ['sidebarintro.html', 'sourcelink.html', 'searchbox.html',
-                 'hacks.html'],
-    '**':       ['sidebarlogo.html', 'localtoc.html', 'relations.html',
-                 'sourcelink.html', 'searchbox.html', 'hacks.html']
+    "index": ["sidebarintro.html", "sourcelink.html", "searchbox.html", "hacks.html"],
+    "**": [
+        "sidebarlogo.html",
+        "localtoc.html",
+        "relations.html",
+        "sourcelink.html",
+        "searchbox.html",
+        "hacks.html",
+    ],
 }
 
 # Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
 # template names.
-#html_additional_pages = {}
+# html_additional_pages = {}
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#html_domain_indices = True
+# html_domain_indices = True
 
 # If false, no index is generated.
-#html_use_index = True
+# html_use_index = True
 
 # If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
-#html_split_index = False
+# html_split_index = False
 
 # If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
 html_show_sourcelink = False
@@ -203,84 +208,77 @@ html_show_copyright = True
 # If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
 # contain a <link> tag referring to it.  The value of this option must be the
 # base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
-#html_use_opensearch = ''
+# html_use_opensearch = ''
 
 # This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
-#html_file_suffix = None
+# html_file_suffix = None
 
 # Language to be used for generating the HTML full-text search index.
 # Sphinx supports the following languages:
 #   'da', 'de', 'en', 'es', 'fi', 'fr', 'hu', 'it', 'ja'
 #   'nl', 'no', 'pt', 'ro', 'ru', 'sv', 'tr'
-#html_search_language = 'en'
+# html_search_language = 'en'
 
 # A dictionary with options for the search language support, empty by default.
 # Now only 'ja' uses this config value
-#html_search_options = {'type': 'default'}
+# html_search_options = {'type': 'default'}
 
 # The name of a javascript file (relative to the configuration directory) that
 # implements a search results scorer. If empty, the default will be used.
-#html_search_scorer = 'scorer.js'
+# html_search_scorer = 'scorer.js'
 
 # Output file base name for HTML help builder.
-htmlhelp_basename = 'Requestsdoc'
+htmlhelp_basename = "Requestsdoc"
 
 # -- Options for LaTeX output ---------------------------------------------
 
 latex_elements = {
-# The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
-#'papersize': 'letterpaper',
-
-# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
-#'pointsize': '10pt',
-
-# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
-#'preamble': '',
-
-# Latex figure (float) alignment
-#'figure_align': 'htbp',
+    # The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
+    #'papersize': 'letterpaper',
+    # The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+    #'pointsize': '10pt',
+    # Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+    #'preamble': '',
+    # Latex figure (float) alignment
+    #'figure_align': 'htbp',
 }
 
 # Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
 # (source start file, target name, title,
 #  author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
 latex_documents = [
-    (master_doc, 'Requests.tex', u'Requests Documentation',
-     u'Kenneth Reitz', 'manual'),
+    (master_doc, "Requests.tex", u"Requests Documentation", u"Kenneth Reitz", "manual")
 ]
 
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
 # the title page.
-#latex_logo = None
+# latex_logo = None
 
 # For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
 # not chapters.
-#latex_use_parts = False
+# latex_use_parts = False
 
 # If true, show page references after internal links.
-#latex_show_pagerefs = False
+# latex_show_pagerefs = False
 
 # If true, show URL addresses after external links.
-#latex_show_urls = False
+# latex_show_urls = False
 
 # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#latex_appendices = []
+# latex_appendices = []
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#latex_domain_indices = True
+# latex_domain_indices = True
 
 
 # -- Options for manual page output ---------------------------------------
 
 # One entry per manual page. List of tuples
 # (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
-man_pages = [
-    (master_doc, 'requests', u'Requests Documentation',
-     [author], 1)
-]
+man_pages = [(master_doc, "requests", u"Requests Documentation", [author], 1)]
 
 # If true, show URL addresses after external links.
-#man_show_urls = False
+# man_show_urls = False
 
 
 # -- Options for Texinfo output -------------------------------------------
@@ -289,22 +287,28 @@ man_pages = [
 # (source start file, target name, title, author,
 #  dir menu entry, description, category)
 texinfo_documents = [
-    (master_doc, 'Requests', u'Requests Documentation',
-     author, 'Requests', 'One line description of project.',
-     'Miscellaneous'),
+    (
+        master_doc,
+        "Requests",
+        u"Requests Documentation",
+        author,
+        "Requests",
+        "One line description of project.",
+        "Miscellaneous",
+    )
 ]
 
 # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#texinfo_appendices = []
+# texinfo_appendices = []
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#texinfo_domain_indices = True
+# texinfo_domain_indices = True
 
 # How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
-#texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
+# texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
 
 # If true, do not generate a @detailmenu in the "Top" node's menu.
-#texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
+# texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
 
 
 # -- Options for Epub output ----------------------------------------------
@@ -316,64 +320,67 @@ epub_publisher = author
 epub_copyright = copyright
 
 # The basename for the epub file. It defaults to the project name.
-#epub_basename = project
+# epub_basename = project
 
 # The HTML theme for the epub output. Since the default themes are not
 # optimized for small screen space, using the same theme for HTML and epub
 # output is usually not wise. This defaults to 'epub', a theme designed to save
 # visual space.
-#epub_theme = 'epub'
+# epub_theme = 'epub'
 
 # The language of the text. It defaults to the language option
 # or 'en' if the language is not set.
-#epub_language = ''
+# epub_language = ''
 
 # The scheme of the identifier. Typical schemes are ISBN or URL.
-#epub_scheme = ''
+# epub_scheme = ''
 
 # The unique identifier of the text. This can be a ISBN number
 # or the project homepage.
-#epub_identifier = ''
+# epub_identifier = ''
 
 # A unique identification for the text.
-#epub_uid = ''
+# epub_uid = ''
 
 # A tuple containing the cover image and cover page html template filenames.
-#epub_cover = ()
+# epub_cover = ()
 
 # A sequence of (type, uri, title) tuples for the guide element of content.opf.
-#epub_guide = ()
+# epub_guide = ()
 
 # HTML files that should be inserted before the pages created by sphinx.
 # The format is a list of tuples containing the path and title.
-#epub_pre_files = []
+# epub_pre_files = []
 
 # HTML files that should be inserted after the pages created by sphinx.
 # The format is a list of tuples containing the path and title.
-#epub_post_files = []
+# epub_post_files = []
 
 # A list of files that should not be packed into the epub file.
-epub_exclude_files = ['search.html']
+epub_exclude_files = ["search.html"]
 
 # The depth of the table of contents in toc.ncx.
-#epub_tocdepth = 3
+# epub_tocdepth = 3
 
 # Allow duplicate toc entries.
-#epub_tocdup = True
+# epub_tocdup = True
 
 # Choose between 'default' and 'includehidden'.
-#epub_tocscope = 'default'
+# epub_tocscope = 'default'
 
 # Fix unsupported image types using the Pillow.
-#epub_fix_images = False
+# epub_fix_images = False
 
 # Scale large images.
-#epub_max_image_width = 0
+# epub_max_image_width = 0
 
 # How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
-#epub_show_urls = 'inline'
+# epub_show_urls = 'inline'
 
 # If false, no index is generated.
-#epub_use_index = True
+# epub_use_index = True
 
-intersphinx_mapping = {'urllib3': ('http://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest', None)}
+intersphinx_mapping = {
+    "python": ("https://docs.python.org/3/", None),
+    "urllib3": ("https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest", None),
+}

docs/dev/authors.rst

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 Authors
 =======
 
-.. image:: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/533ad9bde4b098d084a846b1/t/534f6e1ce4b09b70f38ee6c1/1432265542589/DSCF3147.jpg?format=2500w
-
 .. include:: ../../AUTHORS.rst

docs/dev/contributing.rst

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 Contributor's Guide
 ===================
 
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4237/35550408335_7671fde302_k_d.jpg
-
 If you're reading this, you're probably interested in contributing to Requests.
 Thank you very much! Open source projects live-and-die based on the support
 they receive from others, and the fact that you're even considering
@@ -13,22 +11,17 @@ contributing to the Requests project is *very* generous of you.
 This document lays out guidelines and advice for contributing to this project.
 If you're thinking of contributing, please start by reading this document and
 getting a feel for how contributing to this project works. If you have any
-questions, feel free to reach out to either `Ian Cordasco`_ or `Cory Benfield`_,
-the primary maintainers.
+questions, feel free to reach out to either `Nate Prewitt`_, `Ian Cordasco`_,
+or `Seth Michael Larson`_, the primary maintainers.
 
 .. _Ian Cordasco: http://www.coglib.com/~icordasc/
-.. _Cory Benfield: https://lukasa.co.uk/about
-
-If you have non-technical feedback, philosophical ponderings, crazy ideas, or
-other general thoughts about Requests or its position within the Python
-ecosystem, the BDFL, `Kenneth Reitz`_, would love to hear from you.
+.. _Nate Prewitt: https://www.nateprewitt.com/
+.. _Seth Michael Larson: https://sethmlarson.dev/
 
 The guide is split into sections based on the type of contribution you're
 thinking of making, with a section that covers general guidelines for all
 contributors.
 
-.. _Kenneth Reitz: mailto:me@kennethreitz.org
-
 Be Cordial
 ----------
 
@@ -41,7 +34,7 @@ including reporting bugs or requesting features. This golden rule is
 **All contributions are welcome**, as long as
 everyone involved is treated with respect.
 
-.. _be cordial or be on your way: http://kennethreitz.org/be-cordial-or-be-on-your-way/
+.. _be cordial or be on your way: https://kenreitz.org/essays/2013/01/27/be-cordial-or-be-on-your-way
 
 .. _early-feedback:
 
@@ -85,7 +78,7 @@ When contributing code, you'll want to follow this checklist:
 4. Make your change.
 5. Run the entire test suite again, confirming that all tests pass *including
    the ones you just added*.
-6. Send a GitHub Pull Request to the main repository's ``master`` branch.
+6. Send a GitHub Pull Request to the main repository's ``main`` branch.
    GitHub Pull Requests are the expected method of code collaboration on this
    project.
 
@@ -100,6 +93,21 @@ event that you object to the code review feedback, you should make your case
 clearly and calmly. If, after doing so, the feedback is judged to still apply,
 you must either apply the feedback or withdraw your contribution.
 
+Code Style
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Requests uses a collection of tools to ensure the code base has a consistent
+style as it grows. We have these orchestrated using a tool called
+`pre-commit`_. This can be installed locally and run over your changes prior
+to opening a PR, and will also be run as part of the CI approval process
+before a change is merged.
+
+You can find the full list of formatting requirements specified in the
+`.pre-commit-config.yaml`_ at the top level directory of Requests.
+
+.. _pre-commit: https://pre-commit.com/
+.. _.pre-commit-config.yaml: https://github.com/psf/requests/blob/main/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+
 New Contributors
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -110,55 +118,6 @@ asking for help.
 
 Please also check the :ref:`early-feedback` section.
 
-Kenneth Reitz's Code Style™
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The Requests codebase uses the `PEP 8`_ code style.
-
-In addition to the standards outlined in PEP 8, we have a few guidelines:
-
-- Line-length can exceed 79 characters, to 100, when convenient.
-- Line-length can exceed 100 characters, when doing otherwise would be *terribly* inconvenient.
-- Always use single-quoted strings (e.g. ``'#flatearth'``), unless a single-quote occurs within the string.
-
-Additionally, one of the styles that PEP8 recommends for `line continuations`_
-completely lacks all sense of taste, and is not to be permitted within
-the Requests codebase::
-
-    # Aligned with opening delimiter.
-    foo = long_function_name(var_one, var_two,
-                             var_three, var_four)
-
-No. Just don't. Please.
-
-Docstrings are to follow the following syntaxes::
-
-    def the_earth_is_flat():
-        """NASA divided up the seas into thirty-three degrees."""
-        pass
-
-::
-
-    def fibonacci_spiral_tool():
-        """With my feet upon the ground I lose myself / between the sounds
-        and open wide to suck it in. / I feel it move across my skin. / I'm
-        reaching up and reaching out. / I'm reaching for the random or
-        whatever will bewilder me. / Whatever will bewilder me. / And
-        following our will and wind we may just go where no one's been. /
-        We'll ride the spiral to the end and may just go where no one's
-        been.
-
-        Spiral out. Keep going...
-        """
-        pass
-
-All functions, methods, and classes are to contain docstrings. Object data
-model methods (e.g. ``__repr__``) are typically the exception to this rule.
-
-Thanks for helping to make the world a better place!
-
-.. _PEP 8: http://pep8.org
-.. _line continuations: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#indentation
 
 Documentation Contributions
 ---------------------------
@@ -189,7 +148,7 @@ through the `GitHub issues`_, **both open and closed**, to confirm that the bug
 hasn't been reported before. Duplicate bug reports are a huge drain on the time
 of other contributors, and should be avoided as much as possible.
 
-.. _GitHub issues: https://github.com/requests/requests/issues
+.. _GitHub issues: https://github.com/psf/requests/issues
 
 
 Feature Requests

docs/dev/philosophy.rst

@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-Development Philosophy
-======================
-
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4231/34484831073_636008a23d_k_d.jpg
-
-Requests is an open but opinionated library, created by an open but opinionated developer.
-
-
-Management Style
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-`Kenneth Reitz <http://kennethreitz.org>`_ is the BDFL. He has final say in any decision related to the Requests project. Kenneth is responsible for the direction and form of the library, as well as its presentation. In addition to making decisions based on technical merit, he is responsible for making decisions based on the development philosophy of Requests.
-
-`Ian Cordasco <http://www.coglib.com/~icordasc/>`_ and `Cory Benfield <https://lukasa.co.uk/about/>`_ are the core contributors. They are responsible for triaging bug reports, reviewing pull requests and ensuring that Kenneth is kept up to speed with developments around the library. The day-to-day managing of the project is done by the core contributors. They are responsible for making judgements about whether or not a feature request is likely to be accepted by Kenneth. Their word is, in some ways, more final than Kenneth's.
-
-Values
-~~~~~~
-
-- Simplicity is always better than functionality.
-- Listen to everyone, then disregard it.
-- The API is all that matters. Everything else is secondary.
-- Fit the 90% use-case. Ignore the nay-sayers.
-
-Semantic Versioning
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-For many years, the open source community has been plagued with version number dystonia. Numbers vary so greatly from project to project, they are practically meaningless.
-
-Requests uses `Semantic Versioning <http://semver.org>`_. This specification seeks to put an end to this madness with a small set of practical guidelines for you and your colleagues to use in your next project.
-
-Standard Library?
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Requests has no *active* plans to be included in the standard library. This decision has been discussed at length with Guido as well as numerous core developers.
-
-.. raw:: html
-
-    <script async class="speakerdeck-embed" data-id="68f22f0841734d848315c618111b13ea" data-ratio="1.33333333333333" src="//speakerdeck.com/assets/embed.js"></script>
-
-Essentially, the standard library is where a library goes to die. It is appropriate for a module to be included when active development is no longer necessary.
-
-Linux Distro Packages
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Distributions have been made for many Linux repositories, including: Ubuntu, Debian, RHEL, and Arch.
-
-These distributions are sometimes divergent forks, or are otherwise not kept up-to-date with the latest code and bugfixes. PyPI (and its mirrors) and GitHub are the official distribution sources; alternatives are not supported by the Requests project.

docs/dev/todo.rst

@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-How to Help
-===========
-
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4290/34450900104_bc1d424213_k_d.jpg
-
-Requests is under active development, and contributions are more than welcome!
-
-#. Check for open issues or open a fresh issue to start a discussion around a bug.
-   There is a Contributor Friendly tag for issues that should be ideal for people who are not very
-   familiar with the codebase yet.
-#. Fork `the repository <https://github.com/requests/requests>`_ on GitHub and start making your
-   changes to a new branch.
-#. Write a test which shows that the bug was fixed.
-#. Send a pull request and bug the maintainer until it gets merged and published. :)
-   Make sure to add yourself to `AUTHORS <https://github.com/requests/requests/blob/master/AUTHORS.rst>`_.
-
-Feature Freeze
---------------
-
-As of v1.0.0, Requests has now entered a feature freeze. Requests for new
-features and Pull Requests implementing those features will not be accepted.
-
-Development Dependencies
-------------------------
-
-You'll need to install py.test in order to run the Requests' test suite::
-
-    $ venv .venv
-    $ source .venv/bin/activate
-
-    $ make
-    $ python setup.py test
-    ============================= test session starts ==============================
-    platform darwin -- Python 3.4.4, pytest-3.0.6, py-1.4.32, pluggy-0.4.0
-    ...
-    collected 445 items
-
-    tests/test_hooks.py ...
-    tests/test_lowlevel.py ............
-    tests/test_requests.py ...........................................................
-    tests/test_structures.py ....................
-    tests/test_testserver.py ...........
-    tests/test_utils.py ..s...........................................................
-
-    ============== 442 passed, 1 skipped, 2 xpassed in 46.48 seconds ===============
-
-You can also run ``$ make tests`` to run against all supported Python versions, using tox/detox.
-
-Runtime Environments
---------------------
-
-Requests currently supports the following versions of Python:
-
-- Python 2.7
-- Python 3.4
-- Python 3.5
-- Python 3.6
-- PyPy
-
-Google AppEngine is not officially supported although support is available
-with the `Requests-Toolbelt`_.
-
-.. _Requests-Toolbelt: http://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/
-

docs/index.rst

@@ -3,35 +3,30 @@
    You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least
    contain the root `toctree` directive.
 
-Requests: HTTP for Humans
-=========================
+Requests: HTTP for Humans™
+==========================
 
 Release v\ |version|. (:ref:`Installation <install>`)
 
+
+.. image:: https://pepy.tech/badge/requests/month
+    :target: https://pepy.tech/project/requests
+    :alt: Requests Downloads Per Month Badge
+    
 .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/requests.svg
-    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
+    :target: https://pypi.org/project/requests/
+    :alt: License Badge
 
 .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/wheel/requests.svg
-    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
+    :target: https://pypi.org/project/requests/
+    :alt: Wheel Support Badge
 
 .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/requests.svg
-    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
+    :target: https://pypi.org/project/requests/
+    :alt: Python Version Support Badge
 
-.. image:: https://codecov.io/github/requests/requests/coverage.svg?branch=master
-    :target: https://codecov.io/github/requests/requests
-    :alt: codecov.io
+**Requests** is an elegant and simple HTTP library for Python, built for human beings.
 
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Say%20Thanks!-🦉-1EAEDB.svg
-    :target: https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz
-
-
-**Requests** is the only *Non-GMO* HTTP library for Python, safe for human
-consumption.
-
-.. note:: The use of **Python 3** is *highly* preferred over Python 2. Consider upgrading your applications and infrastructure if you find yourself *still* using Python 2 in production today. If you are using Python 3, congratulations — you are indeed a person of excellent taste.
-  —*Kenneth Reitz*
-  
-  
 -------------------
 
 **Behold, the power of Requests**::
@@ -44,44 +39,17 @@ consumption.
     >>> r.encoding
     'utf-8'
     >>> r.text
-    u'{"type":"User"...'
+    '{"type":"User"...'
     >>> r.json()
-    {u'private_gists': 419, u'total_private_repos': 77, ...}
+    {'private_gists': 419, 'total_private_repos': 77, ...}
 
 See `similar code, sans Requests <https://gist.github.com/973705>`_.
 
 
-**Requests** allows you to send *organic, grass-fed* HTTP/1.1 requests, without the
-need for manual labor. There's no need to manually add query strings to your
+**Requests** allows you to send HTTP/1.1 requests extremely easily. 
+There's no need to manually add query strings to your
 URLs, or to form-encode your POST data. Keep-alive and HTTP connection pooling
-are 100% automatic, thanks to `urllib3 <https://github.com/shazow/urllib3>`_.
-
-User Testimonials
------------------
-
-Twitter, Spotify, Microsoft, Amazon, Lyft, BuzzFeed, Reddit, The NSA, Her Majesty's Government, Google, Twilio, Runscope, Mozilla, Heroku,
-PayPal, NPR, Obama for America, Transifex, Native Instruments, The Washington
-Post, SoundCloud, Kippt, Sony, and Federal U.S.
-Institutions that prefer to be unnamed claim to use Requests internally.
-
-**Armin Ronacher**—
-    *Requests is the perfect example how beautiful an API can be with the
-    right level of abstraction.*
-
-**Matt DeBoard**—
-    *I'm going to get Kenneth Reitz's Python requests module tattooed
-    on my body, somehow. The whole thing.*
-
-**Daniel Greenfeld**—
-    *Nuked a 1200 LOC spaghetti code library with 10 lines of code thanks to
-    Kenneth Reitz's request library. Today has been AWESOME.*
-
-**Kenny Meyers**—
-    *Python HTTP: When in doubt, or when not in doubt, use Requests. Beautiful,
-    simple, Pythonic.*
-
-Requests is one of the most downloaded Python packages of all time, pulling in
-over 13,000,000 downloads every month. All the cool kids are doing it!
+are 100% automatic, thanks to `urllib3 <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3>`_.
 
 Beloved Features
 ----------------
@@ -104,7 +72,7 @@ Requests is ready for today's web.
 - Chunked Requests
 - ``.netrc`` Support
 
-Requests officially supports Python 2.7 & 3.4–3.7, and runs great on PyPy.
+Requests officially supports Python 3.7+, and runs great on PyPy.
 
 
 The User Guide
@@ -117,7 +85,6 @@ instructions for getting the most out of Requests.
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 2
 
-   user/intro
    user/install
    user/quickstart
    user/advanced
@@ -138,9 +105,13 @@ Requests ecosystem and community.
    community/out-there
    community/support
    community/vulnerabilities
-   community/updates
    community/release-process
 
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   community/updates
+
 The API Documentation / Guide
 -----------------------------
 
@@ -163,8 +134,6 @@ you.
    :maxdepth: 3
 
    dev/contributing
-   dev/philosophy
-   dev/todo
    dev/authors
 
 There are no more guides. You are now guideless.

docs/requirements.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Pinning to avoid unexpected breakages.
+# Used by RTD to generate docs.
+Sphinx==4.2.0

docs/user/advanced.rst

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 Advanced Usage
 ==============
 
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4263/35163665790_d182d84f5e_k_d.jpg
-
 This document covers some of Requests more advanced features.
 
 .. _session-objects:
@@ -25,8 +23,8 @@ Let's persist some cookies across requests::
 
     s = requests.Session()
 
-    s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
-    r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
+    s.get('https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
+    r = s.get('https://httpbin.org/cookies')
 
     print(r.text)
     # '{"cookies": {"sessioncookie": "123456789"}}'
@@ -40,7 +38,7 @@ is done by providing data to the properties on a Session object::
     s.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})
 
     # both 'x-test' and 'x-test2' are sent
-    s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test2': 'true'})
+    s.get('https://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test2': 'true'})
 
 
 Any dictionaries that you pass to a request method will be merged with the
@@ -53,11 +51,11 @@ with the first request, but not the second::
 
     s = requests.Session()
 
-    r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies', cookies={'from-my': 'browser'})
+    r = s.get('https://httpbin.org/cookies', cookies={'from-my': 'browser'})
     print(r.text)
     # '{"cookies": {"from-my": "browser"}}'
 
-    r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
+    r = s.get('https://httpbin.org/cookies')
     print(r.text)
     # '{"cookies": {}}'
 
@@ -69,7 +67,7 @@ If you want to manually add cookies to your session, use the
 Sessions can also be used as context managers::
 
     with requests.Session() as s:
-        s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
+        s.get('https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
 
 This will make sure the session is closed as soon as the ``with`` block is
 exited, even if unhandled exceptions occurred.
@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@ The ``Response`` object contains all of the information returned by the server a
 also contains the ``Request`` object you created originally. Here is a simple
 request to get some very important information from Wikipedia's servers::
 
-    >>> r = requests.get('http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python')
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python')
 
 If we want to access the headers the server sent back to us, we do this::
 
@@ -193,21 +191,21 @@ When you are using the prepared request flow, keep in mind that it does not take
 This can cause problems if you are using environment variables to change the behaviour of requests.
 For example: Self-signed SSL certificates specified in ``REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE`` will not be taken into account.
 As a result an ``SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED`` is thrown.
-You can get around this behaviour by explicity merging the environment settings into your session::
+You can get around this behaviour by explicitly merging the environment settings into your session::
 
     from requests import Request, Session
-    
+
     s = Session()
     req = Request('GET', url)
-    
+
     prepped = s.prepare_request(req)
-    
+
     # Merge environment settings into session
-    settings = s.merge_environment_settings(prepped.url, None, None, None, None)
+    settings = s.merge_environment_settings(prepped.url, {}, None, None, None)
     resp = s.send(prepped, **settings)
-    
+
     print(resp.status_code)
-    
+
 .. _verification:
 
 SSL Cert Verification
@@ -235,15 +233,22 @@ or persistent::
     s.verify = '/path/to/certfile'
 
 .. note:: If ``verify`` is set to a path to a directory, the directory must have been processed using
-  the c_rehash utility supplied with OpenSSL.
+  the ``c_rehash`` utility supplied with OpenSSL.
 
 This list of trusted CAs can also be specified through the ``REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE`` environment variable.
+If ``REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE`` is not set, ``CURL_CA_BUNDLE`` will be used as fallback.
 
 Requests can also ignore verifying the SSL certificate if you set ``verify`` to False::
 
     >>> requests.get('https://kennethreitz.org', verify=False)
     <Response [200]>
 
+Note that when ``verify`` is set to ``False``, requests will accept any TLS
+certificate presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches
+and/or expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to
+man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Setting verify to ``False`` may be useful
+during local development or testing.
+
 By default, ``verify`` is set to True. Option ``verify`` only applies to host certs.
 
 Client Side Certificates
@@ -274,21 +279,20 @@ If you specify a wrong path or an invalid cert, you'll get a SSLError::
 CA Certificates
 ---------------
 
-By default, Requests bundles a set of root CAs that it trusts, sourced from the
-`Mozilla trust store`_. However, these are only updated once for each Requests
-version. This means that if you pin a Requests version your certificates can
-become extremely out of date.
+Requests uses certificates from the package `certifi`_. This allows for users
+to update their trusted certificates without changing the version of Requests.
 
-From Requests version 2.4.0 onwards, Requests will attempt to use certificates
-from `certifi`_ if it is present on the system. This allows for users to update
-their trusted certificates without having to change the code that runs on their
-system.
+Before version 2.16, Requests bundled a set of root CAs that it trusted,
+sourced from the `Mozilla trust store`_. The certificates were only updated
+once for each Requests version. When ``certifi`` was not installed, this led to
+extremely out-of-date certificate bundles when using significantly older
+versions of Requests.
 
 For the sake of security we recommend upgrading certifi frequently!
 
 .. _HTTP persistent connection: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_persistent_connection
-.. _connection pooling: http://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/index.html#module-urllib3.connectionpool
-.. _certifi: http://certifi.io/
+.. _connection pooling: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/index.html#module-urllib3.connectionpool
+.. _certifi: https://certifiio.readthedocs.io/
 .. _Mozilla trust store: https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/raw-file/tip/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt
 
 .. _body-content-workflow:
@@ -301,7 +305,7 @@ immediately. You can override this behaviour and defer downloading the response
 body until you access the :attr:`Response.content <requests.Response.content>`
 attribute with the ``stream`` parameter::
 
-    tarball_url = 'https://github.com/requests/requests/tarball/master'
+    tarball_url = 'https://github.com/psf/requests/tarball/main'
     r = requests.get(tarball_url, stream=True)
 
 At this point only the response headers have been downloaded and the connection
@@ -324,7 +328,7 @@ inefficiency with connections. If you find yourself partially reading request
 bodies (or not reading them at all) while using ``stream=True``, you should
 make the request within a ``with`` statement to ensure it's always closed::
 
-    with requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True) as r:
+    with requests.get('https://httpbin.org/get', stream=True) as r:
         # Do things with the response here.
 
 .. _keep-alive:
@@ -352,13 +356,11 @@ file-like object for your body::
     with open('massive-body', 'rb') as f:
         requests.post('http://some.url/streamed', data=f)
 
-.. warning:: It is strongly recommended that you open files in `binary mode`_.
-             This is because Requests may attempt to provide the
-             ``Content-Length`` header for you, and if it does this value will
-             be set to the number of *bytes* in the file. Errors may occur if
-             you open the file in *text mode*.
-
-.. _binary mode: https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files
+.. warning:: It is strongly recommended that you open files in :ref:`binary
+             mode <tut-files>`. This is because Requests may attempt to provide
+             the ``Content-Length`` header for you, and if it does this value
+             will be set to the number of *bytes* in the file. Errors may occur
+             if you open the file in *text mode*.
 
 
 .. _chunk-encoding:
@@ -396,10 +398,10 @@ upload image files to an HTML form with a multiple file field 'images'::
 
 To do that, just set files to a list of tuples of ``(form_field_name, file_info)``::
 
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/post'
     >>> multiple_files = [
-            ('images', ('foo.png', open('foo.png', 'rb'), 'image/png')),
-            ('images', ('bar.png', open('bar.png', 'rb'), 'image/png'))]
+    ...     ('images', ('foo.png', open('foo.png', 'rb'), 'image/png')),
+    ...     ('images', ('bar.png', open('bar.png', 'rb'), 'image/png'))]
     >>> r = requests.post(url, files=multiple_files)
     >>> r.text
     {
@@ -409,13 +411,11 @@ To do that, just set files to a list of tuples of ``(form_field_name, file_info)
       ...
     }
 
-.. warning:: It is strongly recommended that you open files in `binary mode`_.
-             This is because Requests may attempt to provide the
-             ``Content-Length`` header for you, and if it does this value will
-             be set to the number of *bytes* in the file. Errors may occur if
-             you open the file in *text mode*.
-
-.. _binary mode: https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files
+.. warning:: It is strongly recommended that you open files in :ref:`binary
+             mode <tut-files>`. This is because Requests may attempt to provide
+             the ``Content-Length`` header for you, and if it does this value
+             will be set to the number of *bytes* in the file. Errors may occur
+             if you open the file in *text mode*.
 
 
 .. _event-hooks:
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ You can assign a hook function on a per-request basis by passing a
 ``{hook_name: callback_function}`` dictionary to the ``hooks`` request
 parameter::
 
-    hooks=dict(response=print_url)
+    hooks={'response': print_url}
 
 That ``callback_function`` will receive a chunk of data as its first
 argument.
@@ -446,24 +446,48 @@ argument.
     def print_url(r, *args, **kwargs):
         print(r.url)
 
-If an error occurs while executing your callback, a warning is given.
+Your callback function must handle its own exceptions. Any unhandled exception won't be passed silently and thus should be handled by the code calling Requests.
 
 If the callback function returns a value, it is assumed that it is to
 replace the data that was passed in. If the function doesn't return
-anything, nothing else is effected.
+anything, nothing else is affected.
+
+::
+
+    def record_hook(r, *args, **kwargs):
+        r.hook_called = True
+        return r
 
 Let's print some request method arguments at runtime::
 
-    >>> requests.get('http://httpbin.org', hooks=dict(response=print_url))
-    http://httpbin.org
+    >>> requests.get('https://httpbin.org/', hooks={'response': print_url})
+    https://httpbin.org/
     <Response [200]>
 
+You can add multiple hooks to a single request.  Let's call two hooks at once::
+
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/', hooks={'response': [print_url, record_hook]})
+    >>> r.hook_called
+    True
+
+You can also add hooks to a ``Session`` instance.  Any hooks you add will then
+be called on every request made to the session.  For example::
+
+   >>> s = requests.Session()
+   >>> s.hooks['response'].append(print_url)
+   >>> s.get('https://httpbin.org/')
+    https://httpbin.org/
+    <Response [200]>
+
+A ``Session`` can have multiple hooks, which will be called in the order
+they are added.
+
 .. _custom-auth:
 
 Custom Authentication
 ---------------------
 
-Requests allows you to use specify your own authentication mechanism.
+Requests allows you to specify your own authentication mechanism.
 
 Any callable which is passed as the ``auth`` argument to a request method will
 have the opportunity to modify the request before it is dispatched.
@@ -510,7 +534,7 @@ set ``stream`` to ``True`` and iterate over the response with
     import json
     import requests
 
-    r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/stream/20', stream=True)
+    r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/stream/20', stream=True)
 
     for line in r.iter_lines():
 
@@ -524,7 +548,7 @@ When using `decode_unicode=True` with
 :meth:`Response.iter_content() <requests.Response.iter_content>`, you'll want
 to provide a fallback encoding in the event the server doesn't provide one::
 
-    r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/stream/20', stream=True)
+    r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/stream/20', stream=True)
 
     if r.encoding is None:
         r.encoding = 'utf-8'
@@ -565,21 +589,55 @@ If you need to use a proxy, you can configure individual requests with the
 
     requests.get('http://example.org', proxies=proxies)
 
-You can also configure proxies by setting the environment variables
-``HTTP_PROXY`` and ``HTTPS_PROXY``.
+Alternatively you can configure it once for an entire
+:class:`Session <requests.Session>`::
 
-::
+    import requests
+
+    proxies = {
+      'http': 'http://10.10.1.10:3128',
+      'https': 'http://10.10.1.10:1080',
+    }
+    session = requests.Session()
+    session.proxies.update(proxies)
+
+    session.get('http://example.org')
+
+.. warning::  Setting ``session.proxies`` may behave differently than expected.
+    Values provided will be overwritten by environmental proxies
+    (those returned by `urllib.request.getproxies <https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.request.html#urllib.request.getproxies>`_).
+    To ensure the use of proxies in the presence of environmental proxies,
+    explicitly specify the ``proxies`` argument on all individual requests as
+    initially explained above.
+
+    See `#2018 <https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/2018>`_ for details.
+
+When the proxies configuration is not overridden per request as shown above,
+Requests relies on the proxy configuration defined by standard
+environment variables ``http_proxy``, ``https_proxy``, ``no_proxy``,
+and ``all_proxy``. Uppercase variants of these variables are also supported.
+You can therefore set them to configure Requests (only set the ones relevant
+to your needs)::
 
     $ export HTTP_PROXY="http://10.10.1.10:3128"
     $ export HTTPS_PROXY="http://10.10.1.10:1080"
+    $ export ALL_PROXY="socks5://10.10.1.10:3434"
 
     $ python
     >>> import requests
     >>> requests.get('http://example.org')
 
-To use HTTP Basic Auth with your proxy, use the `http://user:password@host/` syntax::
+To use HTTP Basic Auth with your proxy, use the `http://user:password@host/`
+syntax in any of the above configuration entries::
 
-    proxies = {'http': 'http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/'}
+    $ export HTTPS_PROXY="http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:1080"
+
+    $ python
+    >>> proxies = {'http': 'http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/'}
+
+.. warning:: Storing sensitive username and password information in an
+   environment variable or a version-controlled file is a security risk and is
+   highly discouraged.
 
 To give a proxy for a specific scheme and host, use the
 `scheme://hostname` form for the key.  This will match for
@@ -591,6 +649,23 @@ any request to the given scheme and exact hostname.
 
 Note that proxy URLs must include the scheme.
 
+Finally, note that using a proxy for https connections typically requires your
+local machine to trust the proxy's root certificate. By default the list of
+certificates trusted by Requests can be found with::
+
+    from requests.utils import DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH
+    print(DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH)
+
+You override this default certificate bundle by setting the ``REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE``
+(or ``CURL_CA_BUNDLE``) environment variable to another file path::
+
+    $ export REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE="/usr/local/myproxy_info/cacert.pem"
+    $ export https_proxy="http://10.10.1.10:1080"
+
+    $ python
+    >>> import requests
+    >>> requests.get('https://example.org')
+
 SOCKS
 ^^^^^
 
@@ -604,7 +679,7 @@ You can get the dependencies for this feature from ``pip``:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-    $ pip install requests[socks]
+    $ python -m pip install requests[socks]
 
 Once you've installed those dependencies, using a SOCKS proxy is just as easy
 as using a HTTP one::
@@ -632,13 +707,24 @@ Encodings
 When you receive a response, Requests makes a guess at the encoding to
 use for decoding the response when you access the :attr:`Response.text
 <requests.Response.text>` attribute. Requests will first check for an
-encoding in the HTTP header, and if none is present, will use `chardet
-<http://pypi.python.org/pypi/chardet>`_ to attempt to guess the encoding.
+encoding in the HTTP header, and if none is present, will use
+`charset_normalizer <https://pypi.org/project/charset_normalizer/>`_
+or `chardet <https://github.com/chardet/chardet>`_ to attempt to
+guess the encoding.
 
-The only time Requests will not do this is if no explicit charset
+If ``chardet`` is installed, ``requests`` uses it, however for python3
+``chardet`` is no longer a mandatory dependency. The ``chardet``
+library is an LGPL-licenced dependency and some users of requests
+cannot depend on mandatory LGPL-licensed dependencies.
+
+When you install ``requests`` without specifying ``[use_chardet_on_py3]`` extra,
+and ``chardet`` is not already installed, ``requests`` uses ``charset-normalizer``
+(MIT-licensed) to guess the encoding.
+
+The only time Requests will not guess the encoding is if no explicit charset
 is present in the HTTP headers **and** the ``Content-Type``
 header contains ``text``. In this situation, `RFC 2616
-<http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec3.html#sec3.7.1>`_ specifies
+<https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec3.html#sec3.7.1>`_ specifies
 that the default charset must be ``ISO-8859-1``. Requests follows the
 specification in this case. If you require a different encoding, you can
 manually set the :attr:`Response.encoding <requests.Response.encoding>`
@@ -661,7 +747,7 @@ from GitHub. Suppose we wanted commit ``a050faf`` on Requests. We would get it
 like so::
 
     >>> import requests
-    >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/repos/requests/requests/git/commits/a050faf084662f3a352dd1a941f2c7c9f886d4ad')
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/repos/psf/requests/git/commits/a050faf084662f3a352dd1a941f2c7c9f886d4ad')
 
 We should confirm that GitHub responded correctly. If it has, we want to work
 out what type of content it is. Do this like so::
@@ -679,12 +765,12 @@ So, GitHub returns JSON. That's great, we can use the :meth:`r.json
     >>> commit_data = r.json()
 
     >>> print(commit_data.keys())
-    [u'committer', u'author', u'url', u'tree', u'sha', u'parents', u'message']
+    ['committer', 'author', 'url', 'tree', 'sha', 'parents', 'message']
 
-    >>> print(commit_data[u'committer'])
-    {u'date': u'2012-05-10T11:10:50-07:00', u'email': u'me@kennethreitz.com', u'name': u'Kenneth Reitz'}
+    >>> print(commit_data['committer'])
+    {'date': '2012-05-10T11:10:50-07:00', 'email': 'me@kennethreitz.com', 'name': 'Kenneth Reitz'}
 
-    >>> print(commit_data[u'message'])
+    >>> print(commit_data['message'])
     makin' history
 
 So far, so simple. Well, let's investigate the GitHub API a little bit. Now,
@@ -716,37 +802,37 @@ we should probably avoid making ham-handed POSTS to it. Instead, let's play
 with the Issues feature of GitHub.
 
 This documentation was added in response to
-`Issue #482 <https://github.com/requests/requests/issues/482>`_. Given that
+`Issue #482 <https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/482>`_. Given that
 this issue already exists, we will use it as an example. Let's start by getting it.
 
 ::
 
-    >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/repos/requests/requests/issues/482')
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/repos/psf/requests/issues/482')
     >>> r.status_code
     200
 
     >>> issue = json.loads(r.text)
 
-    >>> print(issue[u'title'])
+    >>> print(issue['title'])
     Feature any http verb in docs
 
-    >>> print(issue[u'comments'])
+    >>> print(issue['comments'])
     3
 
 Cool, we have three comments. Let's take a look at the last of them.
 
 ::
 
-    >>> r = requests.get(r.url + u'/comments')
+    >>> r = requests.get(r.url + '/comments')
     >>> r.status_code
     200
 
     >>> comments = r.json()
 
     >>> print(comments[0].keys())
-    [u'body', u'url', u'created_at', u'updated_at', u'user', u'id']
+    ['body', 'url', 'created_at', 'updated_at', 'user', 'id']
 
-    >>> print(comments[2][u'body'])
+    >>> print(comments[2]['body'])
     Probably in the "advanced" section
 
 Well, that seems like a silly place. Let's post a comment telling the poster
@@ -754,7 +840,7 @@ that he's silly. Who is the poster, anyway?
 
 ::
 
-    >>> print(comments[2][u'user'][u'login'])
+    >>> print(comments[2]['user']['login'])
     kennethreitz
 
 OK, so let's tell this Kenneth guy that we think this example should go in the
@@ -764,7 +850,7 @@ is to POST to the thread. Let's do it.
 ::
 
     >>> body = json.dumps({u"body": u"Sounds great! I'll get right on it!"})
-    >>> url = u"https://api.github.com/repos/requests/requests/issues/482/comments"
+    >>> url = u"https://api.github.com/repos/psf/requests/issues/482/comments"
 
     >>> r = requests.post(url=url, data=body)
     >>> r.status_code
@@ -784,7 +870,7 @@ the very common Basic Auth.
     201
 
     >>> content = r.json()
-    >>> print(content[u'body'])
+    >>> print(content['body'])
     Sounds great! I'll get right on it.
 
 Brilliant. Oh, wait, no! I meant to add that it would take me a while, because
@@ -798,7 +884,7 @@ that.
     5804413
 
     >>> body = json.dumps({u"body": u"Sounds great! I'll get right on it once I feed my cat."})
-    >>> url = u"https://api.github.com/repos/requests/requests/issues/comments/5804413"
+    >>> url = u"https://api.github.com/repos/psf/requests/issues/comments/5804413"
 
     >>> r = requests.patch(url=url, data=body, auth=auth)
     >>> r.status_code
@@ -860,7 +946,7 @@ Link Headers
 Many HTTP APIs feature Link headers. They make APIs more self describing and
 discoverable.
 
-GitHub uses these for `pagination <http://developer.github.com/v3/#pagination>`_
+GitHub uses these for `pagination <https://developer.github.com/v3/#pagination>`_
 in their API, for example::
 
     >>> url = 'https://api.github.com/users/kennethreitz/repos?page=1&per_page=10'
@@ -902,7 +988,7 @@ it should apply to.
 ::
 
     >>> s = requests.Session()
-    >>> s.mount('http://www.github.com', MyAdapter())
+    >>> s.mount('https://github.com/', MyAdapter())
 
 The mount call registers a specific instance of a Transport Adapter to a
 prefix. Once mounted, any HTTP request made using that session whose URL starts
@@ -927,9 +1013,9 @@ passed-through to `urllib3`. We'll make a Transport Adapter that instructs the
 library to use SSLv3::
 
     import ssl
+    from urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager
 
     from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
-    from requests.packages.urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager
 
 
     class Ssl3HttpAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
@@ -940,8 +1026,8 @@ library to use SSLv3::
                 num_pools=connections, maxsize=maxsize,
                 block=block, ssl_version=ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3)
 
-.. _`described here`: http://www.kennethreitz.org/essays/the-future-of-python-http
-.. _`urllib3`: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3
+.. _`described here`: https://kenreitz.org/essays/2012/06/14/the-future-of-python-http
+.. _`urllib3`: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3
 
 .. _blocking-or-nonblocking:
 
@@ -957,11 +1043,12 @@ response at a time. However, these calls will still block.
 
 If you are concerned about the use of blocking IO, there are lots of projects
 out there that combine Requests with one of Python's asynchronicity frameworks.
-Some excellent examples are `requests-threads`_, `grequests`_,  and `requests-futures`_.
+Some excellent examples are `requests-threads`_, `grequests`_, `requests-futures`_, and `httpx`_.
 
 .. _`requests-threads`: https://github.com/requests/requests-threads
-.. _`grequests`: https://github.com/kennethreitz/grequests
+.. _`grequests`: https://github.com/spyoungtech/grequests
 .. _`requests-futures`: https://github.com/ross/requests-futures
+.. _`httpx`: https://github.com/encode/httpx
 
 Header Ordering
 ---------------
@@ -984,7 +1071,7 @@ The **connect** timeout is the number of seconds Requests will wait for your
 client to establish a connection to a remote machine (corresponding to the
 `connect()`_) call on the socket. It's a good practice to set connect timeouts
 to slightly larger than a multiple of 3, which is the default `TCP packet
-retransmission window <http://www.hjp.at/doc/rfc/rfc2988.txt>`_.
+retransmission window <https://www.hjp.at/doc/rfc/rfc2988.txt>`_.
 
 Once your client has connected to the server and sent the HTTP request, the
 **read** timeout is the number of seconds the client will wait for the server
@@ -1009,4 +1096,4 @@ coffee.
 
     r = requests.get('https://github.com', timeout=None)
 
-.. _`connect()`: http://linux.die.net/man/2/connect
+.. _`connect()`: https://linux.die.net/man/2/connect

docs/user/authentication.rst

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 Authentication
 ==============
 
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4258/35550409215_3b08d49d22_k_d.jpg
-
 This document discusses using various kinds of authentication with Requests.
 
 Many web services require authentication, and there are many different types.
@@ -21,13 +19,14 @@ the simplest kind, and Requests supports it straight out of the box.
 Making requests with HTTP Basic Auth is very simple::
 
     >>> from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
-    >>> requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass'))
+    >>> basic = HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass')
+    >>> requests.get('https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/pass', auth=basic)
     <Response [200]>
 
 In fact, HTTP Basic Auth is so common that Requests provides a handy shorthand
 for using it::
 
-    >>> requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=('user', 'pass'))
+    >>> requests.get('https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/pass', auth=('user', 'pass'))
     <Response [200]>
 
 Providing the credentials in a tuple like this is exactly the same as the
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ Another very popular form of HTTP Authentication is Digest Authentication,
 and Requests supports this out of the box as well::
 
     >>> from requests.auth import HTTPDigestAuth
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass'
     >>> requests.get(url, auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
     <Response [200]>
 
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ To do so, subclass :class:`AuthBase <requests.auth.AuthBase>` and implement the
     ...         # Implement my authentication
     ...         return r
     ...
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/get'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/get'
     >>> requests.get(url, auth=MyAuth())
     <Response [200]>
 
@@ -134,13 +133,13 @@ authentication will additionally add hooks to provide further functionality.
 Further examples can be found under the `Requests organization`_ and in the
 ``auth.py`` file.
 
-.. _OAuth: http://oauth.net/
+.. _OAuth: https://oauth.net/
 .. _requests_oauthlib: https://github.com/requests/requests-oauthlib
-.. _requests-oauthlib OAuth2 documentation: http://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html
-.. _Web Application Flow: http://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#web-application-flow
-.. _Mobile Application Flow: http://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#mobile-application-flow
-.. _Legacy Application Flow:  http://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#legacy-application-flow
-.. _Backend Application Flow:  http://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#backend-application-flow
+.. _requests-oauthlib OAuth2 documentation: https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html
+.. _Web Application Flow: https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#web-application-flow
+.. _Mobile Application Flow: https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#mobile-application-flow
+.. _Legacy Application Flow: https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#legacy-application-flow
+.. _Backend Application Flow: https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#backend-application-flow
 .. _Kerberos: https://github.com/requests/requests-kerberos
 .. _NTLM: https://github.com/requests/requests-ntlm
 .. _Requests organization: https://github.com/requests

docs/user/install.rst

@@ -3,41 +3,34 @@
 Installation of Requests
 ========================
 
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4230/35550376215_da1bf77a8c_k_d.jpg
-
-
 This part of the documentation covers the installation of Requests.
 The first step to using any software package is getting it properly installed.
 
 
-$ pipenv install requests
--------------------------
+$ python -m pip install requests
+--------------------------------
 
 To install Requests, simply run this simple command in your terminal of choice::
 
-    $ pipenv install requests
-
-If you don't have `pipenv <http://pipenv.org/>`_ installed (tisk tisk!), head over to the Pipenv website for installation instructions. Or, if you prefer to just use pip and don't have it installed,
-`this Python installation guide <http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/starting/installation/>`_
-can guide you through the process.
+    $ python -m pip install requests
 
 Get the Source Code
 -------------------
 
 Requests is actively developed on GitHub, where the code is
-`always available <https://github.com/requests/requests>`_.
+`always available <https://github.com/psf/requests>`_.
 
 You can either clone the public repository::
 
-    $ git clone git://github.com/requests/requests.git
+    $ git clone https://github.com/psf/requests.git
 
-Or, download the `tarball <https://github.com/requests/requests/tarball/master>`_::
+Or, download the `tarball <https://github.com/psf/requests/tarball/main>`_::
 
-    $ curl -OL https://github.com/requests/requests/tarball/master
+    $ curl -OL https://github.com/psf/requests/tarball/main
     # optionally, zipball is also available (for Windows users).
 
 Once you have a copy of the source, you can embed it in your own Python
 package, or install it into your site-packages easily::
 
     $ cd requests
-    $ pip install .
+    $ python -m pip install .

docs/user/intro.rst

@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-.. _introduction:
-
-Introduction
-============
-
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4317/35198386374_1939af3de6_k_d.jpg
-
-Philosophy
-----------
-
-Requests was developed with a few :pep:`20` idioms in mind.
-
-
-#. Beautiful is better than ugly.
-#. Explicit is better than implicit.
-#. Simple is better than complex.
-#. Complex is better than complicated.
-#. Readability counts.
-
-All contributions to Requests should keep these important rules in mind.
-
-.. _`apache2`:
-
-Apache2 License
----------------
-
-A large number of open source projects you find today are `GPL Licensed`_.
-While the GPL has its time and place, it should most certainly not be your
-go-to license for your next open source project.
-
-A project that is released as GPL cannot be used in any commercial product
-without the product itself also being offered as open source.
-
-The MIT, BSD, ISC, and Apache2 licenses are great alternatives to the GPL
-that allow your open-source software to be used freely in proprietary,
-closed-source software.
-
-Requests is released under terms of `Apache2 License`_.
-
-.. _`GPL Licensed`: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/gpl-license.php
-.. _`Apache2 License`: http://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0
-
-
-Requests License
-----------------
-
-    .. include:: ../../LICENSE

docs/user/quickstart.rst

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 Quickstart
 ==========
 
-.. image:: https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4259/35163667010_8bfcaef274_k_d.jpg
-
 .. module:: requests.models
 
 Eager to get started? This page gives a good introduction in how to get started
@@ -39,15 +37,15 @@ get all the information we need from this object.
 Requests' simple API means that all forms of HTTP request are as obvious. For
 example, this is how you make an HTTP POST request::
 
-    >>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data = {'key':'value'})
+    >>> r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data={'key': 'value'})
 
 Nice, right? What about the other HTTP request types: PUT, DELETE, HEAD and
 OPTIONS? These are all just as simple::
 
-    >>> r = requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put', data = {'key':'value'})
-    >>> r = requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
-    >>> r = requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
-    >>> r = requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
+    >>> r = requests.put('https://httpbin.org/put', data={'key': 'value'})
+    >>> r = requests.delete('https://httpbin.org/delete')
+    >>> r = requests.head('https://httpbin.org/get')
+    >>> r = requests.options('https://httpbin.org/get')
 
 That's all well and good, but it's also only the start of what Requests can
 do.
@@ -65,12 +63,12 @@ using the ``params`` keyword argument. As an example, if you wanted to pass
 following code::
 
     >>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
-    >>> r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', params=payload)
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/get', params=payload)
 
 You can see that the URL has been correctly encoded by printing the URL::
 
     >>> print(r.url)
-    http://httpbin.org/get?key2=value2&key1=value1
+    https://httpbin.org/get?key2=value2&key1=value1
 
 Note that any dictionary key whose value is ``None`` will not be added to the
 URL's query string.
@@ -79,9 +77,9 @@ You can also pass a list of items as a value::
 
     >>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': ['value2', 'value3']}
 
-    >>> r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', params=payload)
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/get', params=payload)
     >>> print(r.url)
-    http://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2=value2&key2=value3
+    https://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2=value2&key2=value3
 
 Response Content
 ----------------
@@ -93,7 +91,7 @@ again::
 
     >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')
     >>> r.text
-    u'[{"repository":{"open_issues":0,"url":"https://github.com/...
+    '[{"repository":{"open_issues":0,"url":"https://github.com/...
 
 Requests will automatically decode content from the server. Most unicode
 charsets are seamlessly decoded.
@@ -110,7 +108,7 @@ using, and change it, using the ``r.encoding`` property::
 If you change the encoding, Requests will use the new value of ``r.encoding``
 whenever you call ``r.text``. You might want to do this in any situation where
 you can apply special logic to work out what the encoding of the content will
-be. For example, HTTP and XML have the ability to specify their encoding in
+be. For example, HTML and XML have the ability to specify their encoding in
 their body. In situations like this, you should use ``r.content`` to find the
 encoding, and then set ``r.encoding``. This will let you use ``r.text`` with
 the correct encoding.
@@ -130,6 +128,9 @@ You can also access the response body as bytes, for non-text requests::
 
 The ``gzip`` and ``deflate`` transfer-encodings are automatically decoded for you.
 
+The ``br``  transfer-encoding is automatically decoded for you if a Brotli library
+like `brotli <https://pypi.org/project/brotli>`_ or `brotlicffi <https://pypi.org/project/brotlicffi>`_ is installed.
+
 For example, to create an image from binary data returned by a request, you can
 use the following code::
 
@@ -148,11 +149,13 @@ There's also a builtin JSON decoder, in case you're dealing with JSON data::
 
     >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')
     >>> r.json()
-    [{u'repository': {u'open_issues': 0, u'url': 'https://github.com/...
+    [{'repository': {'open_issues': 0, 'url': 'https://github.com/...
 
 In case the JSON decoding fails, ``r.json()`` raises an exception. For example, if
 the response gets a 204 (No Content), or if the response contains invalid JSON,
-attempting ``r.json()`` raises ``ValueError: No JSON object could be decoded``.
+attempting ``r.json()`` raises ``requests.exceptions.JSONDecodeError``. This wrapper exception
+provides interoperability for multiple exceptions that may be thrown by different
+python versions and json serialization libraries.
 
 It should be noted that the success of the call to ``r.json()`` does **not**
 indicate the success of the response. Some servers may return a JSON object in a
@@ -171,10 +174,10 @@ server, you can access ``r.raw``. If you want to do this, make sure you set
     >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events', stream=True)
 
     >>> r.raw
-    <requests.packages.urllib3.response.HTTPResponse object at 0x101194810>
+    <urllib3.response.HTTPResponse object at 0x101194810>
 
     >>> r.raw.read(10)
-    '\x1f\x8b\x08\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03'
+    b'\x1f\x8b\x08\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03'
 
 In general, however, you should use a pattern like this to save what is being
 streamed to a file::
@@ -189,6 +192,14 @@ download, the above is the preferred and recommended way to retrieve the
 content. Note that ``chunk_size`` can be freely adjusted to a number that
 may better fit your use cases.
 
+.. note::
+
+   An important note about using ``Response.iter_content`` versus ``Response.raw``.
+   ``Response.iter_content`` will automatically decode the ``gzip`` and ``deflate``
+   transfer-encodings.  ``Response.raw`` is a raw stream of bytes -- it does not
+   transform the response content.  If you really need access to the bytes as they
+   were returned, use ``Response.raw``.
+
 
 Custom Headers
 --------------
@@ -207,7 +218,8 @@ Note: Custom headers are given less precedence than more specific sources of inf
 
 * Authorization headers set with `headers=` will be overridden if credentials
   are specified in ``.netrc``, which in turn will be overridden by the  ``auth=``
-  parameter.
+  parameter. Requests will search for the netrc file at `~/.netrc`, `~/_netrc`,
+  or at the path specified by the `NETRC` environment variable.
 * Authorization headers will be removed if you get redirected off-host.
 * Proxy-Authorization headers will be overridden by proxy credentials provided in the URL.
 * Content-Length headers will be overridden when we can determine the length of the content.
@@ -225,7 +237,7 @@ dictionary of data will automatically be form-encoded when the request is made::
 
     >>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
 
-    >>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
+    >>> r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
     >>> print(r.text)
     {
       ...
@@ -236,12 +248,16 @@ dictionary of data will automatically be form-encoded when the request is made::
       ...
     }
 
-You can also pass a list of tuples to the ``data`` argument. This is particularly
-useful when the form has multiple elements that use the same key::
+The ``data`` argument can also have multiple values for each key. This can be
+done by making ``data`` either a list of tuples or a dictionary with lists
+as values. This is particularly useful when the form has multiple elements that
+use the same key::
 
-    >>> payload = (('key1', 'value1'), ('key1', 'value2'))
-    >>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
-    >>> print(r.text)
+    >>> payload_tuples = [('key1', 'value1'), ('key1', 'value2')]
+    >>> r1 = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=payload_tuples)
+    >>> payload_dict = {'key1': ['value1', 'value2']}
+    >>> r2 = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=payload_dict)
+    >>> print(r1.text)
     {
       ...
       "form": {
@@ -252,6 +268,8 @@ useful when the form has multiple elements that use the same key::
       },
       ...
     }
+    >>> r1.text == r2.text
+    True
 
 There are times that you may want to send data that is not form-encoded. If
 you pass in a ``string`` instead of a ``dict``, that data will be posted directly.
@@ -265,21 +283,26 @@ For example, the GitHub API v3 accepts JSON-Encoded POST/PATCH data::
 
     >>> r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload))
 
-Instead of encoding the ``dict`` yourself, you can also pass it directly using
-the ``json`` parameter (added in version 2.4.2) and it will be encoded automatically::
+Please note that the above code will NOT add the ``Content-Type`` header
+(so in particular it will NOT set it to ``application/json``).
+
+If you need that header set and you don't want to encode the ``dict`` yourself,
+you can also pass it directly using the ``json`` parameter (added in version 2.4.2)
+and it will be encoded automatically:
 
     >>> url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
     >>> payload = {'some': 'data'}
 
     >>> r = requests.post(url, json=payload)
 
+Note, the ``json`` parameter is ignored if either ``data`` or ``files`` is passed.
 
 POST a Multipart-Encoded File
 -----------------------------
 
 Requests makes it simple to upload Multipart-encoded files::
 
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/post'
     >>> files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
 
     >>> r = requests.post(url, files=files)
@@ -294,7 +317,7 @@ Requests makes it simple to upload Multipart-encoded files::
 
 You can set the filename, content_type and headers explicitly::
 
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/post'
     >>> files = {'file': ('report.xls', open('report.xls', 'rb'), 'application/vnd.ms-excel', {'Expires': '0'})}
 
     >>> r = requests.post(url, files=files)
@@ -309,7 +332,7 @@ You can set the filename, content_type and headers explicitly::
 
 If you want, you can send strings to be received as files::
 
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/post'
     >>> files = {'file': ('report.csv', 'some,data,to,send\nanother,row,to,send\n')}
 
     >>> r = requests.post(url, files=files)
@@ -331,13 +354,11 @@ support this, but there is a separate package which does -
 For sending multiple files in one request refer to the :ref:`advanced <advanced>`
 section.
 
-.. warning:: It is strongly recommended that you open files in `binary mode`_.
-             This is because Requests may attempt to provide the
-             ``Content-Length`` header for you, and if it does this value will
-             be set to the number of *bytes* in the file. Errors may occur if
-             you open the file in *text mode*.
-
-.. _binary mode: https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files
+.. warning:: It is strongly recommended that you open files in :ref:`binary
+             mode <tut-files>`. This is because Requests may attempt to provide
+             the ``Content-Length`` header for you, and if it does this value
+             will be set to the number of *bytes* in the file. Errors may occur
+             if you open the file in *text mode*.
 
 
 Response Status Codes
@@ -345,7 +366,7 @@ Response Status Codes
 
 We can check the response status code::
 
-    >>> r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/get')
     >>> r.status_code
     200
 
@@ -359,7 +380,7 @@ If we made a bad request (a 4XX client error or 5XX server error response), we
 can raise it with
 :meth:`Response.raise_for_status() <requests.Response.raise_for_status>`::
 
-    >>> bad_r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/status/404')
+    >>> bad_r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/status/404')
     >>> bad_r.status_code
     404
 
@@ -373,14 +394,10 @@ But, since our ``status_code`` for ``r`` was ``200``, when we call
 ``raise_for_status()`` we get::
 
     >>> r.raise_for_status()
-    <Response [200]>
+    None
 
 All is well.
 
-.. note:: ``raise_for_status`` returns the response object for a successful response. This eases chaining in trivial cases, where we want bad codes to raise an exception, but use the response otherwise:
-
-    >>> value = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/ip').raise_for_status().json()['origin']
-
 
 Response Headers
 ----------------
@@ -399,7 +416,7 @@ We can view the server's response headers using a Python dictionary::
     }
 
 The dictionary is special, though: it's made just for HTTP headers. According to
-`RFC 7230 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2>`_, HTTP Header names
+`RFC 7230 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2>`_, HTTP Header names
 are case-insensitive.
 
 So, we can access the headers using any capitalization we want::
@@ -413,17 +430,13 @@ So, we can access the headers using any capitalization we want::
 It is also special in that the server could have sent the same header multiple
 times with different values, but requests combines them so they can be
 represented in the dictionary within a single mapping, as per
-`RFC 7230 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2>`_:
+`RFC 7230 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2>`_:
 
     A recipient MAY combine multiple header fields with the same field name
     into one "field-name: field-value" pair, without changing the semantics
     of the message, by appending each subsequent field value to the combined
     field value in order, separated by a comma.
 
-If you do need to access each individual value sent with the same header, then
-you can use the ``getlist`` method to get a sequence of all the values returned
-for a particular header.
-
 Cookies
 -------
 
@@ -438,7 +451,7 @@ If a response contains some Cookies, you can quickly access them::
 To send your own cookies to the server, you can use the ``cookies``
 parameter::
 
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/cookies'
     >>> cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
 
     >>> r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
@@ -453,7 +466,7 @@ also be passed in to requests::
     >>> jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
     >>> jar.set('tasty_cookie', 'yum', domain='httpbin.org', path='/cookies')
     >>> jar.set('gross_cookie', 'blech', domain='httpbin.org', path='/elsewhere')
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/cookies'
     >>> r = requests.get(url, cookies=jar)
     >>> r.text
     '{"cookies": {"tasty_cookie": "yum"}}'
@@ -474,7 +487,7 @@ response.
 
 For example, GitHub redirects all HTTP requests to HTTPS::
 
-    >>> r = requests.get('http://github.com')
+    >>> r = requests.get('http://github.com/')
 
     >>> r.url
     'https://github.com/'
@@ -489,7 +502,7 @@ For example, GitHub redirects all HTTP requests to HTTPS::
 If you're using GET, OPTIONS, POST, PUT, PATCH or DELETE, you can disable
 redirection handling with the ``allow_redirects`` parameter::
 
-    >>> r = requests.get('http://github.com', allow_redirects=False)
+    >>> r = requests.get('http://github.com/', allow_redirects=False)
 
     >>> r.status_code
     301
@@ -499,7 +512,7 @@ redirection handling with the ``allow_redirects`` parameter::
 
 If you're using HEAD, you can enable redirection as well::
 
-    >>> r = requests.head('http://github.com', allow_redirects=True)
+    >>> r = requests.head('http://github.com/', allow_redirects=True)
 
     >>> r.url
     'https://github.com/'
@@ -516,7 +529,7 @@ seconds with the ``timeout`` parameter. Nearly all production code should use
 this parameter in nearly all requests. Failure to do so can cause your program
 to hang indefinitely::
 
-    >>> requests.get('http://github.com', timeout=0.001)
+    >>> requests.get('https://github.com/', timeout=0.001)
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
     requests.exceptions.Timeout: HTTPConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=80): Request timed out. (timeout=0.001)
@@ -553,3 +566,6 @@ All exceptions that Requests explicitly raises inherit from
 -----------------------
 
 Ready for more? Check out the :ref:`advanced <advanced>` section.
+
+
+If you're on the job market, consider taking `this programming quiz <https://triplebyte.com/a/b1i2FB8/requests-docs-1>`_. A substantial donation will be made to this project, if you find a job through this platform.

ext/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Copyright 2019 Kenneth Reitz. All rights reserved.

pyproject.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[tool.isort]
+profile = "black"
+src_paths = ["requests", "test"]
+honor_noqa = true
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+addopts = "--doctest-modules"
+doctest_optionflags = "NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE ELLIPSIS"
+minversion = "6.2"
+testpaths = [
+    "requests",
+    "tests",
+]

pytest.ini

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[pytest]
-addopts = -p no:warnings

requests/__init__.py

@@ -1,85 +1,100 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 #   __
 #  /__)  _  _     _   _ _/   _
 # / (   (- (/ (/ (- _)  /  _)
 #          /
+
 """
 Requests HTTP Library
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings. Basic GET
-usage:
+Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings.
+Basic GET usage:
 
    >>> import requests
    >>> r = requests.get('https://www.python.org')
    >>> r.status_code
    200
-   >>> 'Python is a programming language' in r.content
+   >>> b'Python is a programming language' in r.content
    True
 
 ... or POST:
 
    >>> payload = dict(key1='value1', key2='value2')
-   >>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
+   >>> r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
    >>> print(r.text)
    {
      ...
      "form": {
-       "key2": "value2",
-       "key1": "value1"
+       "key1": "value1",
+       "key2": "value2"
      },
      ...
    }
 
 The other HTTP methods are supported - see `requests.api`. Full documentation
-is at <http://python-requests.org>.
+is at <https://requests.readthedocs.io>.
 
 :copyright: (c) 2017 by Kenneth Reitz.
 :license: Apache 2.0, see LICENSE for more details.
 """
 
-import urllib3
-import chardet
 import warnings
+
+import urllib3
+
 from .exceptions import RequestsDependencyWarning
-from .import types
+
+try:
+    from charset_normalizer import __version__ as charset_normalizer_version
+except ImportError:
+    charset_normalizer_version = None
+
+try:
+    from chardet import __version__ as chardet_version
+except ImportError:
+    chardet_version = None
 
 
-def check_compatibility(urllib3_version: types.String, chardet_version: types.String) -> None:
-    urllib3_version = urllib3_version.split('.')  # type: ignore
-    assert urllib3_version != [
-        'dev'
-    ]  # Verify urllib3 isn't installed from git.
+def check_compatibility(urllib3_version, chardet_version, charset_normalizer_version):
+    urllib3_version = urllib3_version.split(".")
+    assert urllib3_version != ["dev"]  # Verify urllib3 isn't installed from git.
+
     # Sometimes, urllib3 only reports its version as 16.1.
     if len(urllib3_version) == 2:
-        urllib3_version.append('0')  # type: ignore
+        urllib3_version.append("0")
+
     # Check urllib3 for compatibility.
     major, minor, patch = urllib3_version  # noqa: F811
-    major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)  # type: ignore
-    # urllib3 >= 1.21.1, <= 1.22
-    assert major == 1  # type: ignore
-    assert minor >= 21  # type: ignore
-    assert minor <= 22  # type: ignore
-    # Check chardet for compatibility.
-    major, minor, patch = chardet_version.split('.')[:3]
-    major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)  # type: ignore
-    # chardet >= 3.0.2, < 3.1.0
-    assert major == 3  # type: ignore
-    assert minor < 1  # type: ignore
-    assert patch >= 2  # type: ignore
+    major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)
+    # urllib3 >= 1.21.1
+    assert major >= 1
+    if major == 1:
+        assert minor >= 21
+
+    # Check charset_normalizer for compatibility.
+    if chardet_version:
+        major, minor, patch = chardet_version.split(".")[:3]
+        major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)
+        # chardet_version >= 3.0.2, < 6.0.0
+        assert (3, 0, 2) <= (major, minor, patch) < (6, 0, 0)
+    elif charset_normalizer_version:
+        major, minor, patch = charset_normalizer_version.split(".")[:3]
+        major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)
+        # charset_normalizer >= 2.0.0 < 4.0.0
+        assert (2, 0, 0) <= (major, minor, patch) < (4, 0, 0)
+    else:
+        raise Exception("You need either charset_normalizer or chardet installed")
 
 
-def _check_cryptography(cryptography_version: types.String) -> None:
+def _check_cryptography(cryptography_version):
     # cryptography < 1.3.4
     try:
-        cryptography_version = list(
-            map(int, cryptography_version.split('.'))
-        )  # type: ignore
+        cryptography_version = list(map(int, cryptography_version.split(".")))
     except ValueError:
         return
 
-    if cryptography_version < [1, 3, 4]:  # type: ignore
-        warning = 'Old version of cryptography ({0}) may cause slowdown.'.format(
+    if cryptography_version < [1, 3, 4]:
+        warning = "Old version of cryptography ({}) may cause slowdown.".format(
             cryptography_version
         )
         warnings.warn(warning, RequestsDependencyWarning)
@@ -87,54 +102,79 @@ def _check_cryptography(cryptography_version: types.String) -> None:
 
 # Check imported dependencies for compatibility.
 try:
-    check_compatibility(urllib3.__version__, chardet.__version__)
+    check_compatibility(
+        urllib3.__version__, chardet_version, charset_normalizer_version
+    )
 except (AssertionError, ValueError):
     warnings.warn(
-        "urllib3 ({0}) or chardet ({1}) doesn't match a supported "
-        "version!".format(urllib3.__version__, chardet.__version__),
+        "urllib3 ({}) or chardet ({})/charset_normalizer ({}) doesn't match a supported "
+        "version!".format(
+            urllib3.__version__, chardet_version, charset_normalizer_version
+        ),
         RequestsDependencyWarning,
     )
-# Attempt to enable urllib3's SNI support, if possible
+
+# Attempt to enable urllib3's fallback for SNI support
+# if the standard library doesn't support SNI or the
+# 'ssl' library isn't available.
 try:
-    from urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl
+    try:
+        import ssl
+    except ImportError:
+        ssl = None
 
-    pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
-    # Check cryptography version
-    from cryptography import __version__ as cryptography_version
+    if not getattr(ssl, "HAS_SNI", False):
+        from urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl
 
-    _check_cryptography(cryptography_version)
+        pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
+
+        # Check cryptography version
+        from cryptography import __version__ as cryptography_version
+
+        _check_cryptography(cryptography_version)
 except ImportError:
     pass
+
 # urllib3's DependencyWarnings should be silenced.
 from urllib3.exceptions import DependencyWarning
 
-warnings.simplefilter('ignore', DependencyWarning)
-
-from .__version__ import __title__, __description__, __url__, __version__
-from .__version__ import __build__, __author__, __author_email__, __license__
-from .__version__ import __copyright__, __cake__
-
-from .import utils
-from .models import Request, Response, PreparedRequest
-from .api import request, get, head, post, patch, put, delete, options
-from .sessions import Session
-from .status_codes import codes
-from .exceptions import (
-    RequestException,
-    Timeout,
-    URLRequired,
-    TooManyRedirects,
-    HTTPError,
-    ConnectionError,
-    FileModeWarning,
-    ConnectTimeout,
-    ReadTimeout,
-)
+warnings.simplefilter("ignore", DependencyWarning)
 
 # Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
 import logging
 from logging import NullHandler
 
+from . import packages, utils
+from .__version__ import (
+    __author__,
+    __author_email__,
+    __build__,
+    __cake__,
+    __copyright__,
+    __description__,
+    __license__,
+    __title__,
+    __url__,
+    __version__,
+)
+from .api import delete, get, head, options, patch, post, put, request
+from .exceptions import (
+    ConnectionError,
+    ConnectTimeout,
+    FileModeWarning,
+    HTTPError,
+    JSONDecodeError,
+    ReadTimeout,
+    RequestException,
+    Timeout,
+    TooManyRedirects,
+    URLRequired,
+)
+from .models import PreparedRequest, Request, Response
+from .sessions import Session, session
+from .status_codes import codes
+
 logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
+
 # FileModeWarnings go off per the default.
-warnings.simplefilter('default', FileModeWarning, append=True)
+warnings.simplefilter("default", FileModeWarning, append=True)

requests/__version__.py

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 # .-. .-. .-. . . .-. .-. .-. .-.
 # |(  |-  |.| | | |-  `-.  |  `-.
 # ' ' `-' `-`.`-' `-' `-'  '  `-'
-__title__ = 'requests'
-__description__ = 'Python HTTP for Humans.'
-__url__ = 'http://python-requests.org'
-__version__ = '3.0.0'
-__build__ = 0x030000
-__author__ = 'Kenneth Reitz'
-__author_email__ = 'me@kennethreitz.org'
-__license__ = 'Apache 2.0'
-__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2017 Kenneth Reitz'
-__cake__ = u'\u2728 \U0001f370 \u2728'
+
+__title__ = "requests"
+__description__ = "Python HTTP for Humans."
+__url__ = "https://requests.readthedocs.io"
+__version__ = "2.30.0"
+__build__ = 0x023000
+__author__ = "Kenneth Reitz"
+__author_email__ = "me@kennethreitz.org"
+__license__ = "Apache 2.0"
+__copyright__ = "Copyright Kenneth Reitz"
+__cake__ = "\u2728 \U0001f370 \u2728"

requests/_internal_utils.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 requests._internal_utils
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -6,11 +5,24 @@ requests._internal_utils
 Provides utility functions that are consumed internally by Requests
 which depend on extremely few external helpers (such as compat)
 """
+import re
 
-from .basics import builtin_str, str
+from .compat import builtin_str
+
+_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_BYTE = re.compile(rb"^[^:\s][^:\r\n]*$")
+_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_STR = re.compile(r"^[^:\s][^:\r\n]*$")
+_VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_BYTE = re.compile(rb"^\S[^\r\n]*$|^$")
+_VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_STR = re.compile(r"^\S[^\r\n]*$|^$")
+
+_HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR = (_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_STR, _VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_STR)
+_HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE = (_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_BYTE, _VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_BYTE)
+HEADER_VALIDATORS = {
+    bytes: _HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE,
+    str: _HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR,
+}
 
 
-def to_native_string(string, encoding='ascii'):
+def to_native_string(string, encoding="ascii"):
     """Given a string object, regardless of type, returns a representation of
     that string in the native string type, encoding and decoding where
     necessary. This assumes ASCII unless told otherwise.
@@ -19,6 +31,7 @@ def to_native_string(string, encoding='ascii'):
         out = string
     else:
         out = string.decode(encoding)
+
     return out
 
 
@@ -29,12 +42,9 @@ def unicode_is_ascii(u_string):
         and not Python 2 `str`.
     :rtype: bool
     """
-    if not isinstance(u_string, str):
-        return None
-
+    assert isinstance(u_string, str)
     try:
-        u_string.encode('ascii')
+        u_string.encode("ascii")
         return True
-
     except UnicodeEncodeError:
         return False

requests/adapters.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 requests.adapters
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -8,52 +7,58 @@ and maintain connections.
 """
 
 import os.path
-import socket
+import socket  # noqa: F401
 
-from urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager, proxy_from_url
-from urllib3.response import HTTPResponse
-from urllib3.util import Timeout as TimeoutSauce
-from urllib3.util.retry import Retry
-from urllib3.exceptions import ClosedPoolError
-from urllib3.exceptions import ConnectTimeoutError
+from urllib3.exceptions import ClosedPoolError, ConnectTimeoutError
 from urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as _HTTPError
-from urllib3.exceptions import MaxRetryError
-from urllib3.exceptions import NewConnectionError
-from urllib3.exceptions import ProxyError as _ProxyError
-from urllib3.exceptions import ProtocolError
-from urllib3.exceptions import ReadTimeoutError
-from urllib3.exceptions import SSLError as _SSLError
-from urllib3.exceptions import ResponseError
-
-from .models import Response
-from .basics import urlparse, basestring
-from .utils import (
-    DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH,
-    get_encoding_from_headers,
-    prepend_scheme_if_needed,
-    get_auth_from_url,
-    urldefragauth,
-    select_proxy,
+from urllib3.exceptions import InvalidHeader as _InvalidHeader
+from urllib3.exceptions import (
+    LocationValueError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    NewConnectionError,
+    ProtocolError,
 )
-from .structures import HTTPHeaderDict
+from urllib3.exceptions import ProxyError as _ProxyError
+from urllib3.exceptions import ReadTimeoutError, ResponseError
+from urllib3.exceptions import SSLError as _SSLError
+from urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager, proxy_from_url
+from urllib3.util import Timeout as TimeoutSauce
+from urllib3.util import parse_url
+from urllib3.util.retry import Retry
+
+from .auth import _basic_auth_str
+from .compat import basestring, urlparse
 from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
 from .exceptions import (
     ConnectionError,
     ConnectTimeout,
-    ReadTimeout,
-    SSLError,
+    InvalidHeader,
+    InvalidProxyURL,
+    InvalidSchema,
+    InvalidURL,
     ProxyError,
+    ReadTimeout,
     RetryError,
-    InvalidScheme,
+    SSLError,
+)
+from .models import Response
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from .utils import (
+    DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH,
+    extract_zipped_paths,
+    get_auth_from_url,
+    get_encoding_from_headers,
+    prepend_scheme_if_needed,
+    select_proxy,
+    urldefragauth,
 )
-from .auth import _basic_auth_str
 
 try:
     from urllib3.contrib.socks import SOCKSProxyManager
 except ImportError:
 
     def SOCKSProxyManager(*args, **kwargs):
-        raise InvalidScheme("Missing dependencies for SOCKS support.")
+        raise InvalidSchema("Missing dependencies for SOCKS support.")
 
 
 DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK = False
@@ -62,82 +67,14 @@ DEFAULT_RETRIES = 0
 DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT = None
 
 
-def _pool_kwargs(verify, cert):
-    """Create a dictionary of keyword arguments to pass to a
-    :class:`PoolManager <urllib3.poolmanager.PoolManager>` with the
-    necessary SSL configuration.
-
-    :param verify: Whether we should actually verify the certificate;
-                   optionally a path to a CA certificate bundle or
-                   directory of CA certificates.
-    :param cert: The path to the client certificate and key, if any.
-                 This can either be the path to the certificate and
-                 key concatenated in a single file, or as a tuple of
-                 (cert_file, key_file).
-    """
-    pool_kwargs = {}
-    if verify:
-        cert_loc = None
-        # Allow self-specified cert location.
-        if verify is not True:
-            cert_loc = verify
-        if not cert_loc:
-            cert_loc = DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH
-        if not cert_loc or not os.path.exists(cert_loc):
-            raise IOError(
-                "Could not find a suitable TLS CA certificate bundle, "
-                "invalid path: {0}".format(cert_loc)
-            )
-
-        pool_kwargs['cert_reqs'] = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
-        if not os.path.isdir(cert_loc):
-            pool_kwargs['ca_certs'] = cert_loc
-            pool_kwargs['ca_cert_dir'] = None
-        else:
-            pool_kwargs['ca_cert_dir'] = cert_loc
-            pool_kwargs['ca_certs'] = None
-    else:
-        pool_kwargs['cert_reqs'] = 'CERT_NONE'
-        pool_kwargs['ca_certs'] = None
-        pool_kwargs['ca_cert_dir'] = None
-    if cert:
-        if not isinstance(cert, basestring):
-            pool_kwargs['cert_file'] = cert[0]
-            pool_kwargs['key_file'] = cert[1]
-        else:
-            pool_kwargs['cert_file'] = cert
-            pool_kwargs['key_file'] = None
-        cert_file = pool_kwargs['cert_file']
-        key_file = pool_kwargs['key_file']
-        if cert_file and not os.path.exists(cert_file):
-            raise IOError(
-                "Could not find the TLS certificate file, "
-                "invalid path: {0}".format(cert_file)
-            )
-
-        if key_file and not os.path.exists(key_file):
-            raise IOError(
-                "Could not find the TLS key file, "
-                "invalid path: {0}".format(key_file)
-            )
-
-    return pool_kwargs
-
-
-class BaseAdapter(object):
+class BaseAdapter:
     """The Base Transport Adapter"""
 
     def __init__(self):
-        super(BaseAdapter, self).__init__()
+        super().__init__()
 
     def send(
-        self,
-        request,
-        stream=False,
-        timeout=None,
-        verify=True,
-        cert=None,
-        proxies=None,
+        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
     ):
         """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
 
@@ -186,12 +123,13 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
       >>> a = requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(max_retries=3)
       >>> s.mount('http://', a)
     """
+
     __attrs__ = [
-        'max_retries',
-        'config',
-        '_pool_connections',
-        '_pool_maxsize',
-        '_pool_block',
+        "max_retries",
+        "config",
+        "_pool_connections",
+        "_pool_maxsize",
+        "_pool_block",
     ]
 
     def __init__(
@@ -207,10 +145,13 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
             self.max_retries = Retry.from_int(max_retries)
         self.config = {}
         self.proxy_manager = {}
-        super(HTTPAdapter, self).__init__()
+
+        super().__init__()
+
         self._pool_connections = pool_connections
         self._pool_maxsize = pool_maxsize
         self._pool_block = pool_block
+
         self.init_poolmanager(pool_connections, pool_maxsize, block=pool_block)
 
     def __getstate__(self):
@@ -221,8 +162,10 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         # self.poolmanager uses a lambda function, which isn't pickleable.
         self.proxy_manager = {}
         self.config = {}
+
         for attr, value in state.items():
             setattr(self, attr, value)
+
         self.init_poolmanager(
             self._pool_connections, self._pool_maxsize, block=self._pool_block
         )
@@ -245,11 +188,11 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         self._pool_connections = connections
         self._pool_maxsize = maxsize
         self._pool_block = block
+
         self.poolmanager = PoolManager(
             num_pools=connections,
             maxsize=maxsize,
             block=block,
-            strict=True,
             **pool_kwargs,
         )
 
@@ -267,7 +210,7 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         """
         if proxy in self.proxy_manager:
             manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy]
-        elif proxy.lower().startswith('socks'):
+        elif proxy.lower().startswith("socks"):
             username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
             manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy] = SOCKSProxyManager(
                 proxy,
@@ -288,8 +231,66 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
                 block=self._pool_block,
                 **proxy_kwargs,
             )
+
         return manager
 
+    def cert_verify(self, conn, url, verify, cert):
+        """Verify a SSL certificate. This method should not be called from user
+        code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param conn: The urllib3 connection object associated with the cert.
+        :param url: The requested URL.
+        :param verify: Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
+            the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
+            to a CA bundle to use
+        :param cert: The SSL certificate to verify.
+        """
+        if url.lower().startswith("https") and verify:
+
+            cert_loc = None
+
+            # Allow self-specified cert location.
+            if verify is not True:
+                cert_loc = verify
+
+            if not cert_loc:
+                cert_loc = extract_zipped_paths(DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH)
+
+            if not cert_loc or not os.path.exists(cert_loc):
+                raise OSError(
+                    f"Could not find a suitable TLS CA certificate bundle, "
+                    f"invalid path: {cert_loc}"
+                )
+
+            conn.cert_reqs = "CERT_REQUIRED"
+
+            if not os.path.isdir(cert_loc):
+                conn.ca_certs = cert_loc
+            else:
+                conn.ca_cert_dir = cert_loc
+        else:
+            conn.cert_reqs = "CERT_NONE"
+            conn.ca_certs = None
+            conn.ca_cert_dir = None
+
+        if cert:
+            if not isinstance(cert, basestring):
+                conn.cert_file = cert[0]
+                conn.key_file = cert[1]
+            else:
+                conn.cert_file = cert
+                conn.key_file = None
+            if conn.cert_file and not os.path.exists(conn.cert_file):
+                raise OSError(
+                    f"Could not find the TLS certificate file, "
+                    f"invalid path: {conn.cert_file}"
+                )
+            if conn.key_file and not os.path.exists(conn.key_file):
+                raise OSError(
+                    f"Could not find the TLS key file, invalid path: {conn.key_file}"
+                )
+
     def build_response(self, req, resp):
         """Builds a :class:`Response <requests.Response>` object from a urllib3
         response. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed
@@ -301,26 +302,33 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         :rtype: requests.Response
         """
         response = Response()
+
         # Fallback to None if there's no status_code, for whatever reason.
-        response.status_code = getattr(resp, 'status', None)
+        response.status_code = getattr(resp, "status", None)
+
         # Make headers case-insensitive.
-        response.headers = HTTPHeaderDict(getattr(resp, 'headers', {}))
+        response.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(getattr(resp, "headers", {}))
+
         # Set encoding.
         response.encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(response.headers)
         response.raw = resp
         response.reason = response.raw.reason
+
         if isinstance(req.url, bytes):
-            response.url = req.url.decode('utf-8')
+            response.url = req.url.decode("utf-8")
         else:
             response.url = req.url
+
         # Add new cookies from the server.
         extract_cookies_to_jar(response.cookies, req, resp)
+
         # Give the Response some context.
         response.request = req
         response.connection = self
+
         return response
 
-    def get_connection(self, url, proxies=None, verify=None, cert=None):
+    def get_connection(self, url, proxies=None):
         """Returns a urllib3 connection for the given URL. This should not be
         called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
         :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
@@ -329,21 +337,24 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         :param proxies: (optional) A Requests-style dictionary of proxies used on this request.
         :rtype: urllib3.ConnectionPool
         """
-        pool_kwargs = _pool_kwargs(verify, cert)
         proxy = select_proxy(url, proxies)
+
         if proxy:
-            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, 'http')
+            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, "http")
+            proxy_url = parse_url(proxy)
+            if not proxy_url.host:
+                raise InvalidProxyURL(
+                    "Please check proxy URL. It is malformed "
+                    "and could be missing the host."
+                )
             proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
-            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(
-                url, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
-            )
+            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(url)
         else:
             # Only scheme should be lower case
             parsed = urlparse(url)
             url = parsed.geturl()
-            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_url(
-                url, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
-            )
+            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_url(url)
+
         return conn
 
     def close(self):
@@ -372,14 +383,17 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         """
         proxy = select_proxy(request.url, proxies)
         scheme = urlparse(request.url).scheme
-        is_proxied_http_request = (proxy and scheme != 'https')
+
+        is_proxied_http_request = proxy and scheme != "https"
         using_socks_proxy = False
         if proxy:
             proxy_scheme = urlparse(proxy).scheme.lower()
-            using_socks_proxy = proxy_scheme.startswith('socks')
+            using_socks_proxy = proxy_scheme.startswith("socks")
+
         url = request.path_url
         if is_proxied_http_request and not using_socks_proxy:
             url = urldefragauth(request.url)
+
         return url
 
     def add_headers(self, request, **kwargs):
@@ -406,25 +420,19 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         when subclassing the
         :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
 
-        :param proxies: The url of the proxy being used for this request.
+        :param proxy: The url of the proxy being used for this request.
         :rtype: dict
         """
         headers = {}
         username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
+
         if username:
-            headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(
-                username, password
-            )
+            headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(username, password)
+
         return headers
 
     def send(
-        self,
-        request,
-        stream=False,
-        timeout=None,
-        verify=True,
-        cert=None,
-        proxies=None,
+        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
     ):
         """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
 
@@ -441,89 +449,55 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
         :rtype: requests.Response
         """
-        conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies, verify, cert)
+
+        try:
+            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
+        except LocationValueError as e:
+            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
+
+        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
         url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
-        self.add_headers(request)
-        chunked = not (
-            request.body is None or 'Content-Length' in request.headers
+        self.add_headers(
+            request,
+            stream=stream,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            verify=verify,
+            cert=cert,
+            proxies=proxies,
         )
+
+        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
+
         if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
             try:
                 connect, read = timeout
                 timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
-            except ValueError as e:
-                # this may raise a string formatting error.
-                err = (
-                    "Invalid timeout {0}. Pass a (connect, read) "
-                    "timeout tuple, or a single float to set "
-                    "both timeouts to the same value".format(timeout)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
+                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
                 )
-                raise ValueError(err)
-
         elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
             pass
         else:
             timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
+
         try:
-            if not chunked:
-                resp = conn.urlopen(
-                    method=request.method,
-                    url=url,
-                    body=request.body,
-                    headers=request.headers,
-                    redirect=False,
-                    assert_same_host=False,
-                    preload_content=False,
-                    decode_content=False,
-                    retries=self.max_retries,
-                    timeout=timeout,
-                    enforce_content_length=True,
-                )
-            # Send the request.
-            else:
-                if hasattr(conn, 'proxy_pool'):
-                    conn = conn.proxy_pool
-                low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT)
-                try:
-                    low_conn.putrequest(
-                        request.method, url, skip_accept_encoding=True
-                    )
-                    for header, value in request.headers.items():
-                        low_conn.putheader(header, value)
-                    low_conn.endheaders()
-                    for i in request.body:
-                        chunk_size = len(i)
-                        if chunk_size == 0:
-                            continue
+            resp = conn.urlopen(
+                method=request.method,
+                url=url,
+                body=request.body,
+                headers=request.headers,
+                redirect=False,
+                assert_same_host=False,
+                preload_content=False,
+                decode_content=False,
+                retries=self.max_retries,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                chunked=chunked,
+            )
 
-                        low_conn.send(hex(chunk_size)[2:].encode('utf-8'))
-                        low_conn.send(b'\r\n')
-                        low_conn.send(i)
-                        low_conn.send(b'\r\n')
-                    low_conn.send(b'0\r\n\r\n')
-                    # Receive the response from the server
-                    try:
-                        # For Python 2.7, use buffering of HTTP responses
-                        r = low_conn.getresponse(buffering=True)
-                    except TypeError:
-                        # For Python 3.3+ versions, this is the default
-                        r = low_conn.getresponse()
-                    resp = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(
-                        r,
-                        pool=conn,
-                        connection=low_conn,
-                        preload_content=False,
-                        decode_content=False,
-                        enforce_content_length=True,
-                        request_method=request.method,
-                    )
-                except:
-                    # If we hit any problems here, clean up the connection.
-                    # Then, reraise so that we can handle the actual exception.
-                    low_conn.close()
-                    raise
-
-        except (ProtocolError, socket.error) as err:
+        except (ProtocolError, OSError) as err:
             raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
 
         except MaxRetryError as e:
@@ -554,10 +528,10 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
             if isinstance(e, _SSLError):
                 # This branch is for urllib3 versions earlier than v1.22
                 raise SSLError(e, request=request)
-
             elif isinstance(e, ReadTimeoutError):
                 raise ReadTimeout(e, request=request)
-
+            elif isinstance(e, _InvalidHeader):
+                raise InvalidHeader(e, request=request)
             else:
                 raise
 

requests/api.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 requests.api
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -9,25 +8,19 @@ This module implements the Requests API.
 :license: Apache2, see LICENSE for more details.
 """
 
-from .import sessions
-from .import types
+from . import sessions
 
 
-def request(
-    method: types.Method,
-    url: types.URL,
-    *,
-    session: types.Session = None,
-    **kwargs,
-) -> types.Response:
+def request(method, url, **kwargs):
     """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
 
-    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object: ``GET``, ``OPTIONS``, ``HEAD``, ``POST``, ``PUT``, ``PATCH``, or ``DELETE``.
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
-    :param session: :class:`Session` object to use for this request. If none is given, one will be provided.
-    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
-    :param data: (optional) Dictionary or list of tuples ``[(key, value)]`` (will be form-encoded), bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
-    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
+        in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
     :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
     :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
@@ -54,33 +47,33 @@ def request(
     Usage::
 
       >>> import requests
-      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> req
       <Response [200]>
     """
+
     # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
     # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some
     # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
-    session = sessions.Session() if session is None else session
-    with session:
+    with sessions.Session() as session:
         return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
 
 
-def get(
-    url: types.URL, *, params: types.Params = None, **kwargs
-) -> types.Response:
+def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
     r"""Sends a GET request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
-    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
+        in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
     :rtype: requests.Response
     """
-    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
-    return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)
+
+    return request("get", url, params=params, **kwargs)
 
 
-def options(url: types.URL, **kwargs) -> types.Response:
+def options(url, **kwargs):
     r"""Sends an OPTIONS request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
@@ -88,72 +81,71 @@ def options(url: types.URL, **kwargs) -> types.Response:
     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
     :rtype: requests.Response
     """
-    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
-    return request('options', url, **kwargs)
+
+    return request("options", url, **kwargs)
 
 
-def head(url: types.URL, **kwargs) -> types.Response:
+def head(url, **kwargs):
     r"""Sends a HEAD request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
-    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. If
+        `allow_redirects` is not provided, it will be set to `False` (as
+        opposed to the default :meth:`request` behavior).
     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
     :rtype: requests.Response
     """
-    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', False)
-    return request('head', url, **kwargs)
+
+    kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", False)
+    return request("head", url, **kwargs)
 
 
-def post(
-    url: types.URL,
-    *,
-    data: types.Data = None,
-    json: types.JSON = None,
-    **kwargs,
-) -> types.Response:
+def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
     r"""Sends a POST request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
-    :param data: (optional) Dictionary (will be form-encoded), bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
-    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
     :rtype: requests.Response
     """
-    return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
+
+    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
 
 
-def put(
-    url: types.URL, *, data: types.Data = None, **kwargs
-) -> types.Response:
+def put(url, data=None, **kwargs):
     r"""Sends a PUT request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
-    :param data: (optional) Dictionary (will be form-encoded), bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
-    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
     :rtype: requests.Response
     """
-    return request('put', url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+    return request("put", url, data=data, **kwargs)
 
 
-def patch(
-    url: types.URL, *, data: types.Data = None, **kwargs
-) -> types.Response:
+def patch(url, data=None, **kwargs):
     r"""Sends a PATCH request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
-    :param data: (optional) Dictionary (will be form-encoded), bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
-    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
     :rtype: requests.Response
     """
-    return request('patch', url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+    return request("patch", url, data=data, **kwargs)
 
 
-def delete(url: types.URL, **kwargs) -> types.Response:
+def delete(url, **kwargs):
     r"""Sends a DELETE request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
@@ -161,4 +153,5 @@ def delete(url: types.URL, **kwargs) -> types.Response:
     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
     :rtype: requests.Response
     """
-    return request('delete', url, **kwargs)
+
+    return request("delete", url, **kwargs)

requests/auth.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 requests.auth
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -6,52 +5,72 @@ requests.auth
 This module contains the authentication handlers for Requests.
 """
 
+import hashlib
 import os
 import re
-import time
-import hashlib
 import threading
-
+import time
+import warnings
 from base64 import b64encode
 
-from .basics import urlparse, str, basestring
-from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
 from ._internal_utils import to_native_string
+from .compat import basestring, str, urlparse
+from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
 from .utils import parse_dict_header
 
-CONTENT_TYPE_FORM_URLENCODED = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
-CONTENT_TYPE_MULTI_PART = 'multipart/form-data'
+CONTENT_TYPE_FORM_URLENCODED = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+CONTENT_TYPE_MULTI_PART = "multipart/form-data"
 
 
 def _basic_auth_str(username, password):
     """Returns a Basic Auth string."""
+
+    # "I want us to put a big-ol' comment on top of it that
+    # says that this behaviour is dumb but we need to preserve
+    # it because people are relying on it."
+    #    - Lukasa
+    #
+    # These are here solely to maintain backwards compatibility
+    # for things like ints. This will be removed in 3.0.0.
     if not isinstance(username, basestring):
-        raise TypeError(
-            'username must be of type str or bytes, '
-            'instead it was %s' % type(username)
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Non-string usernames will no longer be supported in Requests "
+            "3.0.0. Please convert the object you've passed in ({!r}) to "
+            "a string or bytes object in the near future to avoid "
+            "problems.".format(username),
+            category=DeprecationWarning,
         )
+        username = str(username)
 
     if not isinstance(password, basestring):
-        raise TypeError(
-            'password must be of type str or bytes, '
-            'instead it was %s' % type(password)
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Non-string passwords will no longer be supported in Requests "
+            "3.0.0. Please convert the object you've passed in ({!r}) to "
+            "a string or bytes object in the near future to avoid "
+            "problems.".format(type(password)),
+            category=DeprecationWarning,
         )
+        password = str(password)
+    # -- End Removal --
 
     if isinstance(username, str):
-        username = username.encode('latin1')
+        username = username.encode("latin1")
+
     if isinstance(password, str):
-        password = password.encode('latin1')
-    authstr = 'Basic ' + to_native_string(
-        b64encode(b':'.join((username, password))).strip()
+        password = password.encode("latin1")
+
+    authstr = "Basic " + to_native_string(
+        b64encode(b":".join((username, password))).strip()
     )
+
     return authstr
 
 
-class AuthBase(object):
+class AuthBase:
     """Base class that all auth implementations derive from"""
 
     def __call__(self, r):
-        raise NotImplementedError('Auth hooks must be callable.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Auth hooks must be callable.")
 
 
 class HTTPBasicAuth(AuthBase):
@@ -64,8 +83,8 @@ class HTTPBasicAuth(AuthBase):
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return all(
             [
-                self.username == getattr(other, 'username', None),
-                self.password == getattr(other, 'password', None),
+                self.username == getattr(other, "username", None),
+                self.password == getattr(other, "password", None),
             ]
         )
 
@@ -73,9 +92,15 @@ class HTTPBasicAuth(AuthBase):
         return not self == other
 
     def __call__(self, r):
-        r.headers['Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(
-            self.username, self.password
-        )
+        r.headers["Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
+        return r
+
+
+class HTTPProxyAuth(HTTPBasicAuth):
+    """Attaches HTTP Proxy Authentication to a given Request object."""
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        r.headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
         return r
 
 
@@ -90,9 +115,9 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
 
     def init_per_thread_state(self):
         # Ensure state is initialized just once per-thread
-        if not hasattr(self._thread_local, 'init'):
+        if not hasattr(self._thread_local, "init"):
             self._thread_local.init = True
-            self._thread_local.last_nonce = ''
+            self._thread_local.last_nonce = ""
             self._thread_local.nonce_count = 0
             self._thread_local.chal = {}
             self._thread_local.pos = None
@@ -102,83 +127,111 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
         """
         :rtype: str
         """
-        realm = self._thread_local.chal['realm']
-        nonce = self._thread_local.chal['nonce']
-        qop = self._thread_local.chal.get('qop')
-        algorithm = self._thread_local.chal.get('algorithm')
-        opaque = self._thread_local.chal.get('opaque')
+
+        realm = self._thread_local.chal["realm"]
+        nonce = self._thread_local.chal["nonce"]
+        qop = self._thread_local.chal.get("qop")
+        algorithm = self._thread_local.chal.get("algorithm")
+        opaque = self._thread_local.chal.get("opaque")
         hash_utf8 = None
+
         if algorithm is None:
-            _algorithm = 'MD5'
+            _algorithm = "MD5"
         else:
             _algorithm = algorithm.upper()
         # lambdas assume digest modules are imported at the top level
-        if _algorithm == 'MD5' or _algorithm == 'MD5-SESS':
+        if _algorithm == "MD5" or _algorithm == "MD5-SESS":
 
             def md5_utf8(x):
                 if isinstance(x, str):
-                    x = x.encode('utf-8')
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
                 return hashlib.md5(x).hexdigest()
 
             hash_utf8 = md5_utf8
-        elif _algorithm == 'SHA':
+        elif _algorithm == "SHA":
 
             def sha_utf8(x):
                 if isinstance(x, str):
-                    x = x.encode('utf-8')
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
                 return hashlib.sha1(x).hexdigest()
 
             hash_utf8 = sha_utf8
-        KD = lambda s, d: hash_utf8("%s:%s" % (s, d))
+        elif _algorithm == "SHA-256":
+
+            def sha256_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+                return hashlib.sha256(x).hexdigest()
+
+            hash_utf8 = sha256_utf8
+        elif _algorithm == "SHA-512":
+
+            def sha512_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+                return hashlib.sha512(x).hexdigest()
+
+            hash_utf8 = sha512_utf8
+
+        KD = lambda s, d: hash_utf8(f"{s}:{d}")  # noqa:E731
+
         if hash_utf8 is None:
             return None
 
         # XXX not implemented yet
         entdig = None
         p_parsed = urlparse(url)
-        # : path is request-uri defined in RFC 2616 which should not be empty
+        #: path is request-uri defined in RFC 2616 which should not be empty
         path = p_parsed.path or "/"
         if p_parsed.query:
-            path += '?' + p_parsed.query
-        A1 = '%s:%s:%s' % (self.username, realm, self.password)
-        A2 = '%s:%s' % (method, path)
+            path += f"?{p_parsed.query}"
+
+        A1 = f"{self.username}:{realm}:{self.password}"
+        A2 = f"{method}:{path}"
+
         HA1 = hash_utf8(A1)
         HA2 = hash_utf8(A2)
+
         if nonce == self._thread_local.last_nonce:
             self._thread_local.nonce_count += 1
         else:
             self._thread_local.nonce_count = 1
-        ncvalue = '%08x' % self._thread_local.nonce_count
-        s = str(self._thread_local.nonce_count).encode('utf-8')
-        s += nonce.encode('utf-8')
-        s += time.ctime().encode('utf-8')
+        ncvalue = f"{self._thread_local.nonce_count:08x}"
+        s = str(self._thread_local.nonce_count).encode("utf-8")
+        s += nonce.encode("utf-8")
+        s += time.ctime().encode("utf-8")
         s += os.urandom(8)
-        cnonce = (hashlib.sha1(s).hexdigest()[:16])
-        if _algorithm == 'MD5-SESS':
-            HA1 = hash_utf8('%s:%s:%s' % (HA1, nonce, cnonce))
+
+        cnonce = hashlib.sha1(s).hexdigest()[:16]
+        if _algorithm == "MD5-SESS":
+            HA1 = hash_utf8(f"{HA1}:{nonce}:{cnonce}")
+
         if not qop:
-            respdig = KD(HA1, "%s:%s" % (nonce, HA2))
-        elif qop == 'auth' or 'auth' in qop.split(','):
-            noncebit = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (nonce, ncvalue, cnonce, 'auth', HA2)
+            respdig = KD(HA1, f"{nonce}:{HA2}")
+        elif qop == "auth" or "auth" in qop.split(","):
+            noncebit = f"{nonce}:{ncvalue}:{cnonce}:auth:{HA2}"
             respdig = KD(HA1, noncebit)
         else:
             # XXX handle auth-int.
             return None
 
         self._thread_local.last_nonce = nonce
+
         # XXX should the partial digests be encoded too?
-        base = 'username="%s", realm="%s", nonce="%s", uri="%s", ' 'response="%s"' % (
-            self.username, realm, nonce, path, respdig
+        base = (
+            f'username="{self.username}", realm="{realm}", nonce="{nonce}", '
+            f'uri="{path}", response="{respdig}"'
         )
         if opaque:
-            base += ', opaque="%s"' % opaque
+            base += f', opaque="{opaque}"'
         if algorithm:
-            base += ', algorithm="%s"' % algorithm
+            base += f', algorithm="{algorithm}"'
         if entdig:
-            base += ', digest="%s"' % entdig
+            base += f', digest="{entdig}"'
         if qop:
-            base += ', qop="auth", nc=%s, cnonce="%s"' % (ncvalue, cnonce)
-        return 'Digest %s' % (base)
+            base += f', qop="auth", nc={ncvalue}, cnonce="{cnonce}"'
+
+        return f"Digest {base}"
 
     def handle_redirect(self, r, **kwargs):
         """Reset num_401_calls counter on redirects."""
@@ -191,8 +244,9 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
 
         :rtype: requests.Response
         """
+
         # If response is not 4xx, do not auth
-        # See https://github.com/requests/requests/issues/3772
+        # See https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/3772
         if not 400 <= r.status_code < 500:
             self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
             return r
@@ -201,13 +255,14 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
             # Rewind the file position indicator of the body to where
             # it was to resend the request.
             r.request.body.seek(self._thread_local.pos)
-        s_auth = r.headers.get('www-authenticate', '')
-        if 'digest' in s_auth.lower() and self._thread_local.num_401_calls < 2:
+        s_auth = r.headers.get("www-authenticate", "")
+
+        if "digest" in s_auth.lower() and self._thread_local.num_401_calls < 2:
+
             self._thread_local.num_401_calls += 1
-            pat = re.compile(r'digest ', flags=re.IGNORECASE)
-            self._thread_local.chal = parse_dict_header(
-                pat.sub('', s_auth, count=1)
-            )
+            pat = re.compile(r"digest ", flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+            self._thread_local.chal = parse_dict_header(pat.sub("", s_auth, count=1))
+
             # Consume content and release the original connection
             # to allow our new request to reuse the same one.
             r.content
@@ -215,12 +270,14 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
             prep = r.request.copy()
             extract_cookies_to_jar(prep._cookies, r.request, r.raw)
             prep.prepare_cookies(prep._cookies)
-            prep.headers['Authorization'] = self.build_digest_header(
+
+            prep.headers["Authorization"] = self.build_digest_header(
                 prep.method, prep.url
             )
             _r = r.connection.send(prep, **kwargs)
             _r.history.append(r)
             _r.request = prep
+
             return _r
 
         self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
@@ -231,9 +288,7 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
         self.init_per_thread_state()
         # If we have a saved nonce, skip the 401
         if self._thread_local.last_nonce:
-            r.headers['Authorization'] = self.build_digest_header(
-                r.method, r.url
-            )
+            r.headers["Authorization"] = self.build_digest_header(r.method, r.url)
         try:
             self._thread_local.pos = r.body.tell()
         except AttributeError:
@@ -242,16 +297,17 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
             # file position of the previous body. Ensure it's set to
             # None.
             self._thread_local.pos = None
-        r.register_hook('response', self.handle_401)
-        r.register_hook('response', self.handle_redirect)
+        r.register_hook("response", self.handle_401)
+        r.register_hook("response", self.handle_redirect)
         self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+
         return r
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return all(
             [
-                self.username == getattr(other, 'username', None),
-                self.password == getattr(other, 'password', None),
+                self.username == getattr(other, "username", None),
+                self.password == getattr(other, "password", None),
             ]
         )
 

requests/basics.py

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-"""
-requests.basics
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-This modules covers the basics.
-"""
-
-import chardet
-
-import sys
-
-# ---------
-# Specifics
-# ---------
-from urllib.parse import (
-    urlparse,
-    urlunparse,
-    urljoin,
-    urlsplit,
-    urlencode,
-    quote,
-    unquote,
-    quote_plus,
-    unquote_plus,
-    urldefrag,
-)
-from urllib.request import (
-    parse_http_list,
-    getproxies,
-    proxy_bypass,
-    proxy_bypass_environment,
-    getproxies_environment,
-)
-from http import cookiejar as cookielib
-from http.cookies import Morsel
-from io import StringIO
-from collections import OrderedDict
-
-builtin_str = str  # type: ignore
-str = str  # type: ignore
-bytes = bytes  # type: ignore
-basestring = (str, bytes)
-numeric_types = (int, float)
-integer_types = (int,)

requests/certs.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
 """
 requests.certs
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@ packaged CA bundle.
 """
 from certifi import where
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     print(where())

requests/compat.py

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+"""
+requests.compat
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module previously handled import compatibility issues
+between Python 2 and Python 3. It remains for backwards
+compatibility until the next major version.
+"""
+
+try:
+    import chardet
+except ImportError:
+    import charset_normalizer as chardet
+
+import sys
+
+# -------
+# Pythons
+# -------
+
+# Syntax sugar.
+_ver = sys.version_info
+
+#: Python 2.x?
+is_py2 = _ver[0] == 2
+
+#: Python 3.x?
+is_py3 = _ver[0] == 3
+
+# json/simplejson module import resolution
+has_simplejson = False
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+
+    has_simplejson = True
+except ImportError:
+    import json
+
+if has_simplejson:
+    from simplejson import JSONDecodeError
+else:
+    from json import JSONDecodeError
+
+# Keep OrderedDict for backwards compatibility.
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping, MutableMapping
+from http import cookiejar as cookielib
+from http.cookies import Morsel
+from io import StringIO
+
+# --------------
+# Legacy Imports
+# --------------
+from urllib.parse import (
+    quote,
+    quote_plus,
+    unquote,
+    unquote_plus,
+    urldefrag,
+    urlencode,
+    urljoin,
+    urlparse,
+    urlsplit,
+    urlunparse,
+)
+from urllib.request import (
+    getproxies,
+    getproxies_environment,
+    parse_http_list,
+    proxy_bypass,
+    proxy_bypass_environment,
+)
+
+builtin_str = str
+str = str
+bytes = bytes
+basestring = (str, bytes)
+numeric_types = (int, float)
+integer_types = (int,)

requests/cookies.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 requests.cookies
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -8,21 +7,20 @@ Compatibility code to be able to use `cookielib.CookieJar` with requests.
 requests.utils imports from here, so be careful with imports.
 """
 
+import calendar
 import copy
 import time
-import calendar
-import collections
 
 from ._internal_utils import to_native_string
-from .basics import cookielib, urlparse, urlunparse, Morsel
+from .compat import Morsel, MutableMapping, cookielib, urlparse, urlunparse
 
 try:
     import threading
 except ImportError:
-    import dummy_threading as threading  # type: ignore
+    import dummy_threading as threading
 
 
-class MockRequest(object):
+class MockRequest:
     """Wraps a `requests.Request` to mimic a `urllib2.Request`.
 
     The code in `cookielib.CookieJar` expects this interface in order to correctly
@@ -51,11 +49,10 @@ class MockRequest(object):
     def get_full_url(self):
         # Only return the response's URL if the user hadn't set the Host
         # header
-        if not self._r.headers.get('Host'):
+        if not self._r.headers.get("Host"):
             return self._r.url
-
         # If they did set it, retrieve it and reconstruct the expected domain
-        host = to_native_string(self._r.headers['Host'], encoding='utf-8')
+        host = to_native_string(self._r.headers["Host"], encoding="utf-8")
         parsed = urlparse(self._r.url)
         # Reconstruct the URL as we expect it
         return urlunparse(
@@ -103,7 +100,7 @@ class MockRequest(object):
         return self.get_host()
 
 
-class MockResponse(object):
+class MockResponse:
     """Wraps a `httplib.HTTPMessage` to mimic a `urllib.addinfourl`.
 
     ...what? Basically, expose the parsed HTTP headers from the server response
@@ -131,11 +128,8 @@ def extract_cookies_to_jar(jar, request, response):
     :param request: our own requests.Request object
     :param response: urllib3.HTTPResponse object
     """
-    if not (
-        hasattr(response, '_original_response') and response._original_response
-    ):
+    if not (hasattr(response, "_original_response") and response._original_response):
         return
-
     # the _original_response field is the wrapped httplib.HTTPResponse object,
     req = MockRequest(request)
     # pull out the HTTPMessage with the headers and put it in the mock:
@@ -151,7 +145,7 @@ def get_cookie_header(jar, request):
     """
     r = MockRequest(request)
     jar.add_cookie_header(r)
-    return r.get_new_headers().get('Cookie')
+    return r.get_new_headers().get("Cookie")
 
 
 def remove_cookie_by_name(cookiejar, name, domain=None, path=None):
@@ -163,14 +157,12 @@ def remove_cookie_by_name(cookiejar, name, domain=None, path=None):
     for cookie in cookiejar:
         if cookie.name != name:
             continue
-
         if domain is not None and domain != cookie.domain:
             continue
-
         if path is not None and path != cookie.path:
             continue
-
         clearables.append((cookie.domain, cookie.path, cookie.name))
+
     for domain, path, name in clearables:
         cookiejar.clear(domain, path, name)
 
@@ -181,7 +173,7 @@ class CookieConflictError(RuntimeError):
     """
 
 
-class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
+class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, MutableMapping):
     """Compatibility class; is a cookielib.CookieJar, but exposes a dict
     interface.
 
@@ -208,7 +200,6 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         """
         try:
             return self._find_no_duplicates(name, domain, path)
-
         except KeyError:
             return default
 
@@ -220,10 +211,7 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         # support client code that unsets cookies by assignment of a None value:
         if value is None:
             remove_cookie_by_name(
-                self,
-                name,
-                domain=kwargs.get('domain'),
-                path=kwargs.get('path'),
+                self, name, domain=kwargs.get("domain"), path=kwargs.get("path")
             )
             return
 
@@ -312,7 +300,6 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         for cookie in iter(self):
             if cookie.domain is not None and cookie.domain in domains:
                 return True
-
             domains.append(cookie.domain)
         return False  # there is only one domain in jar
 
@@ -325,17 +312,15 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         """
         dictionary = {}
         for cookie in iter(self):
-            if (
-                (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain) and
-                (path is None or cookie.path == path)
+            if (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain) and (
+                path is None or cookie.path == path
             ):
                 dictionary[cookie.name] = cookie.value
         return dictionary
 
     def __contains__(self, name):
         try:
-            return super(RequestsCookieJar, self).__contains__(name)
-
+            return super().__contains__(name)
         except CookieConflictError:
             return True
 
@@ -362,15 +347,13 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         remove_cookie_by_name(self, name)
 
     def set_cookie(self, cookie, *args, **kwargs):
-        if hasattr(cookie.value, 'startswith') and cookie.value.startswith(
-            '"'
-        ) and cookie.value.endswith(
-            '"'
+        if (
+            hasattr(cookie.value, "startswith")
+            and cookie.value.startswith('"')
+            and cookie.value.endswith('"')
         ):
-            cookie.value = cookie.value.replace('\\"', '')
-        return super(RequestsCookieJar, self).set_cookie(
-            cookie, *args, **kwargs
-        )
+            cookie.value = cookie.value.replace('\\"', "")
+        return super().set_cookie(cookie, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def update(self, other):
         """Updates this jar with cookies from another CookieJar or dict-like"""
@@ -378,7 +361,7 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
             for cookie in other:
                 self.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
         else:
-            super(RequestsCookieJar, self).update(other)
+            super().update(other)
 
     def _find(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
         """Requests uses this method internally to get cookie values.
@@ -398,7 +381,7 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
                     if path is None or cookie.path == path:
                         return cookie.value
 
-        raise KeyError('name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r' % (name, domain, path))
+        raise KeyError(f"name={name!r}, domain={domain!r}, path={path!r}")
 
     def _find_no_duplicates(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
         """Both ``__get_item__`` and ``get`` call this function: it's never
@@ -417,46 +400,50 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
             if cookie.name == name:
                 if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
                     if path is None or cookie.path == path:
-                        if toReturn is not None:  # if there are multiple cookies that meet passed in criteria
+                        if toReturn is not None:
+                            # if there are multiple cookies that meet passed in criteria
                             raise CookieConflictError(
-                                'There are multiple cookies with name, %r' %
-                                (name)
+                                f"There are multiple cookies with name, {name!r}"
                             )
+                        # we will eventually return this as long as no cookie conflict
+                        toReturn = cookie.value
 
-                        toReturn = cookie.value  # we will eventually return this as long as no cookie conflict
         if toReturn:
             return toReturn
-
-        raise KeyError('name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r' % (name, domain, path))
+        raise KeyError(f"name={name!r}, domain={domain!r}, path={path!r}")
 
     def __getstate__(self):
         """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
         state = self.__dict__.copy()
         # remove the unpickleable RLock object
-        state.pop('_cookies_lock')
+        state.pop("_cookies_lock")
         return state
 
     def __setstate__(self, state):
         """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
         self.__dict__.update(state)
-        if '_cookies_lock' not in self.__dict__:
+        if "_cookies_lock" not in self.__dict__:
             self._cookies_lock = threading.RLock()
 
     def copy(self):
         """Return a copy of this RequestsCookieJar."""
-        new_cj = RequestsCookieJar(self._policy)
+        new_cj = RequestsCookieJar()
+        new_cj.set_policy(self.get_policy())
         new_cj.update(self)
         return new_cj
 
+    def get_policy(self):
+        """Return the CookiePolicy instance used."""
+        return self._policy
+
 
 def _copy_cookie_jar(jar):
     if jar is None:
         return None
 
-    if hasattr(jar, 'copy'):
+    if hasattr(jar, "copy"):
         # We're dealing with an instance of RequestsCookieJar
         return jar.copy()
-
     # We're dealing with a generic CookieJar instance
     new_jar = copy.copy(jar)
     new_jar.clear()
@@ -472,61 +459,62 @@ def create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs):
     and sent on every request (this is sometimes called a "supercookie").
     """
     result = {
-        'version': 0,
-        'name': name,
-        'value': value,
-        'port': None,
-        'domain': '',
-        'path': '/',
-        'secure': False,
-        'expires': None,
-        'discard': True,
-        'comment': None,
-        'comment_url': None,
-        'rest': {'HttpOnly': None},
-        'rfc2109': False,
+        "version": 0,
+        "name": name,
+        "value": value,
+        "port": None,
+        "domain": "",
+        "path": "/",
+        "secure": False,
+        "expires": None,
+        "discard": True,
+        "comment": None,
+        "comment_url": None,
+        "rest": {"HttpOnly": None},
+        "rfc2109": False,
     }
+
     badargs = set(kwargs) - set(result)
     if badargs:
-        err = 'create_cookie() got unexpected keyword arguments: %s'
-        raise TypeError(err % list(badargs))
+        raise TypeError(
+            f"create_cookie() got unexpected keyword arguments: {list(badargs)}"
+        )
 
     result.update(kwargs)
-    result['port_specified'] = bool(result['port'])
-    result['domain_specified'] = bool(result['domain'])
-    result['domain_initial_dot'] = result['domain'].startswith('.')
-    result['path_specified'] = bool(result['path'])
+    result["port_specified"] = bool(result["port"])
+    result["domain_specified"] = bool(result["domain"])
+    result["domain_initial_dot"] = result["domain"].startswith(".")
+    result["path_specified"] = bool(result["path"])
+
     return cookielib.Cookie(**result)
 
 
 def morsel_to_cookie(morsel):
     """Convert a Morsel object into a Cookie containing the one k/v pair."""
-    expires = None
-    if morsel['max-age']:
-        try:
-            expires = int(time.time() + int(morsel['max-age']))
-        except ValueError:
-            raise TypeError('max-age: %s must be integer' % morsel['max-age'])
 
-    elif morsel['expires']:
-        time_template = '%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT'
-        expires = calendar.timegm(
-            time.strptime(morsel['expires'], time_template)
-        )
+    expires = None
+    if morsel["max-age"]:
+        try:
+            expires = int(time.time() + int(morsel["max-age"]))
+        except ValueError:
+            raise TypeError(f"max-age: {morsel['max-age']} must be integer")
+    elif morsel["expires"]:
+        time_template = "%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT"
+        expires = calendar.timegm(time.strptime(morsel["expires"], time_template))
     return create_cookie(
-        comment=morsel['comment'],
-        comment_url=bool(morsel['comment']),
+        comment=morsel["comment"],
+        comment_url=bool(morsel["comment"]),
         discard=False,
-        domain=morsel['domain'],
+        domain=morsel["domain"],
         expires=expires,
         name=morsel.key,
-        path=morsel['path'],
+        path=morsel["path"],
         port=None,
-        rest={'HttpOnly': morsel['httponly']},
+        rest={"HttpOnly": morsel["httponly"]},
         rfc2109=False,
-        secure=bool(morsel['secure']),
+        secure=bool(morsel["secure"]),
         value=morsel.value,
-        version=morsel['version'] or 0,
+        version=morsel["version"] or 0,
     )
 
 
@@ -537,14 +525,17 @@ def cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cookiejar=None, overwrite=True):
     :param cookiejar: (optional) A cookiejar to add the cookies to.
     :param overwrite: (optional) If False, will not replace cookies
         already in the jar with new ones.
+    :rtype: CookieJar
     """
     if cookiejar is None:
         cookiejar = RequestsCookieJar()
+
     if cookie_dict is not None:
         names_from_jar = [cookie.name for cookie in cookiejar]
         for name in cookie_dict:
             if overwrite or (name not in names_from_jar):
                 cookiejar.set_cookie(create_cookie(name, cookie_dict[name]))
+
     return cookiejar
 
 
@@ -553,18 +544,18 @@ def merge_cookies(cookiejar, cookies):
 
     :param cookiejar: CookieJar object to add the cookies to.
     :param cookies: Dictionary or CookieJar object to be added.
+    :rtype: CookieJar
     """
     if not isinstance(cookiejar, cookielib.CookieJar):
-        raise ValueError('You can only merge into CookieJar')
+        raise ValueError("You can only merge into CookieJar")
 
     if isinstance(cookies, dict):
-        cookiejar = cookiejar_from_dict(
-            cookies, cookiejar=cookiejar, overwrite=False
-        )
+        cookiejar = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies, cookiejar=cookiejar, overwrite=False)
     elif isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
         try:
             cookiejar.update(cookies)
         except AttributeError:
             for cookie_in_jar in cookies:
                 cookiejar.set_cookie(cookie_in_jar)
+
     return cookiejar

requests/exceptions.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 requests.exceptions
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -7,6 +6,8 @@ This module contains the set of Requests' exceptions.
 """
 from urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as BaseHTTPError
 
+from .compat import JSONDecodeError as CompatJSONDecodeError
+
 
 class RequestException(IOError):
     """There was an ambiguous exception that occurred while handling your
@@ -15,16 +16,30 @@ class RequestException(IOError):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """Initialize RequestException with `request` and `response` objects."""
-        response = kwargs.pop('response', None)
+        response = kwargs.pop("response", None)
         self.response = response
-        self.request = kwargs.pop('request', None)
-        if (
-            response is not None and
-            not self.request and
-            hasattr(response, 'request')
-        ):
+        self.request = kwargs.pop("request", None)
+        if response is not None and not self.request and hasattr(response, "request"):
             self.request = self.response.request
-        super(RequestException, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class InvalidJSONError(RequestException):
+    """A JSON error occurred."""
+
+
+class JSONDecodeError(InvalidJSONError, CompatJSONDecodeError):
+    """Couldn't decode the text into json"""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Construct the JSONDecodeError instance first with all
+        args. Then use it's args to construct the IOError so that
+        the json specific args aren't used as IOError specific args
+        and the error message from JSONDecodeError is preserved.
+        """
+        CompatJSONDecodeError.__init__(self, *args)
+        InvalidJSONError.__init__(self, *self.args, **kwargs)
 
 
 class HTTPError(RequestException):
@@ -71,12 +86,12 @@ class TooManyRedirects(RequestException):
     """Too many redirects."""
 
 
-class MissingScheme(RequestException, ValueError):
+class MissingSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
     """The URL scheme (e.g. http or https) is missing."""
 
 
-class InvalidScheme(RequestException, ValueError):
-    """See defaults.py for valid schemes."""
+class InvalidSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """The URL scheme provided is either invalid or unsupported."""
 
 
 class InvalidURL(RequestException, ValueError):
@@ -87,16 +102,20 @@ class InvalidHeader(RequestException, ValueError):
     """The header value provided was somehow invalid."""
 
 
+class InvalidProxyURL(InvalidURL):
+    """The proxy URL provided is invalid."""
+
+
 class ChunkedEncodingError(RequestException):
     """The server declared chunked encoding but sent an invalid chunk."""
 
 
 class ContentDecodingError(RequestException, BaseHTTPError):
-    """Failed to decode response content"""
+    """Failed to decode response content."""
 
 
 class StreamConsumedError(RequestException, TypeError):
-    """The content for this response was already consumed"""
+    """The content for this response was already consumed."""
 
 
 class RetryError(RequestException):
@@ -104,26 +123,19 @@ class RetryError(RequestException):
 
 
 class UnrewindableBodyError(RequestException):
-    """Requests encountered an error when trying to rewind a body"""
-
-
-class InvalidBodyError(RequestException, ValueError):
-    """An invalid request body was specified"""
-
-
+    """Requests encountered an error when trying to rewind a body."""
 
 
 # Warnings
+
+
 class RequestsWarning(Warning):
     """Base warning for Requests."""
-    pass
 
 
 class FileModeWarning(RequestsWarning, DeprecationWarning):
     """A file was opened in text mode, but Requests determined its binary length."""
-    pass
 
 
 class RequestsDependencyWarning(RequestsWarning):
     """An imported dependency doesn't match the expected version range."""
-    pass

requests/help.py

@@ -1,98 +1,127 @@
 """Module containing bug report helper(s)."""
-from __future__ import print_function
 
 import json
 import platform
-import sys
 import ssl
+import sys
 
 import idna
 import urllib3
-import chardet
 
-from .import types
-
-from .import __version__ as requests_version
+from . import __version__ as requests_version
 
 try:
-    from . packages.urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl
+    import charset_normalizer
+except ImportError:
+    charset_normalizer = None
+
+try:
+    import chardet
+except ImportError:
+    chardet = None
+
+try:
+    from urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl
 except ImportError:
     pyopenssl = None
     OpenSSL = None
     cryptography = None
 else:
-    import OpenSSL
     import cryptography
+    import OpenSSL
 
 
-def _implementation() -> types.Help:
+def _implementation():
     """Return a dict with the Python implementation and version.
 
     Provide both the name and the version of the Python implementation
-    currently running. For example, on CPython 2.7.5 it will return
-    {'name': 'CPython', 'version': '2.7.5'}.
+    currently running. For example, on CPython 3.10.3 it will return
+    {'name': 'CPython', 'version': '3.10.3'}.
 
     This function works best on CPython and PyPy: in particular, it probably
     doesn't work for Jython or IronPython. Future investigation should be done
     to work out the correct shape of the code for those platforms.
     """
     implementation = platform.python_implementation()
-    if implementation == 'CPython':
+
+    if implementation == "CPython":
         implementation_version = platform.python_version()
-    elif implementation == 'PyPy':
-        implementation_version = '%s.%s.%s' % (
+    elif implementation == "PyPy":
+        implementation_version = "{}.{}.{}".format(
             sys.pypy_version_info.major,
             sys.pypy_version_info.minor,
             sys.pypy_version_info.micro,
         )
-        if sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel != 'final':
-            implementation_version = ''.join(
+        if sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel != "final":
+            implementation_version = "".join(
                 [implementation_version, sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel]
             )
-    elif implementation == 'Jython':
+    elif implementation == "Jython":
         implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess
-    elif implementation == 'IronPython':
+    elif implementation == "IronPython":
         implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess
     else:
-        implementation_version = 'Unknown'
-    return {'name': implementation, 'version': implementation_version}
+        implementation_version = "Unknown"
+
+    return {"name": implementation, "version": implementation_version}
 
 
-def info() -> types.Help:
+def info():
     """Generate information for a bug report."""
     try:
         platform_info = {
-            'system': platform.system(), 'release': platform.release()
+            "system": platform.system(),
+            "release": platform.release(),
         }
-    except IOError:
-        platform_info = {'system': 'Unknown', 'release': 'Unknown'}
+    except OSError:
+        platform_info = {
+            "system": "Unknown",
+            "release": "Unknown",
+        }
+
     implementation_info = _implementation()
-    urllib3_info = {'version': urllib3.__version__}
-    chardet_info = {'version': chardet.__version__}
-    pyopenssl_info = {'version': None, 'openssl_version': ''}
+    urllib3_info = {"version": urllib3.__version__}
+    charset_normalizer_info = {"version": None}
+    chardet_info = {"version": None}
+    if charset_normalizer:
+        charset_normalizer_info = {"version": charset_normalizer.__version__}
+    if chardet:
+        chardet_info = {"version": chardet.__version__}
+
+    pyopenssl_info = {
+        "version": None,
+        "openssl_version": "",
+    }
     if OpenSSL:
         pyopenssl_info = {
-            'version': OpenSSL.__version__,
-            'openssl_version': '%x' % OpenSSL.SSL.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER,
+            "version": OpenSSL.__version__,
+            "openssl_version": f"{OpenSSL.SSL.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER:x}",
         }
-    cryptography_info = {'version': getattr(cryptography, '__version__', '')}
-    idna_info = {'version': getattr(idna, '__version__', '')}
-    # OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER doesn't exist in the Python 2.6 ssl module.
-    system_ssl = getattr(ssl, 'OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER', None)
-    system_ssl_info = {
-        'version': '%x' % system_ssl if system_ssl is not None else ''
+    cryptography_info = {
+        "version": getattr(cryptography, "__version__", ""),
     }
+    idna_info = {
+        "version": getattr(idna, "__version__", ""),
+    }
+
+    system_ssl = ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER
+    system_ssl_info = {"version": f"{system_ssl:x}" if system_ssl is not None else ""}
+
     return {
-        'platform': platform_info,
-        'implementation': implementation_info,
-        'system_ssl': system_ssl_info,
-        'using_pyopenssl': pyopenssl is not None,
-        'pyOpenSSL': pyopenssl_info,
-        'urllib3': urllib3_info,
-        'chardet': chardet_info,
-        'cryptography': cryptography_info,
-        'idna': idna_info,
-        'requests': {'version': requests_version},
+        "platform": platform_info,
+        "implementation": implementation_info,
+        "system_ssl": system_ssl_info,
+        "using_pyopenssl": pyopenssl is not None,
+        "using_charset_normalizer": chardet is None,
+        "pyOpenSSL": pyopenssl_info,
+        "urllib3": urllib3_info,
+        "chardet": chardet_info,
+        "charset_normalizer": charset_normalizer_info,
+        "cryptography": cryptography_info,
+        "idna": idna_info,
+        "requests": {
+            "version": requests_version,
+        },
     }
 
 
@@ -101,5 +130,5 @@ def main():
     print(json.dumps(info(), sort_keys=True, indent=2))
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

requests/hooks.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 requests.hooks
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -10,22 +9,22 @@ Available hooks:
 ``response``:
     The response generated from a Request.
 """
-HOOKS = ['response']
+HOOKS = ["response"]
 
 
 def default_hooks():
     return {event: [] for event in HOOKS}
 
 
-
-
 # TODO: response is the only one
+
+
 def dispatch_hook(key, hooks, hook_data, **kwargs):
     """Dispatches a hook dictionary on a given piece of data."""
     hooks = hooks or {}
     hooks = hooks.get(key)
     if hooks:
-        if hasattr(hooks, '__call__'):
+        if hasattr(hooks, "__call__"):
             hooks = [hooks]
         for hook in hooks:
             _hook_data = hook(hook_data, **kwargs)

requests/packages.py

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import sys
+
+try:
+    import chardet
+except ImportError:
+    import warnings
+
+    import charset_normalizer as chardet
+
+    warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "Trying to detect", module="charset_normalizer")
+
+# This code exists for backwards compatibility reasons.
+# I don't like it either. Just look the other way. :)
+
+for package in ("urllib3", "idna"):
+    locals()[package] = __import__(package)
+    # This traversal is apparently necessary such that the identities are
+    # preserved (requests.packages.urllib3.* is urllib3.*)
+    for mod in list(sys.modules):
+        if mod == package or mod.startswith(f"{package}."):
+            sys.modules[f"requests.packages.{mod}"] = sys.modules[mod]
+
+target = chardet.__name__
+for mod in list(sys.modules):
+    if mod == target or mod.startswith(f"{target}."):
+        target = target.replace(target, "chardet")
+        sys.modules[f"requests.packages.{target}"] = sys.modules[mod]
+# Kinda cool, though, right?

requests/status_codes.py

@@ -1,94 +1,128 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+r"""
+The ``codes`` object defines a mapping from common names for HTTP statuses
+to their numerical codes, accessible either as attributes or as dictionary
+items.
+
+Example::
+
+    >>> import requests
+    >>> requests.codes['temporary_redirect']
+    307
+    >>> requests.codes.teapot
+    418
+    >>> requests.codes['\o/']
+    200
+
+Some codes have multiple names, and both upper- and lower-case versions of
+the names are allowed. For example, ``codes.ok``, ``codes.OK``, and
+``codes.okay`` all correspond to the HTTP status code 200.
+"""
+
 from .structures import LookupDict
 
 _codes = {
     # Informational.
-    100: ('continue',),
-    101: ('switching_protocols',),
-    102: ('processing',),
-    103: ('checkpoint',),
-    122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
-    200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
-    201: ('created',),
-    202: ('accepted',),
-    203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
-    204: ('no_content',),
-    205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
-    206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
-    207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
-    208: ('already_reported',),
-    226: ('im_used',),
+    100: ("continue",),
+    101: ("switching_protocols",),
+    102: ("processing",),
+    103: ("checkpoint",),
+    122: ("uri_too_long", "request_uri_too_long"),
+    200: ("ok", "okay", "all_ok", "all_okay", "all_good", "\\o/", "✓"),
+    201: ("created",),
+    202: ("accepted",),
+    203: ("non_authoritative_info", "non_authoritative_information"),
+    204: ("no_content",),
+    205: ("reset_content", "reset"),
+    206: ("partial_content", "partial"),
+    207: ("multi_status", "multiple_status", "multi_stati", "multiple_stati"),
+    208: ("already_reported",),
+    226: ("im_used",),
     # Redirection.
-    300: ('multiple_choices',),
-    301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
-    302: ('found',),
-    303: ('see_other', 'other'),
-    304: ('not_modified',),
-    305: ('use_proxy',),
-    306: ('switch_proxy',),
-    307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
-    308: ('permanent_redirect', 'resume_incomplete', 'resume'),
-    # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
+    300: ("multiple_choices",),
+    301: ("moved_permanently", "moved", "\\o-"),
+    302: ("found",),
+    303: ("see_other", "other"),
+    304: ("not_modified",),
+    305: ("use_proxy",),
+    306: ("switch_proxy",),
+    307: ("temporary_redirect", "temporary_moved", "temporary"),
+    308: (
+        "permanent_redirect",
+        "resume_incomplete",
+        "resume",
+    ),  # "resume" and "resume_incomplete" to be removed in 3.0
     # Client Error.
-    400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
-    401: ('unauthorized',),
-    402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
-    403: ('forbidden',),
-    404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
-    405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
-    406: ('not_acceptable',),
-    407: (
-        'proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'
-    ),
-    408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
-    409: ('conflict',),
-    410: ('gone',),
-    411: ('length_required',),
-    412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
-    413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
-    414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
-    415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
+    400: ("bad_request", "bad"),
+    401: ("unauthorized",),
+    402: ("payment_required", "payment"),
+    403: ("forbidden",),
+    404: ("not_found", "-o-"),
+    405: ("method_not_allowed", "not_allowed"),
+    406: ("not_acceptable",),
+    407: ("proxy_authentication_required", "proxy_auth", "proxy_authentication"),
+    408: ("request_timeout", "timeout"),
+    409: ("conflict",),
+    410: ("gone",),
+    411: ("length_required",),
+    412: ("precondition_failed", "precondition"),
+    413: ("request_entity_too_large",),
+    414: ("request_uri_too_large",),
+    415: ("unsupported_media_type", "unsupported_media", "media_type"),
     416: (
-        'requested_range_not_satisfiable',
-        'requested_range',
-        'range_not_satisfiable',
+        "requested_range_not_satisfiable",
+        "requested_range",
+        "range_not_satisfiable",
     ),
-    417: ('expectation_failed',),
-    418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
-    421: ('misdirected_request',),
-    422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
-    423: ('locked',),
-    424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
-    425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
-    426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
-    428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
-    429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
-    431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
-    444: ('no_response', 'none'),
-    449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
-    450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
-    451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
-    499: ('client_closed_request',),
+    417: ("expectation_failed",),
+    418: ("im_a_teapot", "teapot", "i_am_a_teapot"),
+    421: ("misdirected_request",),
+    422: ("unprocessable_entity", "unprocessable"),
+    423: ("locked",),
+    424: ("failed_dependency", "dependency"),
+    425: ("unordered_collection", "unordered"),
+    426: ("upgrade_required", "upgrade"),
+    428: ("precondition_required", "precondition"),
+    429: ("too_many_requests", "too_many"),
+    431: ("header_fields_too_large", "fields_too_large"),
+    444: ("no_response", "none"),
+    449: ("retry_with", "retry"),
+    450: ("blocked_by_windows_parental_controls", "parental_controls"),
+    451: ("unavailable_for_legal_reasons", "legal_reasons"),
+    499: ("client_closed_request",),
     # Server Error.
-    500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
-    501: ('not_implemented',),
-    502: ('bad_gateway',),
-    503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
-    504: ('gateway_timeout',),
-    505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
-    506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
-    507: ('insufficient_storage',),
-    509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
-    510: ('not_extended',),
-    511: (
-        'network_authentication_required',
-        'network_auth',
-        'network_authentication',
-    ),
+    500: ("internal_server_error", "server_error", "/o\\", "✗"),
+    501: ("not_implemented",),
+    502: ("bad_gateway",),
+    503: ("service_unavailable", "unavailable"),
+    504: ("gateway_timeout",),
+    505: ("http_version_not_supported", "http_version"),
+    506: ("variant_also_negotiates",),
+    507: ("insufficient_storage",),
+    509: ("bandwidth_limit_exceeded", "bandwidth"),
+    510: ("not_extended",),
+    511: ("network_authentication_required", "network_auth", "network_authentication"),
 }
-codes = LookupDict(name='status_codes')
-for code, titles in _codes.items():
-    for title in titles:  # type: ignore
-        setattr(codes, title, code)
-        if not title.startswith(('\\', '/')):
-            setattr(codes, title.upper(), code)
+
+codes = LookupDict(name="status_codes")
+
+
+def _init():
+    for code, titles in _codes.items():
+        for title in titles:
+            setattr(codes, title, code)
+            if not title.startswith(("\\", "/")):
+                setattr(codes, title.upper(), code)
+
+    def doc(code):
+        names = ", ".join(f"``{n}``" for n in _codes[code])
+        return "* %d: %s" % (code, names)
+
+    global __doc__
+    __doc__ = (
+        __doc__ + "\n" + "\n".join(doc(code) for code in sorted(_codes))
+        if __doc__ is not None
+        else None
+    )
+
+
+_init()

requests/structures.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 requests.structures
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -6,16 +5,16 @@ requests.structures
 Data structures that power Requests.
 """
 
-import collections
+from collections import OrderedDict
 
-from .basics import basestring, OrderedDict
+from .compat import Mapping, MutableMapping
 
 
-class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
+class CaseInsensitiveDict(MutableMapping):
     """A case-insensitive ``dict``-like object.
 
     Implements all methods and operations of
-    ``collections.MutableMapping`` as well as dict's ``copy``. Also
+    ``MutableMapping`` as well as dict's ``copy``. Also
     provides ``lower_items``.
 
     All keys are expected to be strings. The structure remembers the
@@ -37,10 +36,9 @@ class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
     operations are given keys that have equal ``.lower()``s, the
     behavior is undefined.
     """
-    __slots__ = ('_store')
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, **kwargs):
-        self._store = collections.OrderedDict()
+        self._store = OrderedDict()
         if data is None:
             data = {}
         self.update(data, **kwargs)
@@ -64,20 +62,16 @@ class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
 
     def lower_items(self):
         """Like iteritems(), but with all lowercase keys."""
-        return (
-            (lowerkey, keyval[1]) for (lowerkey, keyval) in self._store.items()
-        )
+        return ((lowerkey, keyval[1]) for (lowerkey, keyval) in self._store.items())
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, collections.Mapping):
+        if isinstance(other, Mapping):
             other = CaseInsensitiveDict(other)
         else:
             return NotImplemented
-
         # Compare insensitively
         return dict(self.lower_items()) == dict(other.lower_items())
 
-
     # Copy is required
     def copy(self):
         return CaseInsensitiveDict(self._store.values())
@@ -86,144 +80,20 @@ class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
         return str(dict(self.items()))
 
 
-class HTTPHeaderDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
-    """A case-insensitive ``dict``-like object suitable for HTTP headers that
-    supports multiple values with the same key, via the ``add``, ``extend``,
-    ``multiget`` and ``multiset`` methods.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, data=None, **kwargs):
-        super(HTTPHeaderDict, self).__init__()
-        self.extend({} if data is None else data, **kwargs)
-
-
-    # We'll store tuples in the internal dictionary, but present them as a
-    # concatenated string when we use item access methods.
-    #
-    def __setitem__(self, key, val):
-        # Special–case null values.
-        if (not isinstance(val, basestring)) and (val is not None):
-            raise ValueError('only string-type values (or None) are allowed')
-
-        super(HTTPHeaderDict, self).__setitem__(key, (val,))
-
-    def __getitem__(self, key):
-        val = super(HTTPHeaderDict, self).__getitem__(key)
-        # Special–case null values.
-        if len(val) == 1 and val[0] is None:
-            return val[0]
-
-        return ', '.join(val)
-
-    def lower_items(self):
-        return (
-            (lk, ', '.join(vals)) for (lk, (k, vals)) in self._store.items()
-        )
-
-    def copy(self):
-        return type(self)(self)
-
-    def getlist(self, key):
-        """Returns a list of all the values for the named field. Returns an
-        empty list if the key isn't present in the dictionary."""
-        return list(self._store.get(key.lower(), (None, []))[1])
-
-    def setlist(self, key, values):
-        """Set a sequence of strings to the associated key - this will overwrite
-        any previously stored value."""
-        if not isinstance(values, (list, tuple)):
-            raise ValueError('argument is not sequence')
-
-        if any(not isinstance(v, basestring) for v in values):
-            raise ValueError('non-string items in sequence')
-
-        if not values:
-            self.pop(key, None)
-            return
-
-        super(HTTPHeaderDict, self).__setitem__(key, tuple(values))
-
-    def _extend(self, key, values):
-        new_value_tpl = key, values
-        # Inspired by urllib3's implementation - use one call which should be
-        # suitable for the common case.
-        old_value_tpl = self._store.setdefault(key.lower(), new_value_tpl)
-        if old_value_tpl is not new_value_tpl:
-            old_key, old_values = old_value_tpl
-            self._store[key.lower()] = (old_key, old_values + values)
-
-    def add(self, key, val):
-        """Adds a key, value pair to this dictionary - if there is already a
-        value for this key, then the value will be appended to those values.
-        """
-        if not isinstance(val, basestring):
-            raise ValueError('value must be a string-type object')
-
-        self._extend(key, (val,))
-
-    def extend(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        """Like update, but will add values to existing sequences rather than
-        replacing them. You can pass a mapping object or a sequence of two
-        tuples - values in these objects can be strings or sequence of strings.
-        """
-        if len(args) > 1:
-            raise TypeError(
-                f"extend() takes at most 1 positional "
-                "arguments ({len(args)} given)"
-            )
-
-        for other in args + (kwargs,):
-            if isinstance(other, collections.Mapping):
-                # See if looks like a HTTPHeaderDict (either urllib3's
-                # implementation or ours). If so, then we have to add values
-                # in one go for each key.
-                multiget = getattr(other, 'getlist', None)
-                if multiget:
-                    for key in other:
-                        self._extend(key, tuple(multiget(key)))
-                    continue
-
-                # Otherwise, just walk over items to get them.
-                item_seq = other.items()
-            else:
-                item_seq = other
-            for ik, iv in item_seq:
-                if isinstance(iv, basestring):
-                    self._extend(ik, (iv,))
-                elif any(not isinstance(v, basestring) for v in iv):
-                    raise ValueError('non-string items in sequence')
-
-                else:
-                    self._extend(ik, tuple(iv))
-
-    @property
-    def _as_dict(self):
-        """A dictionary representation of the HTTPHeaderDict."""
-        d = {}
-        for k, vals in self._store.values():
-            d[k] = vals[0] if len(vals) == 1 else vals
-        return d
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return repr(self._as_dict)
-
-
 class LookupDict(dict):
     """Dictionary lookup object."""
 
     def __init__(self, name=None):
         self.name = name
-        super(LookupDict, self).__init__()
+        super().__init__()
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f'<lookup \'{self.name}\'>'
+        return f"<lookup '{self.name}'>"
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         # We allow fall-through here, so values default to None
-        return self.__dict__.get(key, None)
 
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return super(LookupDict, self).__dir__()
+        return self.__dict__.get(key, None)
 
     def get(self, key, default=None):
         return self.__dict__.get(key, default)

requests/types.py

@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-from typing import (
-    Callable,
-    Optional,
-    Union,
-    Any,
-    Iterable,
-    List,
-    Mapping,
-    MutableMapping,
-    Tuple,
-    IO,
-    Text,
-    Type,
-    Dict,
-)
-
-from .import auth
-from .models import Response, PreparedRequest
-from .cookies import RequestsCookieJar
-from .sessions import Session
-
-_ParamsMappingValueType = Union[
-    str, bytes, int, float, Iterable[Union[str, bytes, int, float]]
-]
-Params = Optional[
-    Union[
-        Mapping[Union[str, bytes, int, float], _ParamsMappingValueType],
-        Union[str, bytes],
-        Tuple[Union[str, bytes, int, float], _ParamsMappingValueType],
-        Mapping[str, _ParamsMappingValueType],
-        Mapping[bytes, _ParamsMappingValueType],
-        Mapping[int, _ParamsMappingValueType],
-        Mapping[float, _ParamsMappingValueType],
-    ]
-]
-Data = Union[
-    None,
-    bytes,
-    MutableMapping[str, str],
-    MutableMapping[str, Text],
-    MutableMapping[Text, str],
-    MutableMapping[Text, Text],
-    Iterable[Tuple[str, str]],
-    IO,
-]
-_Hook = Callable[[Response], Any]
-Method = str
-URL = str
-Headers = Optional[Union[None, MutableMapping[Text, Text]]]
-Cookies = Optional[Union[None, RequestsCookieJar, MutableMapping[Text, Text]]]
-Files = Optional[MutableMapping[Text, IO]]
-Auth = Union[
-    None,
-    Tuple[Text, Text],
-    auth.AuthBase,
-    Callable[[PreparedRequest], PreparedRequest],
-]
-Timeout = Union[None, float, Tuple[float, float]]
-AllowRedirects = Optional[bool]
-Proxies = Optional[MutableMapping[Text, Text]]
-Hooks = Optional[MutableMapping[Text, Union[Iterable[_Hook], _Hook]]]
-Stream = Optional[bool]
-Verify = Union[None, bool, Text]
-Cert = Union[Text, Tuple[Text, Text]]
-JSON = Optional[MutableMapping]
-Help = Dict
-Host = str
-Sequence = List
-Filename = str
-KeyValueList = List[Tuple[Text, Text]]
-String = str
-Boolean = Union[bool, None]

requirements-dev.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+-e .[socks]
+pytest>=2.8.0,<=6.2.5
+pytest-cov
+pytest-httpbin==1.0.0
+pytest-mock==2.0.0
+httpbin==0.7.0
+trustme
+wheel
+cryptography<40.0.0; python_version <= '3.7' and platform_python_implementation == 'PyPy'
+
+# Flask Stack
+Flask>1.0,<2.0
+markupsafe<2.1

setup.cfg

@@ -1,2 +1,17 @@
-[bdist_wheel]
-universal = 1
+[metadata]
+license_file = LICENSE
+provides-extra =
+    socks
+    use_chardet_on_py3
+requires-dist =
+    certifi>=2017.4.17
+    charset_normalizer>=2,<4
+    idna>=2.5,<4
+    urllib3>=1.21.1,<1.27
+
+[flake8]
+ignore = E203, E501, W503
+per-file-ignores =
+    requests/__init__.py:E402, F401
+    requests/compat.py:E402, F401
+    tests/compat.py:F401

setup.py

@@ -1,55 +1,44 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# Learn more: https://github.com/kennethreitz/setup.py
 import os
 import sys
-
 from codecs import open
 
 from setuptools import setup
 from setuptools.command.test import test as TestCommand
 
-here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+CURRENT_PYTHON = sys.version_info[:2]
+REQUIRED_PYTHON = (3, 7)
 
+if CURRENT_PYTHON < REQUIRED_PYTHON:
+    sys.stderr.write(
+        """
+==========================
+Unsupported Python version
+==========================
+This version of Requests requires at least Python {}.{}, but
+you're trying to install it on Python {}.{}. To resolve this,
+consider upgrading to a supported Python version.
 
-class Format(TestCommand):
-    user_options = []
-
-    def initialize_options(self):
-        TestCommand.initialize_options(self)
-        pass
-
-    def finalize_options(self):
-        pass
-
-    def run_tests(self):
-        os.system('white requests')
+If you can't upgrade your Python version, you'll need to
+pin to an older version of Requests (<2.28).
+""".format(
+            *(REQUIRED_PYTHON + CURRENT_PYTHON)
+        )
+    )
+    sys.exit(1)
 
 
 class PyTest(TestCommand):
-    user_options = [('pytest-args=', 'a', "Arguments to pass into py.test")]
+    user_options = [("pytest-args=", "a", "Arguments to pass into py.test")]
 
     def initialize_options(self):
         TestCommand.initialize_options(self)
-        self.pytest_args = ['-n', 'auto']
+        try:
+            from multiprocessing import cpu_count
 
-    def finalize_options(self):
-        TestCommand.finalize_options(self)
-        self.test_args = []
-        self.test_suite = True
-
-    def run_tests(self):
-        import pytest
-
-        errno = pytest.main(self.pytest_args)
-        sys.exit(errno)
-
-
-class MyPyTest(TestCommand):
-    user_options = [('pytest-args=', 'a', "Arguments to pass into py.test")]
-
-    def initialize_options(self):
-        TestCommand.initialize_options(self)
-        self.pytest_args = ['-n', 'auto', '--mypy', 'tests']
+            self.pytest_args = ["-n", str(cpu_count()), "--boxed"]
+        except (ImportError, NotImplementedError):
+            self.pytest_args = ["-n", "1", "--boxed"]
 
     def finalize_options(self):
         TestCommand.finalize_options(self)
@@ -64,71 +53,80 @@ class MyPyTest(TestCommand):
 
 
 # 'setup.py publish' shortcut.
-if sys.argv[-1] == 'publish':
-    os.system('python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel')
-    os.system('twine upload dist/*')
+if sys.argv[-1] == "publish":
+    os.system("python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel")
+    os.system("twine upload dist/*")
     sys.exit()
-packages = ['requests']
+
 requires = [
-    'chardet>=3.0.2,<3.1.0',
-    'idna>=2.5,<2.7',
-    'urllib3>=1.21.1,<1.23',
-    'certifi>=2017.4.17',
-    'rfc3986>=1.1.0<2',
+    "charset_normalizer>=2,<4",
+    "idna>=2.5,<4",
+    "urllib3>=1.21.1,<3",
+    "certifi>=2017.4.17",
 ]
 test_requirements = [
-    'pytest-httpbin==0.0.7',
-    'pytest-cov',
-    'pytest-mock',
-    'pytest-xdist',
-    'PySocks>=1.5.6, !=1.5.7',
-    'pytest>=2.8.0',
-    'pytest-mypy',
-    'mypy',
-    'white',
+    "pytest-httpbin==0.0.7",
+    "pytest-cov",
+    "pytest-mock",
+    "pytest-xdist",
+    "PySocks>=1.5.6, !=1.5.7",
+    "pytest>=3",
 ]
+
 about = {}
-with open(os.path.join(here, 'requests', '__version__.py'), 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
-    exec (f.read(), about)
-with open('README.rst', 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
+here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+with open(os.path.join(here, "requests", "__version__.py"), "r", "utf-8") as f:
+    exec(f.read(), about)
+
+with open("README.md", "r", "utf-8") as f:
     readme = f.read()
-with open('HISTORY.rst', 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
-    history = f.read()
+
 setup(
-    name=about['__title__'],
-    version=about['__version__'],
-    description=about['__description__'],
-    long_description=readme + '\n\n' + history,
-    author=about['__author__'],
-    author_email=about['__author_email__'],
-    url=about['__url__'],
-    packages=packages,
-    package_data={'': ['LICENSE', 'NOTICE'], 'requests': ['*.pem']},
-    package_dir={'requests': 'requests'},
+    name=about["__title__"],
+    version=about["__version__"],
+    description=about["__description__"],
+    long_description=readme,
+    long_description_content_type="text/markdown",
+    author=about["__author__"],
+    author_email=about["__author_email__"],
+    url=about["__url__"],
+    packages=["requests"],
+    package_data={"": ["LICENSE", "NOTICE"]},
+    package_dir={"requests": "requests"},
     include_package_data=True,
+    python_requires=">=3.7",
     install_requires=requires,
-    license=about['__license__'],
+    license=about["__license__"],
     zip_safe=False,
-    classifiers=(
-        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
-        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
-        'Natural Language :: English',
-        'License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License',
-        'Programming Language :: Python',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy',
-    ),
-    cmdclass={'test': PyTest, 'mypy': MyPyTest, 'format': Format},
+    classifiers=[
+        "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
+        "Environment :: Web Environment",
+        "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+        "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
+        "Natural Language :: English",
+        "Operating System :: OS Independent",
+        "Programming Language :: Python",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy",
+        "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP",
+        "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries",
+    ],
+    cmdclass={"test": PyTest},
     tests_require=test_requirements,
     extras_require={
-        'security': ['pyOpenSSL>=0.14', 'cryptography>=1.3.4', 'idna>=2.0.0'],
-        'socks': ['PySocks>=1.5.6, !=1.5.7'],
-        'socks:sys_platform == "win32" and python_version == "2.7"': [
-            'win_inet_pton'
-        ],
+        "security": [],
+        "socks": ["PySocks>=1.5.6, !=1.5.7"],
+        "use_chardet_on_py3": ["chardet>=3.0.2,<6"],
+    },
+    project_urls={
+        "Documentation": "https://requests.readthedocs.io",
+        "Source": "https://github.com/psf/requests",
     },
 )

tests/__init__.py

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Requests test package initialisation."""
 
 import warnings
 
-import urllib3
-from urllib3.exceptions import SNIMissingWarning
+try:
+    from urllib3.exceptions import SNIMissingWarning
 
-# urllib3 sets SNIMissingWarning to only go off once,
-# while this test suite requires it to always fire
-# so that it occurs during test_requests.test_https_warnings
-warnings.simplefilter('always', SNIMissingWarning)
+    # urllib3 1.x sets SNIMissingWarning to only go off once,
+    # while this test suite requires it to always fire
+    # so that it occurs during test_requests.test_https_warnings
+    warnings.simplefilter("always", SNIMissingWarning)
+except ImportError:
+    # urllib3 2.0 removed that warning and errors out instead
+    SNIMissingWarning = None

tests/compat.py

@@ -1,6 +1,23 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-import io as StringIO
+import warnings
+
+try:
+    import StringIO
+except ImportError:
+    import io as StringIO
+
+try:
+    from cStringIO import StringIO as cStringIO
+except ImportError:
+    cStringIO = None
 
 
 def u(s):
+    warnings.warn(
+        (
+            "This helper function is no longer relevant in Python 3. "
+            "Usage of this alias should be discontinued as it will be "
+            "removed in a future release of Requests."
+        ),
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
     return s

tests/conftest.py

@@ -1,14 +1,23 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+try:
+    from http.server import HTTPServer, SimpleHTTPRequestHandler
+except ImportError:
+    from BaseHTTPServer import HTTPServer
+    from SimpleHTTPServer import SimpleHTTPRequestHandler
+
+import ssl
+import threading
+
 import pytest
-from urllib.parse import urljoin
+
+from requests.compat import urljoin
 
 
 def prepare_url(value):
     # Issue #1483: Make sure the URL always has a trailing slash
-    httpbin_url = value.url.rstrip('/') + '/'
+    httpbin_url = value.url.rstrip("/") + "/"
 
     def inner(*suffix):
-        return urljoin(httpbin_url, '/'.join(suffix))
+        return urljoin(httpbin_url, "/".join(suffix))
 
     return inner
 
@@ -21,3 +30,29 @@ def httpbin(httpbin):
 @pytest.fixture
 def httpbin_secure(httpbin_secure):
     return prepare_url(httpbin_secure)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def nosan_server(tmp_path_factory):
+    # delay importing until the fixture in order to make it possible
+    # to deselect the test via command-line when trustme is not available
+    import trustme
+
+    tmpdir = tmp_path_factory.mktemp("certs")
+    ca = trustme.CA()
+    # only commonName, no subjectAltName
+    server_cert = ca.issue_cert(common_name="localhost")
+    ca_bundle = str(tmpdir / "ca.pem")
+    ca.cert_pem.write_to_path(ca_bundle)
+
+    context = ssl.create_default_context(ssl.Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH)
+    server_cert.configure_cert(context)
+    server = HTTPServer(("localhost", 0), SimpleHTTPRequestHandler)
+    server.socket = context.wrap_socket(server.socket, server_side=True)
+    server_thread = threading.Thread(target=server.serve_forever)
+    server_thread.start()
+
+    yield "localhost", server.server_address[1], ca_bundle
+
+    server.shutdown()
+    server_thread.join()

tests/test_help.py

@@ -1,31 +1,12 @@
-# -*- encoding: utf-8
-import sys
-
-import pytest
-
 from requests.help import info
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(
-    sys.version_info[:2] != (2, 6), reason="Only run on Python 2.6"
-)
-def test_system_ssl_py26():
-    """OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER isn't provided in Python 2.6, verify we don't
-    blow up in this case.
-    """
-    assert info()['system_ssl'] == {'version': ''}
-
-
-@pytest.mark.skipif(
-    sys.version_info < (2, 7), reason="Only run on Python 2.7+"
-)
 def test_system_ssl():
     """Verify we're actually setting system_ssl when it should be available."""
-    assert info()['system_ssl']['version'] != ''
+    assert info()["system_ssl"]["version"] != ""
 
 
-class VersionedPackage(object):
-
+class VersionedPackage:
     def __init__(self, version):
         self.__version__ = version
 
@@ -34,11 +15,11 @@ def test_idna_without_version_attribute(mocker):
     """Older versions of IDNA don't provide a __version__ attribute, verify
     that if we have such a package, we don't blow up.
     """
-    mocker.patch('requests.help.idna', new=None)
-    assert info()['idna'] == {'version': ''}
+    mocker.patch("requests.help.idna", new=None)
+    assert info()["idna"] == {"version": ""}
 
 
 def test_idna_with_version_attribute(mocker):
     """Verify we're actually setting idna version when it should be available."""
-    mocker.patch('requests.help.idna', new=VersionedPackage('2.6'))
-    assert info()['idna'] == {'version': '2.6'}
+    mocker.patch("requests.help.idna", new=VersionedPackage("2.6"))
+    assert info()["idna"] == {"version": "2.6"}

tests/test_hooks.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import pytest
 
 from requests import hooks
@@ -9,13 +8,15 @@ def hook(value):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    'hooks_list, result', ((hook, 'ata'), ([hook, lambda x: None, hook], 'ta'))
+    "hooks_list, result",
+    (
+        (hook, "ata"),
+        ([hook, lambda x: None, hook], "ta"),
+    ),
 )
 def test_hooks(hooks_list, result):
-    assert hooks.dispatch_hook(
-        'response', {'response': hooks_list}, 'Data'
-    ) == result
+    assert hooks.dispatch_hook("response", {"response": hooks_list}, "Data") == result
 
 
 def test_default_hooks():
-    assert hooks.default_hooks() == {'response': []}
+    assert hooks.default_hooks() == {"response": []}

tests/test_lowlevel.py

@@ -1,66 +1,152 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-import pytest
 import threading
-import requests
 
+import pytest
 from tests.testserver.server import Server, consume_socket_content
 
+import requests
+from requests.compat import JSONDecodeError
+
 from .utils import override_environ
 
 
+def echo_response_handler(sock):
+    """Simple handler that will take request and echo it back to requester."""
+    request_content = consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
+
+    text_200 = (
+        b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
+        b"Content-Length: %d\r\n\r\n"
+        b"%s"
+    ) % (len(request_content), request_content)
+    sock.send(text_200)
+
+
 def test_chunked_upload():
     """can safely send generators"""
     close_server = threading.Event()
     server = Server.basic_response_server(wait_to_close_event=close_server)
-    data = iter([b'a', b'b', b'c'])
+    data = iter([b"a", b"b", b"c"])
+
     with server as (host, port):
-        url = 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(host, port)
+        url = f"http://{host}:{port}/"
         r = requests.post(url, data=data, stream=True)
         close_server.set()  # release server block
+
     assert r.status_code == 200
-    assert r.request.headers['Transfer-Encoding'] == 'chunked'
+    assert r.request.headers["Transfer-Encoding"] == "chunked"
 
 
-def test_incorrect_content_length():
-    """Test ConnectionError raised for incomplete responses"""
+def test_chunked_encoding_error():
+    """get a ChunkedEncodingError if the server returns a bad response"""
+
+    def incomplete_chunked_response_handler(sock):
+        request_content = consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
+
+        # The server never ends the request and doesn't provide any valid chunks
+        sock.send(
+            b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
+            b"Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n"
+        )
+
+        return request_content
+
     close_server = threading.Event()
-    server = Server.text_response_server(
-        "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n" + "Content-Length: 50\r\n\r\n" + "Hello World."
-    )
+    server = Server(incomplete_chunked_response_handler)
+
     with server as (host, port):
-        url = 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(host, port)
-        r = requests.Request('GET', url).prepare()
-        s = requests.Session()
-        with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.ConnectionError) as e:
-            resp = s.send(r)
-        assert "12 bytes read, 38 more expected" in str(e)
+        url = f"http://{host}:{port}/"
+        with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.ChunkedEncodingError):
+            requests.get(url)
         close_server.set()  # release server block
 
 
+def test_chunked_upload_uses_only_specified_host_header():
+    """Ensure we use only the specified Host header for chunked requests."""
+    close_server = threading.Event()
+    server = Server(echo_response_handler, wait_to_close_event=close_server)
+
+    data = iter([b"a", b"b", b"c"])
+    custom_host = "sample-host"
+
+    with server as (host, port):
+        url = f"http://{host}:{port}/"
+        r = requests.post(url, data=data, headers={"Host": custom_host}, stream=True)
+        close_server.set()  # release server block
+
+    expected_header = b"Host: %s\r\n" % custom_host.encode("utf-8")
+    assert expected_header in r.content
+    assert r.content.count(b"Host: ") == 1
+
+
+def test_chunked_upload_doesnt_skip_host_header():
+    """Ensure we don't omit all Host headers with chunked requests."""
+    close_server = threading.Event()
+    server = Server(echo_response_handler, wait_to_close_event=close_server)
+
+    data = iter([b"a", b"b", b"c"])
+
+    with server as (host, port):
+        expected_host = f"{host}:{port}"
+        url = f"http://{host}:{port}/"
+        r = requests.post(url, data=data, stream=True)
+        close_server.set()  # release server block
+
+    expected_header = b"Host: %s\r\n" % expected_host.encode("utf-8")
+    assert expected_header in r.content
+    assert r.content.count(b"Host: ") == 1
+
+
+def test_conflicting_content_lengths():
+    """Ensure we correctly throw an InvalidHeader error if multiple
+    conflicting Content-Length headers are returned.
+    """
+
+    def multiple_content_length_response_handler(sock):
+        request_content = consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
+        response = (
+            b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
+            b"Content-Type: text/plain\r\n"
+            b"Content-Length: 16\r\n"
+            b"Content-Length: 32\r\n\r\n"
+            b"-- Bad Actor -- Original Content\r\n"
+        )
+        sock.send(response)
+
+        return request_content
+
+    close_server = threading.Event()
+    server = Server(multiple_content_length_response_handler)
+
+    with server as (host, port):
+        url = f"http://{host}:{port}/"
+        with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.InvalidHeader):
+            requests.get(url)
+        close_server.set()
+
+
 def test_digestauth_401_count_reset_on_redirect():
     """Ensure we correctly reset num_401_calls after a successful digest auth,
     followed by a 302 redirect to another digest auth prompt.
 
-    See https://github.com/requests/requests/issues/1979.
+    See https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/1979.
     """
-    text_401 = (
-        b'HTTP/1.1 401 UNAUTHORIZED\r\n'
-        b'Content-Length: 0\r\n'
-        b'WWW-Authenticate: Digest nonce="6bf5d6e4da1ce66918800195d6b9130d"'
-        b', opaque="372825293d1c26955496c80ed6426e9e", '
-        b'realm="me@kennethreitz.com", qop=auth\r\n\r\n'
-    )
-    text_302 = (
-        b'HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND\r\n'
-        b'Content-Length: 0\r\n'
-        b'Location: /\r\n\r\n'
-    )
-    text_200 = (b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n' b'Content-Length: 0\r\n\r\n')
-    expected_digest = (
-        b'Authorization: Digest username="user", '
-        b'realm="me@kennethreitz.com", '
-        b'nonce="6bf5d6e4da1ce66918800195d6b9130d", uri="/"'
-    )
+    text_401 = (b'HTTP/1.1 401 UNAUTHORIZED\r\n'
+                b'Content-Length: 0\r\n'
+                b'WWW-Authenticate: Digest nonce="6bf5d6e4da1ce66918800195d6b9130d"'
+                b', opaque="372825293d1c26955496c80ed6426e9e", '
+                b'realm="me@kennethreitz.com", qop=auth\r\n\r\n')
+
+    text_302 = (b'HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND\r\n'
+                b'Content-Length: 0\r\n'
+                b'Location: /\r\n\r\n')
+
+    text_200 = (b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n'
+                b'Content-Length: 0\r\n\r\n')
+
+    expected_digest = (b'Authorization: Digest username="user", '
+                       b'realm="me@kennethreitz.com", '
+                       b'nonce="6bf5d6e4da1ce66918800195d6b9130d", uri="/"')
+
     auth = requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
 
     def digest_response_handler(sock):
@@ -68,25 +154,30 @@ def test_digestauth_401_count_reset_on_redirect():
         request_content = consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
         assert request_content.startswith(b"GET / HTTP/1.1")
         sock.send(text_401)
+
         # Verify we receive an Authorization header in response, then redirect.
         request_content = consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
         assert expected_digest in request_content
         sock.send(text_302)
+
         # Verify Authorization isn't sent to the redirected host,
         # then send another challenge.
         request_content = consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
         assert b'Authorization:' not in request_content
         sock.send(text_401)
+
         # Verify Authorization is sent correctly again, and return 200 OK.
         request_content = consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
         assert expected_digest in request_content
         sock.send(text_200)
+
         return request_content
 
     close_server = threading.Event()
     server = Server(digest_response_handler, wait_to_close_event=close_server)
+
     with server as (host, port):
-        url = 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(host, port)
+        url = f'http://{host}:{port}/'
         r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
         # Verify server succeeded in authenticating.
         assert r.status_code == 200
@@ -102,18 +193,16 @@ def test_digestauth_401_only_sent_once():
     """Ensure we correctly respond to a 401 challenge once, and then
     stop responding if challenged again.
     """
-    text_401 = (
-        b'HTTP/1.1 401 UNAUTHORIZED\r\n'
-        b'Content-Length: 0\r\n'
-        b'WWW-Authenticate: Digest nonce="6bf5d6e4da1ce66918800195d6b9130d"'
-        b', opaque="372825293d1c26955496c80ed6426e9e", '
-        b'realm="me@kennethreitz.com", qop=auth\r\n\r\n'
-    )
-    expected_digest = (
-        b'Authorization: Digest username="user", '
-        b'realm="me@kennethreitz.com", '
-        b'nonce="6bf5d6e4da1ce66918800195d6b9130d", uri="/"'
-    )
+    text_401 = (b'HTTP/1.1 401 UNAUTHORIZED\r\n'
+                b'Content-Length: 0\r\n'
+                b'WWW-Authenticate: Digest nonce="6bf5d6e4da1ce66918800195d6b9130d"'
+                b', opaque="372825293d1c26955496c80ed6426e9e", '
+                b'realm="me@kennethreitz.com", qop=auth\r\n\r\n')
+
+    expected_digest = (b'Authorization: Digest username="user", '
+                       b'realm="me@kennethreitz.com", '
+                       b'nonce="6bf5d6e4da1ce66918800195d6b9130d", uri="/"')
+
     auth = requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
 
     def digest_failed_response_handler(sock):
@@ -121,22 +210,24 @@ def test_digestauth_401_only_sent_once():
         request_content = consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
         assert request_content.startswith(b"GET / HTTP/1.1")
         sock.send(text_401)
+
         # Verify we receive an Authorization header in response, then
         # challenge again.
         request_content = consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
         assert expected_digest in request_content
         sock.send(text_401)
+
         # Verify the client didn't respond to second challenge.
         request_content = consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
         assert request_content == b''
+
         return request_content
 
     close_server = threading.Event()
-    server = Server(
-        digest_failed_response_handler, wait_to_close_event=close_server
-    )
+    server = Server(digest_failed_response_handler, wait_to_close_event=close_server)
+
     with server as (host, port):
-        url = 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(host, port)
+        url = f'http://{host}:{port}/'
         r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
         # Verify server didn't authenticate us.
         assert r.status_code == 401
@@ -147,15 +238,14 @@ def test_digestauth_401_only_sent_once():
 def test_digestauth_only_on_4xx():
     """Ensure we only send digestauth on 4xx challenges.
 
-    See https://github.com/requests/requests/issues/3772.
+    See https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/3772.
     """
-    text_200_chal = (
-        b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n'
-        b'Content-Length: 0\r\n'
-        b'WWW-Authenticate: Digest nonce="6bf5d6e4da1ce66918800195d6b9130d"'
-        b', opaque="372825293d1c26955496c80ed6426e9e", '
-        b'realm="me@kennethreitz.com", qop=auth\r\n\r\n'
-    )
+    text_200_chal = (b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n'
+                     b'Content-Length: 0\r\n'
+                     b'WWW-Authenticate: Digest nonce="6bf5d6e4da1ce66918800195d6b9130d"'
+                     b', opaque="372825293d1c26955496c80ed6426e9e", '
+                     b'realm="me@kennethreitz.com", qop=auth\r\n\r\n')
+
     auth = requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
 
     def digest_response_handler(sock):
@@ -163,15 +253,18 @@ def test_digestauth_only_on_4xx():
         request_content = consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
         assert request_content.startswith(b"GET / HTTP/1.1")
         sock.send(text_200_chal)
+
         # Verify the client didn't respond with auth.
         request_content = consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
         assert request_content == b''
+
         return request_content
 
     close_server = threading.Event()
     server = Server(digest_response_handler, wait_to_close_event=close_server)
+
     with server as (host, port):
-        url = 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(host, port)
+        url = f'http://{host}:{port}/'
         r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
         # Verify server didn't receive auth from us.
         assert r.status_code == 200
@@ -180,60 +273,156 @@ def test_digestauth_only_on_4xx():
 
 
 _schemes_by_var_prefix = [
-    ('http', ['http']), ('https', ['https']), ('all', ['http', 'https'])
+    ('http', ['http']),
+    ('https', ['https']),
+    ('all', ['http', 'https']),
 ]
+
 _proxy_combos = []
 for prefix, schemes in _schemes_by_var_prefix:
     for scheme in schemes:
-        _proxy_combos.append(("{0}_proxy".format(prefix), scheme))
+        _proxy_combos.append((f"{prefix}_proxy", scheme))
+
 _proxy_combos += [(var.upper(), scheme) for var, scheme in _proxy_combos]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("var,scheme", _proxy_combos)
 def test_use_proxy_from_environment(httpbin, var, scheme):
-    url = "{0}://httpbin.org".format(scheme)
-    fake_proxy = Server(
-    )  # do nothing with the requests; just close the socket
+    url = f"{scheme}://httpbin.org"
+    fake_proxy = Server()  # do nothing with the requests; just close the socket
     with fake_proxy as (host, port):
-        proxy_url = "socks5://{0}:{1}".format(host, port)
+        proxy_url = f"socks5://{host}:{port}"
         kwargs = {var: proxy_url}
         with override_environ(**kwargs):
             # fake proxy's lack of response will cause a ConnectionError
             with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.ConnectionError):
                 requests.get(url)
+
         # the fake proxy received a request
         assert len(fake_proxy.handler_results) == 1
+
         # it had actual content (not checking for SOCKS protocol for now)
         assert len(fake_proxy.handler_results[0]) > 0
 
 
 def test_redirect_rfc1808_to_non_ascii_location():
-    path = u'š'
+    path = 'š'
     expected_path = b'%C5%A1'
     redirect_request = []  # stores the second request to the server
 
     def redirect_resp_handler(sock):
         consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
-        location = u'//{0}:{1}/{2}'.format(host, port, path)
+        location = f'//{host}:{port}/{path}'
         sock.send(
-            b'HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\r\n'
-            b'Content-Length: 0\r\n'
-            b'Location: ' + location.encode('utf8') + b'\r\n'
-            b'\r\n'
+            (
+                b'HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\r\n'
+                b'Content-Length: 0\r\n'
+                b'Location: %s\r\n'
+                b'\r\n'
+            ) % location.encode('utf8')
         )
         redirect_request.append(consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5))
         sock.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n')
 
     close_server = threading.Event()
     server = Server(redirect_resp_handler, wait_to_close_event=close_server)
+
     with server as (host, port):
-        url = u'http://{0}:{1}'.format(host, port)
+        url = f'http://{host}:{port}'
         r = requests.get(url=url, allow_redirects=True)
         assert r.status_code == 200
         assert len(r.history) == 1
         assert r.history[0].status_code == 301
-        assert redirect_request[0].startswith(
-            b'GET /' + expected_path + b' HTTP/1.1'
-        )
-        assert r.url == u'{0}/{1}'.format(url, expected_path.decode('ascii'))
+        assert redirect_request[0].startswith(b'GET /' + expected_path + b' HTTP/1.1')
+        assert r.url == '{}/{}'.format(url, expected_path.decode('ascii'))
+
         close_server.set()
+
+
+def test_fragment_not_sent_with_request():
+    """Verify that the fragment portion of a URI isn't sent to the server."""
+    close_server = threading.Event()
+    server = Server(echo_response_handler, wait_to_close_event=close_server)
+
+    with server as (host, port):
+        url = f'http://{host}:{port}/path/to/thing/#view=edit&token=hunter2'
+        r = requests.get(url)
+        raw_request = r.content
+
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+        headers, body = raw_request.split(b'\r\n\r\n', 1)
+        status_line, headers = headers.split(b'\r\n', 1)
+
+        assert status_line == b'GET /path/to/thing/ HTTP/1.1'
+        for frag in (b'view', b'edit', b'token', b'hunter2'):
+            assert frag not in headers
+            assert frag not in body
+
+        close_server.set()
+
+
+def test_fragment_update_on_redirect():
+    """Verify we only append previous fragment if one doesn't exist on new
+    location. If a new fragment is encountered in a Location header, it should
+    be added to all subsequent requests.
+    """
+
+    def response_handler(sock):
+        consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
+        sock.send(
+            b'HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND\r\n'
+            b'Content-Length: 0\r\n'
+            b'Location: /get#relevant-section\r\n\r\n'
+        )
+        consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
+        sock.send(
+            b'HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND\r\n'
+            b'Content-Length: 0\r\n'
+            b'Location: /final-url/\r\n\r\n'
+        )
+        consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
+        sock.send(
+            b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n'
+        )
+
+    close_server = threading.Event()
+    server = Server(response_handler, wait_to_close_event=close_server)
+
+    with server as (host, port):
+        url = f'http://{host}:{port}/path/to/thing/#view=edit&token=hunter2'
+        r = requests.get(url)
+
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+        assert len(r.history) == 2
+        assert r.history[0].request.url == url
+
+        # Verify we haven't overwritten the location with our previous fragment.
+        assert r.history[1].request.url == f'http://{host}:{port}/get#relevant-section'
+        # Verify previous fragment is used and not the original.
+        assert r.url == f'http://{host}:{port}/final-url/#relevant-section'
+
+        close_server.set()
+
+
+def test_json_decode_compatibility_for_alt_utf_encodings():
+
+    def response_handler(sock):
+        consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)
+        sock.send(
+            b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n'
+            b'Content-Length: 18\r\n\r\n'
+            b'\xff\xfe{\x00"\x00K0"\x00=\x00"\x00\xab0"\x00\r\n'
+        )
+
+    close_server = threading.Event()
+    server = Server(response_handler, wait_to_close_event=close_server)
+
+    with server as (host, port):
+        url = f'http://{host}:{port}/'
+        r = requests.get(url)
+    r.encoding = None
+    with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.JSONDecodeError) as excinfo:
+        r.json()
+    assert isinstance(excinfo.value, requests.exceptions.RequestException)
+    assert isinstance(excinfo.value, JSONDecodeError)
+    assert r.text not in str(excinfo.value)