Bump https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit (#7616)

Bumps the pre-commit group with 1 update: [https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit).


Updates `https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit` from v0.16.3 to 0.16.4
- [Release notes](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.16.3...v0.16.4)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
  dependency-version: 0.16.4
  dependency-type: direct:production
  dependency-group: pre-commit
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

.coveragerc

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 [run]
-omit = requests/packages/*
+omit = requests/packages/*

.git-blame-ignore-revs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# You can configure git to automatically use this file with the following config:
+# git config --global blame.ignoreRevsFile .git-blame-ignore-revs
+
+# Add automatic code formatting to Requests
+2a6f290bc09324406708a4d404a88a45d848ddf9

.github/AI_POLICY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# Generative AI / LLM Policy
+
+We appreciate that we can't realistically police how you author your pull requests, which includes whether you employ large-language model (LLM)-based development tools.
+So, we don't.
+
+However, due to both legal and human reasons, we have to establish boundaries.
+
+> [!CAUTION]
+> **TL;DR:**
+> - We take the responsibility for this project very seriously and we expect you to take your responsibility for your contributions seriously, too.
+>   This used to be a given, but it changed now that a pull request is just one prompt away.
+>
+> - Every contribution has to be backed by a human who unequivocally owns the copyright for all changes.
+>   No LLM bots in `Co-authored-by:`s.
+>
+> - DoS-by-slop leads to a permanent ban.
+>
+> - Absolutely **no** unsupervised agentic tools like OpenClaw.
+>
+> ---
+>
+> By submitting a pull request, you certify that:
+>
+> - You are the author of the contribution or have the legal right to submit it.
+> - You either hold the copyright to the changes or have explicit legal authorization to contribute them under this project's license.
+> - You understand the code.
+> - You accept full responsibility for it.
+
+
+## Legal
+
+There is ongoing legal uncertainty regarding the copyright status of LLM-generated works and their provenance.
+Since we do not have a formal [Contributor License Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_license_agreement) (CLA), you retain your copyright to your changes to this project.
+
+Therefore, allowing contributions by LLMs has unpredictable consequences for the copyright status of this project – even when leaving aside possible copyright violations due to plagiarism.
+
+
+## Human
+
+As the makers of software that is used by millions of people worldwide and with a reputation for high-quality maintenance, we take our responsibility to our users very seriously.
+No matter what LLM vendors or boosters on LinkedIn tell you, we have to manually review every change before merging, because it's **our responsibility** to keep the project stable.
+
+Please understand that by opening low-quality pull requests you're not helping anyone.
+Worse, you're [poisoning the open source ecosystem](https://lwn.net/Articles/1058266/) that was precarious even before the arrival of LLM tools.
+Having to wade through plausible-looking-but-low-quality pull requests and trying to determine which ones are legit is extremely demoralizing and has already burned out many good maintainers.
+
+Put bluntly, we have no time or interest to become part of your vibe coding loop where you drop LLM slop at our door, we spend time and energy to review it, and you just feed it back into the LLM for another iteration.
+
+This dynamic is especially pernicious because it poisons the well for mentoring new contributors which we are committed to.
+
+
+## Summary
+
+In practice, this means:
+
+- Pull requests that have an LLM product listed as co-author can't be merged and will be closed without further discussion.
+  We cannot risk the copyright status of this project.
+
+  If you used LLM tools during development, you may still submit – but you must remove any LLM co-author tags and take full ownership of every line.
+
+- By submitting a pull request, **you** take full **technical and legal** responsibility for the contents of the pull request and promise that **you** hold the copyright for the changes submitted.
+
+  "An LLM wrote it" is **not** an acceptable response to questions or critique.
+  **If you cannot explain and defend the changes you submit, do not submit them** and open a high-quality bug report/feature request instead.
+
+- Accounts that exercise bot-like behavior – like automated mass pull requests – will be permanently banned, whether they belong to a human or not.
+
+- Do **not** post LLM-generated review comments – we can prompt LLMs ourselves should we desire their wisdom.
+  Do **not** post summaries unless you've fact-checked them and take responsibility for 100% of their content.
+  Remember that *all* LLM output *looks* **plausible**.
+  When using these tools, it's **your** responsibility to ensure that it's also **correct** and has a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio.
+
+---
+
+# Credits, Attribution
+
+The original version of this can be found in [pyca/service-identity][] and is
+used with permission from Hynek Schlawack.
+
+[pyca/service-identity]:
+    https://github.com/pyca/service-identity/blob/fa91bf55cfda64145aa3d202cc84059befb98af4/.github/AI_POLICY.md

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Restrict all files related to deploying to
+# require lead maintainer approval.
+
+.github/workflows/            @nateprewitt @sigmavirus24
+.github/CODEOWNERS            @nateprewitt @sigmavirus24
+src/requests/__version__.py   @nateprewitt @sigmavirus24
+HISTORY.md                    @nateprewitt @sigmavirus24
+pyproject.toml                @nateprewitt @sigmavirus24

.github/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Treat each other well
+
+Everyone participating in the _requests_ project, and in particular in the issue tracker,
+pull requests, and social media activity, is expected to treat other people with respect
+and more generally to follow the guidelines articulated in the
+[Python Community Code of Conduct](https://www.python.org/psf/codeofconduct/).

.github/CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 # Contribution Guidelines
 
-Before opening any issues or proposing any pull requests, please do the
-following:
-
-1. Read our [Contributor's Guide](http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/dev/contributing/).
-2. Understand our [development philosophy](http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/dev/philosophy/).
+Before opening any issues or proposing any pull requests, please read
+our [Contributor's Guide](https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/dev/contributing/)
+as well as our [AI Policy](/.github/AI_POLICY.md).
 
 To get the greatest chance of helpful responses, please also observe the
 following additional notes.
@@ -55,3 +53,14 @@ Please be aware of the following things when filing bug reports:
    If you do not provide all of these things, it will take us much longer to
    fix your problem. If we ask you to clarify these and you never respond, we
    will close your issue without fixing it.
+
+## Good Pull Requests
+
+1. Avoid raising duplicate pull requests. *Please* use the GitHub pull request
+   search feature to check whether someone else has already filed a pull
+   request.
+2. When filing a pull request, always include tests that fail without your
+   changes thus preventing the fix from regressing.
+3. Always run the test suite locally
+4. Write commit messages that explain _why_ a change was made beyond "Fixes
+   #NNNN". Why is this the right fix? What other options were ruled out? etc.

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+custom: ['https://www.python.org/psf/sponsorship/']

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ import requests
 
 This command is only available on Requests v2.16.4 and greater. Otherwise,
 please provide some basic information about your system (Python version,
-operating system, &c).
+operating system, &c).

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/Bug_report.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+name: Bug report
+about: Create a report to help us improve
+
+---
+
+<!-- Summary. -->
+
+## Expected Result
+
+<!-- What you expected. -->
+
+## Actual Result
+
+<!-- What happened instead. -->
+
+## Reproduction Steps
+
+```python
+import requests
+
+```
+
+## System Information
+
+    $ python -m requests.help
+
+```json
+{
+  "paste": "here"
+}
+```
+
+<!-- This command is only available on Requests v2.16.4 and greater. Otherwise,
+please provide some basic information about your system (Python version,
+operating system, &c). -->

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/Custom.md

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+---
+name: Request for Help
+about: Guidance on using Requests.
+labels:
+- "Question/Not a bug"
+- "actions/autoclose-qa"
+
+---
+
+Please refer to our [Stack Overflow tag](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/python-requests) for guidance.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/Feature_request.md

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+---
+name: Feature request
+about: Suggest an idea for this project
+labels:
+- "Feature Request"
+- "actions/autoclose-feat"
+
+---
+
+Requests is not accepting feature requests at this time.

.github/SECURITY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# Vulnerability Disclosure
+
+If you think you have found a potential security vulnerability in
+requests, please open a [draft Security Advisory](https://github.com/psf/requests/security/advisories/new)
+via GitHub. We will coordinate verification and next steps through
+that secure medium.
+
+If English is not your first language, please try to describe the
+problem and its impact to the best of your ability. For greater detail,
+please use your native language and we will try our best to translate it
+using online services.
+
+Please also include the code you used to find the problem and the
+shortest amount of code necessary to reproduce it.
+
+Please do not disclose this to anyone else. We will retrieve a CVE
+identifier if necessary and give you full credit under whatever name or
+alias you provide. We will only request an identifier when we have a fix
+and can publish it in a release.
+
+We will respect your privacy and will only publicize your involvement if
+you grant us permission.
+
+## Process
+
+This following information discusses the process the requests project
+follows in response to vulnerability disclosures. If you are disclosing
+a vulnerability, this section of the documentation lets you know how we
+will respond to your disclosure.
+
+### Timeline
+
+When you report an issue, one of the project members will respond to you
+within two days *at the outside*. In most cases responses will be
+faster, usually within 12 hours. This initial response will at the very
+least confirm receipt of the report.
+
+If we were able to rapidly reproduce the issue, the initial response
+will also contain confirmation of the issue. If we are not, we will
+often ask for more information about the reproduction scenario.
+
+Our goal is to have a fix for any vulnerability released within two
+weeks of the initial disclosure. This may potentially involve shipping
+an interim release that simply disables function while a more mature fix
+can be prepared, but will in the vast majority of cases mean shipping a
+complete release as soon as possible.
+
+Throughout the fix process we will keep you up to speed with how the fix
+is progressing. Once the fix is prepared, we will notify you that we
+believe we have a fix. Often we will ask you to confirm the fix resolves
+the problem in your environment, especially if we are not confident of
+our reproduction scenario.
+
+At this point, we will prepare for the release. We will obtain a CVE
+number if one is required, providing you with full credit for the
+discovery. We will also decide on a planned release date, and let you
+know when it is. This release date will *always* be on a weekday.
+
+At this point we will reach out to our major downstream packagers to
+notify them of an impending security-related patch so they can make
+arrangements. In addition, these packagers will be provided with the
+intended patch ahead of time, to ensure that they are able to promptly
+release their downstream packages. Currently the list of people we
+actively contact *ahead of a public release* is:
+
+-   Python Maintenance Team, Red Hat (python-maint@redhat.com)
+-   Daniele Tricoli, Debian (@eriol)
+
+We will notify these individuals at least a week ahead of our planned
+release date to ensure that they have sufficient time to prepare. If you
+believe you should be on this list, please let one of the maintainers
+know at one of the email addresses at the top of this article.
+
+On release day, we will push the patch to our public repository, along
+with an updated changelog that describes the issue and credits you. We
+will then issue a PyPI release containing the patch.
+
+At this point, we will publicise the release. This will involve mails to
+mailing lists, Tweets, and all other communication mechanisms available
+to the core team.
+
+We will also explicitly mention which commits contain the fix to make it
+easier for other distributors and users to easily patch their own
+versions of requests if upgrading is not an option.

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+    ignore:
+      # Ignore all patch releases as we can manually
+      # upgrade if we run into a bug and need a fix.
+      - dependency-name: "*"
+        update-types: ["version-update:semver-patch"]
+    cooldown:
+      default-days: 7
+    groups:
+      actions:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"
+  - package-ecosystem: "pre-commit"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+    ignore:
+      - dependency-name: "*"
+        update-types: ["version-update:semver-patch"]
+    cooldown:
+      default-days: 7
+    groups:
+      pre-commit:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"

.github/workflows/close-issues.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+name: 'Autoclose Issues'
+
+on:
+  issues:
+    types:
+      - labeled
+
+permissions: {}
+
+jobs:
+  close_qa:
+    permissions:
+      issues: write
+    if: github.event.label.name == 'actions/autoclose-qa'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - env:
+          ISSUE_URL: ${{ github.event.issue.html_url }}
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+        run: |
+          gh issue close $ISSUE_URL \
+            --comment "As described in the template, we won't be able to answer questions on this issue tracker. Please use [Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/)" \
+            --reason completed
+          gh issue lock $ISSUE_URL --reason off_topic
+  close_feature_request:
+    permissions:
+      issues: write
+    if: github.event.label.name == 'actions/autoclose-feat'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - env:
+          ISSUE_URL: ${{ github.event.issue.html_url }}
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+        run: |
+          gh issue close $ISSUE_URL \
+            --comment "As described in the template, Requests is not accepting feature requests" \
+            --reason "not planned"
+          gh issue lock $ISSUE_URL --reason off_topic

.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# For most projects, this workflow file will not need changing; you simply need
+# to commit it to your repository.
+#
+# You may wish to alter this file to override the set of languages analyzed,
+# or to provide custom queries or build logic.
+name: "CodeQL"
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+  pull_request:
+    # The branches below must be a subset of the branches above
+    branches: [main]
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 23 * * 0'
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  analyze:
+    permissions:
+      actions: read  # for github/codeql-action/init to get workflow details
+      contents: read  # for actions/checkout to fetch code
+      security-events: write  # for github/codeql-action/autobuild to send a status report
+    name: Analyze
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+
+
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      with:
+        # We must fetch at least the immediate parents so that if this is
+        # a pull request then we can checkout the head.
+        fetch-depth: 2
+        persist-credentials: false
+
+    # If this run was triggered by a pull request event, then checkout
+    # the head of the pull request instead of the merge commit.
+    - run: git checkout HEAD^2
+      if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+
+    # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
+    - name: Initialize CodeQL
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@99df26d4f13ea111d4ec1a7dddef6063f76b97e9 # v4.37.0
+      with:
+        languages: "python"
+        # If you wish to specify custom queries, you can do so here or in a config file.
+        # By default, queries listed here will override any specified in a config file.
+        # Prefix the list here with "+" to use these queries and those in the config file.
+        # queries: ./path/to/local/query, your-org/your-repo/queries@main
+
+    # Autobuild attempts to build any compiled languages  (C/C++, C#, or Java).
+    # If this step fails, then you should remove it and run the build manually (see below)
+    - name: Autobuild
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@99df26d4f13ea111d4ec1a7dddef6063f76b97e9 # v4.37.0
+
+    # ℹ️ Command-line programs to run using the OS shell.
+    # 📚 https://git.io/JvXDl
+
+    # ✏️ If the Autobuild fails above, remove it and uncomment the following three lines
+    #    and modify them (or add more) to build your code if your project
+    #    uses a compiled language
+
+    #- run: |
+    #   make bootstrap
+    #   make release
+
+    - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@99df26d4f13ea111d4ec1a7dddef6063f76b97e9 # v4.37.0

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+name: Lint code
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  lint:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.x"
+    - name: Run pre-commit
+      run: |
+        python -m pip install pre-commit==4.6.0
+        pre-commit run --show-diff-on-failure --color=always --all-files

.github/workflows/lock-issues.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+name: 'Lock Threads'
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 0 * * *'
+
+permissions:
+  issues: write
+  pull-requests: write
+
+jobs:
+  action:
+    if: github.repository_owner == 'psf'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: dessant/lock-threads@89ae32b08ed1a541efecbab17912962a5e38981c # v6.0.2
+        with:
+            issue-lock-inactive-days: 90
+            pr-lock-inactive-days: 90

.github/workflows/publish.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+name: Publish to PyPI
+
+on:
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - "v*"
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      test-pypi-only:
+        description: "Publish to Test PyPI only"
+        type: boolean
+        default: true
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    name: "Build dists"
+    runs-on: "ubuntu-latest"
+    outputs:
+      artifact-id: ${{ steps.upload-artifact.outputs.artifact-id }}
+
+    steps:
+      - name: "Checkout repository"
+        uses: "actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0" # v7.0.0
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: "Setup Python"
+        uses: "actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97" # v7.0.0
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.x"
+
+      - name: "Install dependencies"
+        run: python -m pip install build==1.4.0
+
+      - name: "Build dists"
+        run: |
+          SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=$(git log -1 --pretty=%ct) \
+          python -m build
+
+      - name: "Upload dists"
+        uses: "actions/upload-artifact@bbbca2ddaa5d8feaa63e36b76fdaad77386f024f"
+        id: upload-artifact
+        with:
+          name: "dist"
+          path: "dist/"
+          if-no-files-found: error
+          retention-days: 5
+
+  publish:
+    name: "Publish"
+    if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')
+    needs: ["build"]
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
+    runs-on: "ubuntu-latest"
+    environment:
+      name: "publish"
+
+    steps:
+    - name: "Download dists"
+      uses: "actions/download-artifact@70fc10c6e5e1ce46ad2ea6f2b72d43f7d47b13c3" # v8.0.0
+      with:
+        artifact-ids: ${{ needs.build.outputs.artifact-id }}
+        path: "dist/"
+
+    - name: "Publish dists to PyPI"
+      uses: "pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@cef221092ed1bacb1cc03d23a2d87d1d172e277b" # v1.14.0
+      with:
+        attestations: true
+
+  publish-test-pypi:
+    name: "Publish to Test PyPI"
+    if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
+    needs: ["build"]
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
+    runs-on: "ubuntu-latest"
+    environment:
+      name: "testpypi"
+
+    steps:
+    - name: "Download dists"
+      uses: "actions/download-artifact@70fc10c6e5e1ce46ad2ea6f2b72d43f7d47b13c3" # v8.0.0
+      with:
+        artifact-ids: ${{ needs.build.outputs.artifact-id }}
+        path: "dist/"
+
+    - name: "Publish dists to Test PyPI"
+      uses: "pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@cef221092ed1bacb1cc03d23a2d87d1d172e277b" # v1.14.0
+      with:
+        repository-url: https://test.pypi.org/legacy/
+        attestations: true

.github/workflows/run-tests.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+name: Tests
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14", "3.14t", "3.15-dev", "pypy-3.11"]
+        os: [ubuntu-22.04, macOS-latest, windows-latest]
+        # Pypy-3.11 can't install openssl-sys with rust
+        # which prevents us from testing in GHA.
+        exclude:
+        - { python-version: "pypy-3.11", os: "windows-latest" }
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        cache: 'pip'
+        allow-prereleases: true
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      env:
+        PYO3_USE_ABI3_FORWARD_COMPATIBILITY: ${{ matrix.python-version == '3.15-dev' && '1' || '' }}
+      run: |
+        make
+    - name: Run tests
+      run: |
+        make ci
+
+  no_chardet:
+    name: "No Character Detection"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: true
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: 'Set up Python 3.10'
+        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.10'
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          make
+          python -m pip uninstall -y "charset_normalizer" "chardet"
+      - name: Run tests
+        run: |
+          make ci
+
+  urllib3:
+    name: 'urllib3 1.x'
+    runs-on: 'ubuntu-latest'
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: true
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: 'Set up Python 3.10'
+        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.10'
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          make
+          python  -m pip install "urllib3<2"
+      - name: Run tests
+        run: |
+          make ci

.github/workflows/typecheck.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+name: Type Check
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  typecheck:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.14"]
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
+
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: |
+        python -m pip install pip==26.0.1
+        python -m pip install -e . --group typecheck
+
+    - name: Run pyright
+      run: python -m pyright src/requests/

.github/workflows/zizmor.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Sourced from https://github.com/zizmorcore/zizmor-action
+name: GitHub Actions Security Analysis with zizmor 🌈
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: ["main"]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: ["**"]
+
+permissions: {}
+
+jobs:
+  zizmor:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      security-events: write
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@9c091bb21b7c1c1d1991bb908d89e4e9dddfe3e0 # v7.0.0
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Run zizmor 🌈
+        uses: zizmorcore/zizmor-action@6599ee8b7a49aef6a770f63d261d214911a7ce02 # v0.6.0

.gitignore

@@ -14,10 +14,24 @@ requests.egg-info/
 *.swp
 *.egg
 env/
+.venv/
+.eggs/
+.tox/
+.pytest_cache/
+.vscode/
+.eggs/
 
 .workon
 
+# in case you work with IntelliJ/PyCharm
+.idea
+*.iml
+.python-version
+
+
 t.py
 
 t2.py
 dist
+
+/.mypy_cache/

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+exclude: 'docs/|ext/'
+
+repos:
+- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+  rev: v6.0.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: check-case-conflict
+  - id: check-merge-conflict
+  - id: check-toml
+  - id: check-yaml
+  - id: end-of-file-fixer
+  - id: mixed-line-ending
+    args: [--fix=auto]
+  - id: trailing-whitespace
+- repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
+  rev: v0.16.4
+  hooks:
+    - id: ruff-check
+      args: [--fix]
+    - id: ruff-format
+      exclude: tests/test_lowlevel.py

.readthedocs.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Read the Docs configuration file for Sphinx projects
+# See https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config-file/v2.html for details
+
+# Required
+version: 2
+
+# Set the OS, Python version and other tools you might need
+build:
+  os: ubuntu-22.04
+  tools:
+    python: "3.12"
+
+# Build documentation in the "docs/" directory with Sphinx
+sphinx:
+  configuration: docs/conf.py
+  builder: "dirhtml"
+
+# Optionally build your docs in additional formats such as PDF and ePub
+formats:
+  - pdf
+  - epub
+
+# Optional but recommended, declare the Python requirements required
+# to build your documentation
+# See https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/guides/reproducible-builds.html
+python:
+  install:
+    - path: .
+    - requirements: docs/requirements.txt

.travis.yml

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-sudo: false
-language: python
-python:
-  - "2.6"
-  - "2.7"
-  - "3.3"
-  - "3.4"
-  - "3.5"
-  - "3.6"
-  # - "3.7-dev"
-  # - "pypy"  -- appears to hang
-  # - "pypy3"
-# command to install dependencies
-install: "make"
-# command to run tests
-script:
-  - |
-    if [[ "$TRAVIS_PYTHON_VERSION" != "2.6" ]] ; then make test-readme; fi
-  - make ci
-cache: pip
-jobs:
-  include:
-    - stage: test
-      script:
-        - |
-          if [[ "$TRAVIS_PYTHON_VERSION" != "2.6" ]] ; then make test-readme; fi
-        - make ci
-    - stage: coverage
-      python: 3.6
-      script: codecov
-
-

AUTHORS.rst

@@ -1,21 +1,17 @@
-Requests is written and maintained by Kenneth Reitz and
-various contributors:
+Requests was lovingly created by Kenneth Reitz.
 
-Keepers of the Four Crystals
-````````````````````````````
+Requests Maintainers
+````````````````````
 
-- Kenneth Reitz <me@kennethreitz.org> `@kennethreitz <https://github.com/kennethreitz>`_, Keeper of the Master Crystal.
+- Ian Stapleton Cordasco <graffatcolmingov@gmail.com> `@sigmavirus24 <https://github.com/sigmavirus24>`_.
+- Nate Prewitt `@nateprewitt <https://github.com/nateprewitt>`_.
+
+Previous Maintainers
+````````````````````
+
+- Kenneth Reitz <me@kennethreitz.org> `@kennethreitz <https://github.com/kennethreitz>`_, reluctant Keeper of the Master Crystal.
 - Cory Benfield <cory@lukasa.co.uk> `@lukasa <https://github.com/lukasa>`_
-- Ian Cordasco <graffatcolmingov@gmail.com> `@sigmavirus24 <https://github.com/sigmavirus24>`_
-- Nate Prewitt <nate.prewitt@gmail.com> `@nateprewitt <https://github.com/nateprewitt>`_
-
-
-
-Urllib3
-```````
-
-- Andrey Petrov <andrey.petrov@shazow.net>
-
+- Seth M. Larson `@sethmlarson <https://github.com/sethmlarson>`_.
 
 Patches and Suggestions
 ```````````````````````
@@ -128,7 +124,7 @@ Patches and Suggestions
 - Bryce Boe <bbzbryce@gmail.com> (`@bboe <https://github.com/bboe>`_)
 - Colin Dunklau <colin.dunklau@gmail.com> (`@cdunklau <https://github.com/cdunklau>`_)
 - Bob Carroll <bob.carroll@alum.rit.edu> (`@rcarz <https://github.com/rcarz>`_)
-- Hugo Osvaldo Barrera <hugo@osvaldobarrera.com.ar> (`@hobarrera <https://github.com/hobarrera>`_)
+- Hugo Osvaldo Barrera <hugo@barrera.io> (`@hobarrera <https://github.com/hobarrera>`_)
 - Łukasz Langa <lukasz@langa.pl>
 - Dave Shawley <daveshawley@gmail.com>
 - James Clarke (`@jam <https://github.com/jam>`_)
@@ -185,3 +181,15 @@ Patches and Suggestions
 - Ryan Pineo (`@ryanpineo <https://github.com/ryanpineo>`_)
 - Ed Morley (`@edmorley <https://github.com/edmorley>`_)
 - Matt Liu <liumatt@gmail.com> (`@mlcrazy <https://github.com/mlcrazy>`_)
+- Taylor Hoff <primdevs@protonmail.com> (`@PrimordialHelios <https://github.com/PrimordialHelios>`_)
+- Arthur Vigil (`@ahvigil <https://github.com/ahvigil>`_)
+- Nehal J Wani (`@nehaljwani <https://github.com/nehaljwani>`_)
+- Demetrios Bairaktaris (`@DemetriosBairaktaris <https://github.com/demetriosbairaktaris>`_)
+- Darren Dormer (`@ddormer <https://github.com/ddormer>`_)
+- Rajiv Mayani (`@mayani <https://github.com/mayani>`_)
+- Antti Kaihola (`@akaihola <https://github.com/akaihola>`_)
+- "Dull Bananas" <dull.bananas0@gmail.com> (`@dullbananas <https://github.com/dullbananas>`_)
+- Alessio Izzo (`@aless10 <https://github.com/aless10>`_)
+- Sylvain Marié (`@smarie <https://github.com/smarie>`_)
+- Hod Bin Noon (`@hodbn <https://github.com/hodbn>`_)
+- Mike Fiedler (`@miketheman <https://github.com/miketheman>`_)

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-Be cordial or be on your way.
-
-https://www.kennethreitz.org/essays/be-cordial-or-be-on-your-way

LICENSE

@@ -1,13 +1,175 @@
-Copyright 2017 Kenneth Reitz
 
-   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
 
-       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
 
-   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-   limitations under the License.
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
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+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+      as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+      meet the following conditions:
+
+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+          stating that You changed the files; and
+
+      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+          attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+          the Derivative Works; and
+
+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+          as modifying the License.
+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+      of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.

MANIFEST.in

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
-include README.rst LICENSE NOTICE HISTORY.rst pytest.ini
+include README.md LICENSE NOTICE HISTORY.md requirements-dev.txt
 recursive-include tests *.py
+recursive-include tests/certs *

Makefile

@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
 .PHONY: docs
 init:
-	pip install -r requirements.txt
+	python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
 test:
-	# This runs all of the tests, on both Python 2 and Python 3.
-	detox
+	python -m pytest tests
+
 ci:
-	py.test -n 8 --boxed --junitxml=report.xml
+	python -m pytest tests --junitxml=report.xml
 
 test-readme:
-	@python setup.py check --restructuredtext --strict && ([ $$? -eq 0 ] && echo "README.rst and HISTORY.rst ok") || echo "Invalid markup in README.rst or HISTORY.rst!"
-
-flake8:
-	flake8 --ignore=E501,F401,E128,E402,E731,F821 requests
+	python setup.py check --restructuredtext --strict && ([ $$? -eq 0 ] && echo "README.rst and HISTORY.rst ok") || echo "Invalid markup in README.rst or HISTORY.rst!"
 
 coverage:
-	py.test --cov-config .coveragerc --verbose --cov-report term --cov-report xml --cov=requests tests
+	python -m pytest --cov-config .coveragerc --verbose --cov-report term --cov-report xml --cov=src/requests tests
 
-publish:
-	pip install 'twine>=1.5.0'
-	python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel
-	twine upload dist/*
+.publishenv:
+	python -m venv .publishenv
+	.publishenv/bin/pip install 'twine>=1.5.0' build
+
+publish: .publishenv
+	.publishenv/bin/python -m build
+	.publishenv/bin/python -m twine upload --skip-existing dist/*
 	rm -fr build dist .egg requests.egg-info
 
 docs:
 	cd docs && make html
-	@echo "\033[95m\n\nBuild successful! View the docs homepage at docs/_build/html/index.html.\n\033[0m"
+	@echo "\033[95m\n\nBuild successful! View the docs homepage at docs/_build/html/index.html.\n\033[0m"

NOTICE

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Requests
+Copyright 2019 Kenneth Reitz

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# Requests
+
+[![Version](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/requests.svg?maxAge=86400)](https://pypi.org/project/requests/)
+[![Supported Versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/requests.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/requests)
+[![Downloads](https://static.pepy.tech/badge/requests/month)](https://pepy.tech/project/requests)
+[![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/psf/requests.svg)](https://github.com/psf/requests/graphs/contributors)
+[![Documentation](https://readthedocs.org/projects/requests/badge/?version=latest)](https://requests.readthedocs.io)
+
+**Requests** is a simple, yet elegant, HTTP library.
+
+```python
+>>> import requests
+>>> r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/pass', auth=('user', 'pass'))
+>>> r.status_code
+200
+>>> r.headers['content-type']
+'application/json; charset=utf8'
+>>> r.encoding
+'utf-8'
+>>> r.text
+'{"authenticated": true, ...'
+>>> r.json()
+{'authenticated': True, ...}
+```
+
+Requests allows you to send HTTP/1.1 requests extremely easily. There’s no need to manually add query strings to your URLs, or to form-encode your `PUT` & `POST` data — but nowadays, just use the `json` method!
+
+Requests is one of the most downloaded Python packages today, pulling in around `300M downloads / week` — according to GitHub, Requests is currently [depended upon](https://github.com/psf/requests/network/dependents?package_id=UGFja2FnZS01NzA4OTExNg%3D%3D) by `4,000,000+` repositories.
+
+## Installing Requests and Supported Versions
+
+Requests is available on PyPI:
+
+```console
+$ python -m pip install requests
+```
+
+Requests officially supports Python 3.10+.
+
+## Supported Features & Best–Practices
+
+Requests is ready for the demands of building robust and reliable HTTP–speaking applications, for the needs of today.
+
+- Keep-Alive & Connection Pooling
+- International Domains and URLs
+- Sessions with Cookie Persistence
+- Browser-style TLS/SSL Verification
+- Basic & Digest Authentication
+- Familiar `dict`–like Cookies
+- Automatic Content Decompression and Decoding
+- Multi-part File Uploads
+- SOCKS Proxy Support
+- Connection Timeouts
+- Streaming Downloads
+- Automatic honoring of `.netrc`
+- Chunked HTTP Requests
+
+## Cloning the repository
+
+When cloning the Requests repository, you may need to add the `-c
+fetch.fsck.badTimezone=ignore` flag to avoid an error about a bad commit timestamp (see
+[this issue](https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/2690) for more background):
+
+```shell
+git clone -c fetch.fsck.badTimezone=ignore https://github.com/psf/requests.git
+```
+
+You can also apply this setting to your global Git config:
+
+```shell
+git config --global fetch.fsck.badTimezone ignore
+```
+
+---
+
+[![Kenneth Reitz](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/psf/requests/main/ext/kr.png)](https://kennethreitz.org) [![Python Software Foundation](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/psf/requests/main/ext/psf.png)](https://www.python.org/psf)

README.rst

@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-Requests: HTTP for Humans
-=========================
-
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/requests.svg
-    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
-
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/requests.svg
-    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
-
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/requests.svg
-    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
-
-.. image:: https://codecov.io/github/requests/requests/coverage.svg?branch=master
-    :target: https://codecov.io/github/requests/requests
-    :alt: codecov.io
-
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/requests/requests.svg
-    :target: https://github.com/requests/requests/graphs/contributors
-
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Say%20Thanks-!-1EAEDB.svg
-    :target: https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz
-
-
-
-Requests is the only *Non-GMO* HTTP library for Python, safe for human
-consumption.
-
-**Warning:** Recreational use of the Python standard library for HTTP may result in dangerous side-effects,
-including: security vulnerabilities, verbose code, reinventing the wheel,
-constantly reading documentation, depression, headaches, or even death.
-
-Behold, the power of Requests:
-
-.. code-block:: python
-
-    >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=('user', 'pass'))
-    >>> r.status_code
-    200
-    >>> r.headers['content-type']
-    'application/json; charset=utf8'
-    >>> r.encoding
-    'utf-8'
-    >>> r.text
-    u'{"type":"User"...'
-    >>> r.json()
-    {u'disk_usage': 368627, u'private_gists': 484, ...}
-
-See `the similar code, sans Requests <https://gist.github.com/973705>`_.
-
-.. image:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/requests/requests/master/docs/_static/requests-logo-small.png
-    :target: http://docs.python-requests.org/
-
-
-Requests allows you to send *organic, grass-fed* HTTP/1.1 requests, without the
-need for manual labor. There's no need to manually add query strings to your
-URLs, or to form-encode your POST data. Keep-alive and HTTP connection pooling
-are 100% automatic, thanks to `urllib3 <https://github.com/shazow/urllib3>`_.
-
-Besides, all the cool kids are doing it. Requests is one of the most
-downloaded Python packages of all time, pulling in over 11,000,000 downloads
-every month. You don't want to be left out!
-
-Feature Support
----------------
-
-Requests is ready for today's web.
-
-- International Domains and URLs
-- Keep-Alive & Connection Pooling
-- Sessions with Cookie Persistence
-- Browser-style SSL Verification
-- Basic/Digest Authentication
-- Elegant Key/Value Cookies
-- Automatic Decompression
-- Automatic Content Decoding
-- Unicode Response Bodies
-- Multipart File Uploads
-- HTTP(S) Proxy Support
-- Connection Timeouts
-- Streaming Downloads
-- ``.netrc`` Support
-- Chunked Requests
-
-Requests officially supports Python 2.6–2.7 & 3.3–3.7, and runs great on PyPy.
-
-Installation
-------------
-
-To install Requests, simply:
-
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-    $ pip install requests
-    ✨🍰✨
-
-Satisfaction, guaranteed.
-
-Documentation
--------------
-
-Fantastic documentation is available at http://docs.python-requests.org/, for a limited time only.
-
-
-How to Contribute
------------------
-
-#. Check for open issues or open a fresh issue to start a discussion around a feature idea or a bug. There is a `Contributor Friendly`_ tag for issues that should be ideal for people who are not very familiar with the codebase yet.
-#. Fork `the repository`_ on GitHub to start making your changes to the **master** branch (or branch off of it).
-#. Write a test which shows that the bug was fixed or that the feature works as expected.
-#. Send a pull request and bug the maintainer until it gets merged and published. :) Make sure to add yourself to AUTHORS_.
-
-.. _`the repository`: http://github.com/requests/requests
-.. _AUTHORS: https://github.com/requests/requests/blob/master/AUTHORS.rst
-.. _Contributor Friendly: https://github.com/requests/requests/issues?direction=desc&labels=Contributor+Friendly&page=1&sort=updated&state=open

_appveyor/install.ps1

@@ -1,229 +0,0 @@
-# Sample script to install Python and pip under Windows
-# Authors: Olivier Grisel, Jonathan Helmus, Kyle Kastner, and Alex Willmer
-# License: CC0 1.0 Universal: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
-
-$MINICONDA_URL = "http://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/"
-$BASE_URL = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/"
-$GET_PIP_URL = "https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py"
-$GET_PIP_PATH = "C:\get-pip.py"
-
-$PYTHON_PRERELEASE_REGEX = @"
-(?x)
-(?<major>\d+)
-\.
-(?<minor>\d+)
-\.
-(?<micro>\d+)
-(?<prerelease>[a-z]{1,2}\d+)
-"@
-
-
-function Download ($filename, $url) {
-    $webclient = New-Object System.Net.WebClient
-
-    $basedir = $pwd.Path + "\"
-    $filepath = $basedir + $filename
-    if (Test-Path $filename) {
-        Write-Host "Reusing" $filepath
-        return $filepath
-    }
-
-    # Download and retry up to 3 times in case of network transient errors.
-    Write-Host "Downloading" $filename "from" $url
-    $retry_attempts = 2
-    for ($i = 0; $i -lt $retry_attempts; $i++) {
-        try {
-            $webclient.DownloadFile($url, $filepath)
-            break
-        }
-        Catch [Exception]{
-            Start-Sleep 1
-        }
-    }
-    if (Test-Path $filepath) {
-        Write-Host "File saved at" $filepath
-    } else {
-        # Retry once to get the error message if any at the last try
-        $webclient.DownloadFile($url, $filepath)
-    }
-    return $filepath
-}
-
-
-function ParsePythonVersion ($python_version) {
-    if ($python_version -match $PYTHON_PRERELEASE_REGEX) {
-        return ([int]$matches.major, [int]$matches.minor, [int]$matches.micro,
-                $matches.prerelease)
-    }
-    $version_obj = [version]$python_version
-    return ($version_obj.major, $version_obj.minor, $version_obj.build, "")
-}
-
-
-function DownloadPython ($python_version, $platform_suffix) {
-    $major, $minor, $micro, $prerelease = ParsePythonVersion $python_version
-
-    if (($major -le 2 -and $micro -eq 0) `
-        -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -le 2 -and $micro -eq 0) `
-        ) {
-        $dir = "$major.$minor"
-        $python_version = "$major.$minor$prerelease"
-    } else {
-        $dir = "$major.$minor.$micro"
-    }
-
-    if ($prerelease) {
-        if (($major -le 2) `
-            -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -eq 1) `
-            -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -eq 2) `
-            -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -eq 3) `
-            ) {
-            $dir = "$dir/prev"
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (($major -le 2) -or ($major -le 3 -and $minor -le 4)) {
-        $ext = "msi"
-        if ($platform_suffix) {
-            $platform_suffix = ".$platform_suffix"
-        }
-    } else {
-        $ext = "exe"
-        if ($platform_suffix) {
-            $platform_suffix = "-$platform_suffix"
-        }
-    }
-
-    $filename = "python-$python_version$platform_suffix.$ext"
-    $url = "$BASE_URL$dir/$filename"
-    $filepath = Download $filename $url
-    return $filepath
-}
-
-
-function InstallPython ($python_version, $architecture, $python_home) {
-    Write-Host "Installing Python" $python_version "for" $architecture "bit architecture to" $python_home
-    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
-        Write-Host $python_home "already exists, skipping."
-        return $false
-    }
-    if ($architecture -eq "32") {
-        $platform_suffix = ""
-    } else {
-        $platform_suffix = "amd64"
-    }
-    $installer_path = DownloadPython $python_version $platform_suffix
-    $installer_ext = [System.IO.Path]::GetExtension($installer_path)
-    Write-Host "Installing $installer_path to $python_home"
-    $install_log = $python_home + ".log"
-    if ($installer_ext -eq '.msi') {
-        InstallPythonMSI $installer_path $python_home $install_log
-    } else {
-        InstallPythonEXE $installer_path $python_home $install_log
-    }
-    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
-        Write-Host "Python $python_version ($architecture) installation complete"
-    } else {
-        Write-Host "Failed to install Python in $python_home"
-        Get-Content -Path $install_log
-        Exit 1
-    }
-}
-
-
-function InstallPythonEXE ($exepath, $python_home, $install_log) {
-    $install_args = "/quiet InstallAllUsers=1 TargetDir=$python_home"
-    RunCommand $exepath $install_args
-}
-
-
-function InstallPythonMSI ($msipath, $python_home, $install_log) {
-    $install_args = "/qn /log $install_log /i $msipath TARGETDIR=$python_home"
-    $uninstall_args = "/qn /x $msipath"
-    RunCommand "msiexec.exe" $install_args
-    if (-not(Test-Path $python_home)) {
-        Write-Host "Python seems to be installed else-where, reinstalling."
-        RunCommand "msiexec.exe" $uninstall_args
-        RunCommand "msiexec.exe" $install_args
-    }
-}
-
-function RunCommand ($command, $command_args) {
-    Write-Host $command $command_args
-    Start-Process -FilePath $command -ArgumentList $command_args -Wait -Passthru
-}
-
-
-function InstallPip ($python_home) {
-    $pip_path = $python_home + "\Scripts\pip.exe"
-    $python_path = $python_home + "\python.exe"
-    if (-not(Test-Path $pip_path)) {
-        Write-Host "Installing pip..."
-        $webclient = New-Object System.Net.WebClient
-        $webclient.DownloadFile($GET_PIP_URL, $GET_PIP_PATH)
-        Write-Host "Executing:" $python_path $GET_PIP_PATH
-        & $python_path $GET_PIP_PATH
-    } else {
-        Write-Host "pip already installed."
-    }
-}
-
-
-function DownloadMiniconda ($python_version, $platform_suffix) {
-    if ($python_version -eq "3.4") {
-        $filename = "Miniconda3-3.5.5-Windows-" + $platform_suffix + ".exe"
-    } else {
-        $filename = "Miniconda-3.5.5-Windows-" + $platform_suffix + ".exe"
-    }
-    $url = $MINICONDA_URL + $filename
-    $filepath = Download $filename $url
-    return $filepath
-}
-
-
-function InstallMiniconda ($python_version, $architecture, $python_home) {
-    Write-Host "Installing Python" $python_version "for" $architecture "bit architecture to" $python_home
-    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
-        Write-Host $python_home "already exists, skipping."
-        return $false
-    }
-    if ($architecture -eq "32") {
-        $platform_suffix = "x86"
-    } else {
-        $platform_suffix = "x86_64"
-    }
-    $filepath = DownloadMiniconda $python_version $platform_suffix
-    Write-Host "Installing" $filepath "to" $python_home
-    $install_log = $python_home + ".log"
-    $args = "/S /D=$python_home"
-    Write-Host $filepath $args
-    Start-Process -FilePath $filepath -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru
-    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
-        Write-Host "Python $python_version ($architecture) installation complete"
-    } else {
-        Write-Host "Failed to install Python in $python_home"
-        Get-Content -Path $install_log
-        Exit 1
-    }
-}
-
-
-function InstallMinicondaPip ($python_home) {
-    $pip_path = $python_home + "\Scripts\pip.exe"
-    $conda_path = $python_home + "\Scripts\conda.exe"
-    if (-not(Test-Path $pip_path)) {
-        Write-Host "Installing pip..."
-        $args = "install --yes pip"
-        Write-Host $conda_path $args
-        Start-Process -FilePath "$conda_path" -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru
-    } else {
-        Write-Host "pip already installed."
-    }
-}
-
-function main () {
-    InstallPython $env:PYTHON_VERSION $env:PYTHON_ARCH $env:PYTHON
-    InstallPip $env:PYTHON
-}
-
-main

appveyor.yml

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-# AppVeyor.yml from https://github.com/ogrisel/python-appveyor-demo
-# License: CC0 1.0 Universal: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
-
-build: off
-
-environment:
-  matrix:
-    - PYTHON: "C:\\Python27-x64"
-      PYTHON_VERSION: "2.7.x"
-      PYTHON_ARCH: "64"
-      TOXENV: "py27"
-
-    - PYTHON: "C:\\Python33-x64"
-      PYTHON_VERSION: "3.3.x"
-      PYTHON_ARCH: "64"
-      TOXENV: "py33"
-
-    - PYTHON: "C:\\Python34-x64"
-      PYTHON_VERSION: "3.4.x"
-      PYTHON_ARCH: "64"
-      TOXENV: "py34"
-
-    - PYTHON: "C:\\Python35-x64"
-      PYTHON_VERSION: "3.5.x"
-      PYTHON_ARCH: "64"
-      TOXENV: "py35"
-
-    - PYTHON: "C:\\Python36-x64"
-      PYTHON_VERSION: "3.6.x"
-      PYTHON_ARCH: "64"
-      TOXENV: "py36"
-
-install:
-  # Install Python (from the official .msi of http://python.org) and pip when
-  # not already installed.
-  - ps: if (-not(Test-Path($env:PYTHON))) { & _appveyor\install.ps1 }
-
-  # Prepend newly installed Python to the PATH of this build (this cannot be
-  # done from inside the powershell script as it would require to restart
-  # the parent CMD process).
-  - "SET PATH=%PYTHON%;%PYTHON%\\Scripts;%PATH%"
-
-  # Check that we have the expected version and architecture for Python
-  - "python --version"
-  - "python -c \"import struct; print(struct.calcsize('P') * 8)\""
-
-  # Upgrade to the latest version of pip to avoid it displaying warnings
-  # about it being out of date.
-  - "pip install --disable-pip-version-check --user --upgrade pip"
-  - "C:\\MinGW\\bin\\mingw32-make"
-
-test_script:
-  - "C:\\MinGW\\bin\\mingw32-make coverage"
-
-on_success:
-  - "codecov -f coverage.xml"

docs/.nojekyll

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+

docs/Makefile

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ BUILDDIR      = _build
 
 # User-friendly check for sphinx-build
 ifeq ($(shell which $(SPHINXBUILD) >/dev/null 2>&1; echo $$?), 1)
-$(error The '$(SPHINXBUILD)' command was not found. Make sure you have Sphinx installed, then set the SPHINXBUILD environment variable to point to the full path of the '$(SPHINXBUILD)' executable. Alternatively you can add the directory with the executable to your PATH. If you don't have Sphinx installed, grab it from http://sphinx-doc.org/)
+$(error The '$(SPHINXBUILD)' command was not found. Make sure you have Sphinx installed, then set the SPHINXBUILD environment variable to point to the full path of the '$(SPHINXBUILD)' executable. Alternatively you can add the directory with the executable to your PATH. If you don't have Sphinx installed, grab it from https://www.sphinx-doc.org/)
 endif
 
 # Internal variables.

docs/_static/custom.css

@@ -1,39 +1,12 @@
-#carbonads {
-  display: block;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  padding: 1em;
-  background-color: #eeeeee;
-  text-align: center;
-  border: solid 1px #cccccc;
-  margin: 1.5em 0 2em;
-  border-radius: 2px;
-  line-height: 1.5;
-}
+img.logo {margin-left: -20px!important;}
 
-#carbonads a {
-  border-bottom: 0;
-}
+div#searchbox h3 {text-transform: capitalize;}
 
-#carbonads span {
-  display: block;
-  overflow: hidden;
-}
+div.document {width: 1008px;}
 
-.carbon-img {
-  display: block;
-  margin: 0 auto 1em;
-  text-align: center;
-}
+div.highlight pre {padding: 11px 14px;}
 
-.carbon-text {
-  display: block;
-  margin-bottom: 1em;
-}
-
-.carbon-poweredby {
-  display: block;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  letter-spacing: 1px;
-  line-height: 1;
-  font-size: 10px;
+@media screen and (max-width: 1008px) {
+  div.document {width: 100%!important;}
+  div.highlight pre {margin-right: -30px;}
 }

docs/_static/konami.js

@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Konami-JS ~
- * :: Now with support for touch events and multiple instances for
- * :: those situations that call for multiple easter eggs!
- * Code: http://konami-js.googlecode.com/
- * Examples: http://www.snaptortoise.com/konami-js
- * Copyright (c) 2009 George Mandis (georgemandis.com, snaptortoise.com)
- * Version: 1.4.2 (9/2/2013)
- * Licensed under the MIT License (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
- * Tested in: Safari 4+, Google Chrome 4+, Firefox 3+, IE7+, Mobile Safari 2.2.1 and Dolphin Browser
- */
-
-var Konami = function (callback) {
-	var konami = {
-		addEvent: function (obj, type, fn, ref_obj) {
-			if (obj.addEventListener)
-				obj.addEventListener(type, fn, false);
-			else if (obj.attachEvent) {
-				// IE
-				obj["e" + type + fn] = fn;
-				obj[type + fn] = function () {
-					obj["e" + type + fn](window.event, ref_obj);
-				};
-				obj.attachEvent("on" + type, obj[type + fn]);
-			}
-		},
-		input: "",
-		pattern: "38384040373937396665",
-		load: function (link) {
-			this.addEvent(document, "keydown", function (e, ref_obj) {
-				if (ref_obj) konami = ref_obj; // IE
-				konami.input += e ? e.keyCode : event.keyCode;
-				if (konami.input.length > konami.pattern.length)
-					konami.input = konami.input.substr((konami.input.length - konami.pattern.length));
-				if (konami.input == konami.pattern) {
-					konami.code(link);
-					konami.input = "";
-					e.preventDefault();
-					return false;
-				}
-			}, this);
-			this.iphone.load(link);
-		},
-		code: function (link) {
-			window.location = link
-		},
-		iphone: {
-			start_x: 0,
-			start_y: 0,
-			stop_x: 0,
-			stop_y: 0,
-			tapTolerance: 8,
-			capture: false,
-			orig_keys: "",
-			keys: ["UP", "UP", "DOWN", "DOWN", "LEFT", "RIGHT", "LEFT", "RIGHT", "TAP", "TAP"],
-			code: function (link) {
-				konami.code(link);
-			},
-      touchCapture: function(evt) {
-				konami.iphone.start_x = evt.changedTouches[0].pageX;
-				konami.iphone.start_y = evt.changedTouches[0].pageY;
-				konami.iphone.capture = true;        
-      },
-			load: function (link) {
-				this.orig_keys = this.keys;
-				konami.addEvent(document, "touchmove", function (e) {
-					if (e.touches.length == 1 && konami.iphone.capture == true) {
-						var touch = e.touches[0];
-						konami.iphone.stop_x = touch.pageX;
-						konami.iphone.stop_y = touch.pageY;
-						konami.iphone.check_direction();
-					}
-				});
-				konami.addEvent(document, "touchend", function (evt) {
-					konami.touchCapture(evt);
-					konami.iphone.check_direction(link);
-				}, false);
-				konami.addEvent(document, "touchstart", function (evt) {
-					konami.touchCapture(evt);
-				});
-			},
-			check_direction: function (link) {
-				var x_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_x - this.stop_x);
-				var y_magnitude = Math.abs(this.start_y - this.stop_y);
-				var hasMoved = (x_magnitude > this.tapTolerance || y_magnitude > this.tapTolerance);
-				var result;
-				if (this.capture === true && hasMoved) {
-					this.capture = false;
-					var x = ((this.start_x - this.stop_x) < 0) ? "RIGHT" : "LEFT";
-					var y = ((this.start_y - this.stop_y) < 0) ? "DOWN" : "UP";
-					var result = (x_magnitude > y_magnitude) ? x : y;
-				}
-				else if (this.capture === false && !hasMoved) {
-					result = (this.tap == true) ? "TAP" : result;
-					result = "TAP";
-				}
-				if (result) {
-					if (result == this.keys[0]) this.keys = this.keys.slice(1, this.keys.length);
-					else this.keys = this.orig_keys;
-				}
-				if (this.keys.length == 0) {
-					this.keys = this.orig_keys;
-					this.code(link);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	typeof callback === "string" && konami.load(callback);
-	if (typeof callback === "function") {
-		konami.code = callback;
-		konami.load();
-	}
-
-	return konami;
-};

docs/_templates/hacks.html

@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-<!-- Alabaster (krTheme++) Hacks -->
-
-<!-- CSS Adjustments (I'm very picky.) -->
-<style type="text/css">
-
-  /* Rezzy requires precise alignment. */
-  img.logo {margin-left: -20px!important;}
-
-  /* "Quick Search" should be capitalized. */
-  div#searchbox h3 {text-transform: capitalize;}
-
-  /* Make the document a little wider, less code is cut-off. */
-  div.document {width: 1008px;}
-
-  /* Much-improved spacing around code blocks. */
-  div.highlight pre {padding: 11px 14px;}
-
-  /* Remain Responsive! */
-  @media screen and (max-width: 1008px) {
-    div.sphinxsidebar {display: none;}
-    div.document {width: 100%!important;}
-
-    /* Have code blocks escape the document right-margin. */
-    div.highlight pre {margin-right: -30px;}
-  }
-
-</style>
-
-<!-- Analytics tracking for Kenneth. -->
-<script type="text/javascript">
-  var _gauges = _gauges || [];
-  (function() {
-    var t   = document.createElement('script');
-    t.type  = 'text/javascript';
-    t.async = true;
-    t.id    = 'gauges-tracker';
-    t.setAttribute('data-site-id', '56ca7a57c88d9011080024dd');
-    t.setAttribute('data-track-path', 'https://track.gaug.es/track.gif');
-    t.src = 'https://d36ee2fcip1434.cloudfront.net/track.js';
-    var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
-    s.parentNode.insertBefore(t, s);
-  })();
-</script>
-
-<!-- There are no more hacks. -->
-<!--         இڿڰۣ-ڰۣ—         -->
-<!--   Love, Kenneth Reitz    -->
-
-<script src="{{ pathto('_static/', 1) }}/konami.js"></script>
-<script>
-  var easter_egg = new Konami('http://fortunes.herokuapp.com/random/raw');
-</script>
-
-<!-- That was not a hack. That was art. -->

docs/_templates/sidebar.html

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<p class="logo">
+  <a href="{{ pathto(root_doc) }}">
+    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/requests-sidebar.png', 1) }}" alt="{{ _('Requests logo') }}" />
+  </a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=psf&repo=requests&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
+    allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  {{ _('Requests is an elegant and simple HTTP library for Python, built for human beings.') }}
+</p>
+
+<h3>{{ _('Useful Links') }}</h3>
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="{{ pathto('user/quickstart') }}">{{ _('Quickstart') }}</a></li>
+  <li><a href="{{ pathto('user/advanced') }}">{{ _('Advanced Usage') }}</a></li>
+  <li><a href="{{ pathto('api') }}">{{ _('API Reference') }}</a></li>
+  <li><a href="{{ pathto('community/updates') + '#release-history' }}">{{ _('Release History') }}</a></li>
+  <li><a href="{{ pathto('dev/contributing') }}">{{ _('Contributors Guide') }}</a></li>
+
+  <p></p>
+
+  <li><a href="{{ pathto('community/recommended') }}">{{ _('Recommended Packages and Extensions') }}</a></li>
+
+  <p></p>
+
+  <li><a href="https://github.com/psf/requests">{{ _('Requests @ GitHub') }}</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://pypi.org/project/requests/">{{ _('Requests @ PyPI') }}</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://github.com/psf/requests/issues">{{ _('Issue Tracker') }}</a></li>
+</ul>

docs/_templates/sidebarintro.html

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-<p class="logo">
-  <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/requests-sidebar.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos"/>
-  </a>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <iframe src="http://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=requests&repo=requests&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
-    allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  Requests is an elegant and simple HTTP library for Python, built for
-  human beings.
-</p>
-
-
-<script async type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.carbonads.com/carbon.js?zoneid=1673&serve=C6AILKT&placement=pythonrequestsorg" id="_carbonads_js"></script>
-
-
-
-<h3>Stay Informed</h3>
-<p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>
-
-<p><iframe src="http://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=false"
-  allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
-
-<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow @kennethreitz</a> <script>!function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)?'http':'https';if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=p+'://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js';fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script></p>
-<p><a href="https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz">Say Thanks!</a></p>
-<p><a href="http://tinyletter.com/kennethreitz">Join Mailing List</a>.</p>
-
-
-<h3>Other Projects</h3>
-
-<p>More <a href="http://kennethreitz.org/">Kenneth Reitz</a> projects:</p>
-<ul>
-    <li><a href="http://edmsynths.com/">edmsynths.com</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://pipenv.org/">pipenv</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://pep8.org/">pep8.org</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://httpbin.org/">httpbin.org</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://python-guide.org">The Python Guide</a></li>
-    <li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/maya">Maya: Datetimes for Humans</a></li>
-    <li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/records">Records: SQL for Humans</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://www.git-legit.org">Legit: Git for Humans</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://docs.python-tablib.org/en/latest/">Tablib: Tabular Datasets</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-
-<h3>Useful Links</h3>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/community/recommended/">Recommended Packages and Extensions</a></li>
-
-  <p></p>
-
-  <li><a href="http://github.com/requests/requests">Requests @ GitHub</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests">Requests @ PyPI</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://github.com/requests/requests/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/community/updates/#software-updates">Release History</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-
-<h3>Translations</h3>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/">English</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://fr.python-requests.org/">French</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://de.python-requests.org/">German</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://jp.python-requests.org/">Japanese</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://cn.python-requests.org/">Chinese</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://pt.python-requests.org/">Portuguese</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://it.python-requests.org/">Italian</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://es.python-requests.org/">Spanish</a></li>
-</ul>
-

docs/_templates/sidebarlogo.html

@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-<p class="logo">
-  <a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">
-    <img class="logo" src="{{ pathto('_static/requests-sidebar.png', 1) }}" title="https://kennethreitz.org/tattoos"/>
-  </a>
-</p>
-<p>
-<iframe src="http://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=requests&repo=requests&type=watch&count=true&size=large"
-  allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200px" height="35px"></iframe>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  Requests is an elegant and simple HTTP library for Python, built for
-  human beings. You are currently looking at the documentation of the
-  development release.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Stay Informed</h3>
-<p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>
-
-<p><a href="http://tinyletter.com/kennethreitz">Join Mailing List</a>.</p>
-
-<hr/>
-
-<script async type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.carbonads.com/carbon.js?zoneid=1673&serve=C6AILKT&placement=pythonrequestsorg" id="_carbonads_js"></script>
-
-<p>If you enjoy using this project, <a href="https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz">Say Thanks!</a></p>
-
-<p><iframe src="http://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kennethreitz&type=follow&count=false"
-  allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" width="200" height="20"></iframe></p>
-
-<p><a href="https://twitter.com/kennethreitz" class="twitter-follow-button" data-show-count="false">Follow @kennethreitz</a> <script>!function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)?'http':'https';if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=p+'://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js';fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script></p>
-
-
-<h3>Other Projects</h3>
-
-<p>More <a href="http://kennethreitz.org/">Kenneth Reitz</a> projects:</p>
-<ul>
-    <li><a href="http://edmsynths.com/">edmsynths.com</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://pipenv.org/">pipenv</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://pep8.org/">pep8.org</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://httpbin.org/">httpbin.org</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://python-guide.org">The Python Guide</a></li>
-    <li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/maya">Maya: Datetimes for Humans</a></li>
-    <li><a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/records">Records: SQL for Humans</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://www.git-legit.org">Legit: Git for Humans</a></li>
-    <li><a href="http://docs.python-tablib.org/en/latest/">Tablib: Tabular Datasets</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-
-<h3>Translations</h3>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/">English</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://fr.python-requests.org/">French</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://de.python-requests.org/">German</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://jp.python-requests.org/">Japanese</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://cn.python-requests.org/">Chinese</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://pt.python-requests.org/">Portuguese</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://it.python-requests.org/">Italian</a></li>
-  <li><a href="http://es.python-requests.org/">Spanish</a></li>
-</ul>
-

docs/api.rst

@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ Exceptions
 .. autoexception:: requests.RequestException
 .. autoexception:: requests.ConnectionError
 .. autoexception:: requests.HTTPError
-.. autoexception:: requests.URLRequired
 .. autoexception:: requests.TooManyRedirects
 .. autoexception:: requests.ConnectTimeout
 .. autoexception:: requests.ReadTimeout
 .. autoexception:: requests.Timeout
+.. autoexception:: requests.JSONDecodeError
 
 
 Request Sessions
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ Lower-Level Classes
 
 .. autoclass:: Response
    :inherited-members:
+   :exclude-members: is_permanent_redirect
 
 
 Lower-Lower-Level Classes
@@ -109,17 +110,7 @@ Status Code Lookup
 
 .. autoclass:: requests.codes
 
-::
-
-    >>> requests.codes['temporary_redirect']
-    307
-
-    >>> requests.codes.teapot
-    418
-
-    >>> requests.codes['\o/']
-    200
-
+.. automodule:: requests.status_codes
 
 
 Migrating to 1.x
@@ -137,7 +128,7 @@ API Changes
   ::
 
       import requests
-      r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
+      r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')
       r.json()   # This *call* raises an exception if JSON decoding fails
 
 * The ``Session`` API has changed. Sessions objects no longer take parameters.
@@ -149,7 +140,7 @@ API Changes
       s = requests.Session()    # formerly, session took parameters
       s.auth = auth
       s.headers.update(headers)
-      r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers')
+      r = s.get('https://httpbin.org/headers')
 
 * All request hooks have been removed except 'response'.
 
@@ -166,7 +157,7 @@ API Changes
   ::
 
       # in 0.x, passing prefetch=False would accomplish the same thing
-      r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json', stream=True)
+      r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events', stream=True)
       for chunk in r.iter_content(8192):
           ...
 
@@ -191,11 +182,11 @@ API Changes
 
       logging.basicConfig() # you need to initialize logging, otherwise you will not see anything from requests
       logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
-      requests_log = logging.getLogger("requests.packages.urllib3")
+      requests_log = logging.getLogger("urllib3")
       requests_log.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
       requests_log.propagate = True
 
-      requests.get('http://httpbin.org/headers')
+      requests.get('https://httpbin.org/headers')
 
 
 
@@ -207,8 +198,8 @@ license from the ISC_ license to the `Apache 2.0`_ license. The Apache 2.0
 license ensures that contributions to Requests are also covered by the Apache
 2.0 license.
 
-.. _ISC: http://opensource.org/licenses/ISC
-.. _Apache 2.0: http://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0
+.. _ISC: https://opensource.org/licenses/ISC
+.. _Apache 2.0: https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0
 
 
 Migrating to 2.x
@@ -223,7 +214,7 @@ For more details on the changes in this release including new APIs, links
 to the relevant GitHub issues and some of the bug fixes, read Cory's blog_
 on the subject.
 
-.. _blog: http://lukasa.co.uk/2013/09/Requests_20/
+.. _blog: https://lukasa.co.uk/2013/09/Requests_20/
 
 
 API Changes

docs/community/faq.rst

@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ Encoded Data?
 Requests automatically decompresses gzip-encoded responses, and does
 its best to decode response content to unicode when possible.
 
+When either the `brotli <https://pypi.org/project/Brotli/>`_ or `brotlicffi <https://pypi.org/project/brotlicffi/>`_
+package is installed, requests also decodes Brotli-encoded responses.
+
 You can get direct access to the raw response (and even the socket),
 if needed as well.
 
@@ -19,14 +22,15 @@ Custom User-Agents?
 -------------------
 
 Requests allows you to easily override User-Agent strings, along with
-any other HTTP Header.
+any other HTTP Header. See :ref:`documentation about headers <custom-headers>`.
+
 
 
 Why not Httplib2?
 -----------------
 
 Chris Adams gave an excellent summary on
-`Hacker News <http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2884406>`_:
+`Hacker News <https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2884406>`_:
 
     httplib2 is part of why you should use requests: it's far more respectable
     as a client but not as well documented and it still takes way too much code
@@ -40,8 +44,8 @@ Chris Adams gave an excellent summary on
     Disclosure: I'm listed in the requests AUTHORS file but can claim credit
     for, oh, about 0.0001% of the awesomeness.
 
-    1. http://code.google.com/p/httplib2/issues/detail?id=96 is a good example:
-    an annoying bug which affect many people, there was a fix available for
+    1. https://code.google.com/p/httplib2/issues/detail?id=96 is a good example:
+    an annoying bug that affected many people, there was a fix available for
     months, which worked great when I applied it in a fork and pounded a couple
     TB of data through it, but it took over a year to make it into trunk and
     even longer to make it onto PyPI where any other project which required "
@@ -51,16 +55,18 @@ Chris Adams gave an excellent summary on
 Python 3 Support?
 -----------------
 
-Yes! Here's a list of Python platforms that are officially
-supported:
+Yes! Requests supports all `officially supported versions of Python <https://devguide.python.org/versions/>`_
+and recent releases of PyPy.
 
-* Python 2.6
-* Python 2.7
-* Python 3.3
-* Python 3.4
-* Python 3.5
-* Python 3.6
-* PyPy
+Python 2 Support?
+-----------------
+
+No! As of Requests 2.28.0, Requests no longer supports Python 2.7. Users who
+have been unable to migrate should pin to `requests<2.28`. Full information
+can be found in `psf/requests#6023 <https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/6023>`_.
+
+It is *highly* recommended users migrate to a supported Python 3.x version now since
+Python 2.7 is no longer receiving bug fixes or security updates as of January 1, 2020.
 
 What are "hostname doesn't match" errors?
 -----------------------------------------
@@ -69,7 +75,7 @@ These errors occur when :ref:`SSL certificate verification <verification>`
 fails to match the certificate the server responds with to the hostname
 Requests thinks it's contacting. If you're certain the server's SSL setup is
 correct (for example, because you can visit the site with your browser) and
-you're using Python 2.6 or 2.7, a possible explanation is that you need
+you're using Python 2.7, a possible explanation is that you need
 Server-Name-Indication.
 
 `Server-Name-Indication`_, or SNI, is an official extension to SSL where the
@@ -78,10 +84,7 @@ when servers are using `Virtual Hosting`_. When such servers are hosting
 more than one SSL site they need to be able to return the appropriate
 certificate based on the hostname the client is connecting to.
 
-Python3 and Python 2.7.9+ include native support for SNI in their SSL modules.
-For information on using SNI with Requests on Python < 2.7.9 refer to this
-`Stack Overflow answer`_.
+Python 3 already includes native support for SNI in their SSL modules.
 
 .. _`Server-Name-Indication`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication
 .. _`virtual hosting`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_hosting
-.. _`Stack Overflow answer`: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18578439/using-requests-with-tls-doesnt-give-sni-support/18579484#18579484

docs/community/out-there.rst

@@ -1,22 +1,10 @@
 Integrations
 ============
 
-Python for iOS
---------------
-
-Requests is built into the wonderful `Python for iOS <https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/python-2.7-for-ios/id485729872?mt=Python8>`_ runtime!
-
-To give it a try, simply::
-
-    import requests
-
-
 Articles & Talks
 ================
-- `Python for the Web <http://gun.io/blog/python-for-the-web/>`_ teaches how to use Python to interact with the web, using Requests.
-- `Daniel Greenfeld's Review of Requests <http://pydanny.blogspot.com/2011/05/python-http-requests-for-humans.html>`_
-- `My 'Python for Humans' talk <http://python-for-humans.heroku.com>`_ ( `audio <http://codeconf.s3.amazonaws.com/2011/pycodeconf/talks/PyCodeConf2011%20-%20Kenneth%20Reitz.m4a>`_ )
-- `Issac Kelly's 'Consuming Web APIs' talk <http://issackelly.github.com/Consuming-Web-APIs-with-Python-Talk/slides/slides.html>`_
-- `Blog post about Requests via Yum <http://arunsag.wordpress.com/2011/08/17/new-package-python-requests-http-for-humans/>`_
-- `Russian blog post introducing Requests <http://habrahabr.ru/blogs/python/126262/>`_
-- `Sending JSON in Requests <http://www.coglib.com/~icordasc/blog/2014/11/sending-json-in-requests.html>`_
+- `Daniel Greenfeld's Review of Requests <https://pydanny.blogspot.com/2011/05/python-http-requests-for-humans.html>`_
+- `Issac Kelly's 'Consuming Web APIs' talk <https://issackelly.github.io/Consuming-Web-APIs-with-Python-Talk/slides/slides.html>`_
+- `Blog post about Requests via Yum <https://arunsag.wordpress.com/2011/08/17/new-package-python-requests-http-for-humans/>`_
+- `Russian blog post introducing Requests <https://habr.com/post/126262/>`_
+- `Sending JSON in Requests <https://www.coglib.com/~icordasc/blog/2014/11/sending-json-in-requests.html>`_

docs/community/recommended.rst

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Certifi CA Bundle
 validating the trustworthiness of SSL certificates while verifying the
 identity of TLS hosts. It has been extracted from the Requests project.
 
-.. _Certifi: http://certifi.io/en/latest/
+.. _Certifi: https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi
 
 CacheControl
 ------------
@@ -32,7 +32,15 @@ but do not belong in Requests proper. This library is actively maintained
 by members of the Requests core team, and reflects the functionality most
 requested by users within the community.
 
-.. _Requests-Toolbelt: http://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html
+.. _Requests-Toolbelt: https://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html
+
+
+Requests-Threads
+----------------
+
+`Requests-Threads`_ is a Requests session that returns the amazing Twisted's awaitable Deferreds instead of Response objects. This allows the use of ``async``/``await`` keyword usage on Python 3, or Twisted's style of programming, if desired.
+
+.. _Requests-Threads: https://github.com/requests/requests-threads
 
 Requests-OAuthlib
 -----------------
@@ -51,7 +59,4 @@ Betamax
 `Betamax`_ records your HTTP interactions so the NSA does not have to.
 A VCR imitation designed only for Python-Requests.
 
-.. _betamax: https://github.com/sigmavirus24/betamax
-
-
-
+.. _betamax: https://github.com/betamaxpy/betamax

docs/community/release-process.rst

@@ -17,19 +17,18 @@ Breaking changes are changes that break backwards compatibility with prior
 versions. If the project were to change the ``text`` attribute on a
 ``Response`` object to a method, that would only happen in a Major release.
 
-Major releases may also include miscellaneous bug fixes and upgrades to
-vendored packages. The core developers of Requests are committed to providing
-a good user experience. This means we're also committed to preserving
-backwards compatibility as much as possible. Major releases will be infrequent
-and will need strong justifications before they are considered.
+Major releases may also include miscellaneous bug fixes. The core developers of
+Requests are committed to providing a good user experience. This means we're
+also committed to preserving backwards compatibility as much as possible. Major
+releases will be infrequent and will need strong justifications before they are
+considered.
 
 Minor Releases
 --------------
 
-A minor release will not include breaking changes but may include
-miscellaneous bug fixes and upgrades to vendored packages. If the previous
-version of Requests released was ``v10.2.7`` a minor release would be
-versioned as ``v10.3.0``.
+A minor release will not include breaking changes but may include miscellaneous
+bug fixes. If the previous version of Requests released was ``v10.2.7`` a minor
+release would be versioned as ``v10.3.0``.
 
 Minor releases will be backwards compatible with releases that have the same
 major version number. In other words, all versions that would start with

docs/community/support.rst

@@ -5,47 +5,27 @@ Support
 
 If you have questions or issues about Requests, there are several options:
 
-StackOverflow
--------------
+Stack Overflow
+--------------
 
 If your question does not contain sensitive (possibly proprietary)
 information or can be properly anonymized, please ask a question on
-`StackOverflow <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/python-requests>`_
+`Stack Overflow <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/python-requests>`_
 and use the tag ``python-requests``.
 
-Send a Tweet
-------------
-
-If your question is less than 140 characters, feel free to send a tweet to
-`@kennethreitz <https://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_,
-`@sigmavirus24 <https://twitter.com/sigmavirus24>`_, or
-`@lukasaoz <https://twitter.com/lukasaoz>`_.
 
 File an Issue
 -------------
 
 If you notice some unexpected behaviour in Requests, or want to see support
 for a new feature,
-`file an issue on GitHub <https://github.com/requests/requests/issues>`_.
+`file an issue on GitHub <https://github.com/psf/requests/issues>`_.
 
 
-E-mail
-------
+Send a Tweet
+------------
 
-I'm more than happy to answer any personal or in-depth questions about
-Requests. Feel free to email
-`requests@kennethreitz.com <mailto:requests@kennethreitz.com>`_.
-
-
-IRC
----
-
-The official Freenode channel for Requests is
-`#python-requests <irc://irc.freenode.net/python-requests>`_
-
-The core developers of requests are on IRC throughout the day.
-You can find them in ``#python-requests`` as:
-
-- kennethreitz
-- lukasa
-- sigmavirus24
+If your question is less than 280 characters, feel free to send a tweet to
+`@nateprewitt <https://twitter.com/nateprewitt>`_,
+`@sethmlarson <https://twitter.com/sethmlarson>`_, or
+`@sigmavirus24 <https://twitter.com/sigmavirus24>`_.

docs/community/updates.rst

@@ -12,19 +12,7 @@ GitHub
 ------
 
 The best way to track the development of Requests is through
-`the GitHub repo <https://github.com/requests/requests>`_.
-
-Twitter
--------
-
-The author, Kenneth Reitz, often tweets about new features and releases of Requests.
-
-Follow `@kennethreitz <https://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_ for updates.
+`the GitHub repo <https://github.com/psf/requests>`_.
 
 
-
-Release and Version History
-===========================
-
-.. include:: ../../HISTORY.rst
-
+.. include:: ../../HISTORY.md

docs/community/vulnerabilities.rst

@@ -1,105 +1,5 @@
 Vulnerability Disclosure
 ========================
 
-If you think you have found a potential security vulnerability in requests,
-please email `sigmavirus24 <mailto:graffatcolmingov@gmail.com>`_ and
-`Lukasa <mailto:cory@lukasa.co.uk>`_ directly. **Do not file a public issue.**
-
-Our PGP Key fingerprints are:
-
-- 0161 BB7E B208 B5E0 4FDC  9F81 D9DA 0A04 9113 F853 (@sigmavirus24)
-
-- 90DC AE40 FEA7 4B14 9B70  662D F25F 2144 EEC1 373D (@lukasa)
-
-If English is not your first language, please try to describe the problem and
-its impact to the best of your ability. For greater detail, please use your
-native language and we will try our best to translate it using online services.
-
-Please also include the code you used to find the problem and the shortest
-amount of code necessary to reproduce it.
-
-Please do not disclose this to anyone else. We will retrieve a CVE identifier
-if necessary and give you full credit under whatever name or alias you provide.
-We will only request an identifier when we have a fix and can publish it in a
-release.
-
-We will respect your privacy and will only publicize your involvement if you
-grant us permission.
-
-Process
--------
-
-This following information discusses the process the requests project follows
-in response to vulnerability disclosures. If you are disclosing a
-vulnerability, this section of the documentation lets you know how we will
-respond to your disclosure.
-
-Timeline
-~~~~~~~~
-
-When you report an issue, one of the project members will respond to you within
-two days *at the outside*. In most cases responses will be faster, usually
-within 12 hours. This initial response will at the very least confirm receipt
-of the report.
-
-If we were able to rapidly reproduce the issue, the initial response will also
-contain confirmation of the issue. If we are not, we will often ask for more
-information about the reproduction scenario.
-
-Our goal is to have a fix for any vulnerability released within two weeks of
-the initial disclosure. This may potentially involve shipping an interim
-release that simply disables function while a more mature fix can be prepared,
-but will in the vast majority of cases mean shipping a complete release as soon
-as possible.
-
-Throughout the fix process we will keep you up to speed with how the fix is
-progressing. Once the fix is prepared, we will notify you that we believe we
-have a fix. Often we will ask you to confirm the fix resolves the problem in
-your environment, especially if we are not confident of our reproduction
-scenario.
-
-At this point, we will prepare for the release. We will obtain a CVE number
-if one is required, providing you with full credit for the discovery. We will
-also decide on a planned release date, and let you know when it is. This
-release date will *always* be on a weekday.
-
-At this point we will reach out to our major downstream packagers to notify
-them of an impending security-related patch so they can make arrangements. In
-addition, these packagers will be provided with the intended patch ahead of
-time, to ensure that they are able to promptly release their downstream
-packages. Currently the list of people we actively contact *ahead of a public
-release* is:
-
-- Jeremy Cline, Red Hat (@jeremycline)
-- Daniele Tricoli, Debian (@eriol)
-
-We will notify these individuals at least a week ahead of our planned release
-date to ensure that they have sufficient time to prepare. If you believe you
-should be on this list, please let one of the maintainers know at one of the
-email addresses at the top of this article.
-
-On release day, we will push the patch to our public repository, along with an
-updated changelog that describes the issue and credits you. We will then issue
-a PyPI release containing the patch.
-
-At this point, we will publicise the release. This will involve mails to
-mailing lists, Tweets, and all other communication mechanisms available to the
-core team.
-
-We will also explicitly mention which commits contain the fix to make it easier
-for other distributors and users to easily patch their own versions of requests
-if upgrading is not an option.
-
-Previous CVEs
--------------
-
-- Fixed in 2.6.0
-
-  - `CVE 2015-2296 <http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2015-2296>`_,
-    reported by Matthew Daley of `BugFuzz <https://bugfuzz.com/>`_.
-
-- Fixed in 2.3.0
-
-  - `CVE 2014-1829 <http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2014-1829>`_
-
-  - `CVE 2014-1830 <http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2014-1830>`_
+The latest vulnerability disclosure information can be found on GitHub in our
+`Security Policy <https://github.com/psf/requests/blob/main/.github/SECURITY.md>`_.

docs/conf.py

@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ import os
 # If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
 # add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
 # documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
-#sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
+# sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
 
 # Insert Requests' path into the system.
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('..'))
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('_themes'))
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath(".."))
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath("_themes"))
 
 import requests
 
@@ -30,36 +30,36 @@ import requests
 # -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------
 
 # If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
-#needs_sphinx = '1.0'
+# needs_sphinx = '1.0'
 
 # Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
 # extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
 # ones.
 extensions = [
-    'sphinx.ext.autodoc',
-    'sphinx.ext.intersphinx',
-    'sphinx.ext.todo',
-    'sphinx.ext.viewcode',
+    "sphinx.ext.autodoc",
+    "sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
+    "sphinx.ext.todo",
+    "sphinx.ext.viewcode",
 ]
 
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
-templates_path = ['_templates']
+templates_path = ["_templates"]
 
 # The suffix(es) of source filenames.
 # You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
 # source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
-source_suffix = '.rst'
+source_suffix = ".rst"
 
 # The encoding of source files.
-#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
+# source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
 
 # The master toctree document.
-master_doc = 'index'
+root_doc = "index"
 
 # General information about the project.
-project = u'Requests'
-copyright = u'MMXVII. A <a href="http://kennethreitz.com/pages/open-projects.html">Kenneth Reitz</a> Project'
-author = u'Kenneth Reitz'
+project = u"Requests"
+copyright = u"Kenneth Reitz and contributors"
+author = u"Kenneth Reitz"
 
 # The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
 # |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
@@ -79,17 +79,17 @@ language = None
 
 # There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
 # non-false value, then it is used:
-#today = ''
+# today = ''
 # Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
-#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+# today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
 
 # List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
-exclude_patterns = ['_build']
+exclude_patterns = ["_build"]
 
 # The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all
 # documents.
-#default_role = None
+# default_role = None
 
 # If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
 add_function_parentheses = False
@@ -100,16 +100,16 @@ add_module_names = True
 
 # If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
 # output. They are ignored by default.
-#show_authors = False
+# show_authors = False
 
 # The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
-pygments_style = 'flask_theme_support.FlaskyStyle'
+pygments_style = "flask_theme_support.FlaskyStyle"
 
 # A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
-#modindex_common_prefix = []
+# modindex_common_prefix = []
 
 # If true, keep warnings as "system message" paragraphs in the built documents.
-#keep_warnings = False
+# keep_warnings = False
 
 # If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
 todo_include_todos = True
@@ -119,51 +119,52 @@ todo_include_todos = True
 
 # The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
 # a list of builtin themes.
-html_theme = 'alabaster'
+html_theme = "alabaster"
 
 # Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
 # further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
 # documentation.
 html_theme_options = {
-    'show_powered_by': False,
-    'github_user': 'requests',
-    'github_repo': 'requests',
-    'github_banner': True,
-    'show_related': False
+    "show_powered_by": False,
+    "github_user": "psf",
+    "github_repo": "requests",
+    "github_banner": True,
+    "show_related": False,
+    "note_bg": "#FFF59C",
 }
 
 # Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
-#html_theme_path = []
+# html_theme_path = []
 
 # The name for this set of Sphinx documents.  If None, it defaults to
 # "<project> v<release> documentation".
-#html_title = None
+# html_title = None
 
 # A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
-#html_short_title = None
+# html_short_title = None
 
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
 # of the sidebar.
-#html_logo = None
+# html_logo = None
 
 # The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
 # docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
 # pixels large.
-#html_favicon = None
+# html_favicon = None
 
 # Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
 # relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
 # so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
-html_static_path = ['_static']
+html_static_path = ["_static"]
 
 # Add any extra paths that contain custom files (such as robots.txt or
 # .htaccess) here, relative to this directory. These files are copied
 # directly to the root of the documentation.
-#html_extra_path = []
+# html_extra_path = []
 
 # If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
 # using the given strftime format.
-#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+# html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
 
 # If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
 # typographically correct entities.
@@ -171,24 +172,28 @@ html_use_smartypants = False
 
 # Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
 html_sidebars = {
-    'index':    ['sidebarintro.html', 'sourcelink.html', 'searchbox.html',
-                 'hacks.html'],
-    '**':       ['sidebarlogo.html', 'localtoc.html', 'relations.html',
-                 'sourcelink.html', 'searchbox.html', 'hacks.html']
+    "index": ["sidebar.html", "sourcelink.html", "searchbox.html"],
+    "**": [
+        "sidebar.html",
+        "localtoc.html",
+        "relations.html",
+        "sourcelink.html",
+        "searchbox.html",
+    ],
 }
 
 # Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
 # template names.
-#html_additional_pages = {}
+# html_additional_pages = {}
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#html_domain_indices = True
+# html_domain_indices = True
 
 # If false, no index is generated.
-#html_use_index = True
+# html_use_index = True
 
 # If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
-#html_split_index = False
+# html_split_index = False
 
 # If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
 html_show_sourcelink = False
@@ -202,84 +207,77 @@ html_show_copyright = True
 # If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
 # contain a <link> tag referring to it.  The value of this option must be the
 # base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
-#html_use_opensearch = ''
+# html_use_opensearch = ''
 
 # This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
-#html_file_suffix = None
+# html_file_suffix = None
 
 # Language to be used for generating the HTML full-text search index.
 # Sphinx supports the following languages:
 #   'da', 'de', 'en', 'es', 'fi', 'fr', 'hu', 'it', 'ja'
 #   'nl', 'no', 'pt', 'ro', 'ru', 'sv', 'tr'
-#html_search_language = 'en'
+# html_search_language = 'en'
 
 # A dictionary with options for the search language support, empty by default.
 # Now only 'ja' uses this config value
-#html_search_options = {'type': 'default'}
+# html_search_options = {'type': 'default'}
 
 # The name of a javascript file (relative to the configuration directory) that
 # implements a search results scorer. If empty, the default will be used.
-#html_search_scorer = 'scorer.js'
+# html_search_scorer = 'scorer.js'
 
 # Output file base name for HTML help builder.
-htmlhelp_basename = 'Requestsdoc'
+htmlhelp_basename = "Requestsdoc"
 
 # -- Options for LaTeX output ---------------------------------------------
 
 latex_elements = {
-# The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
-#'papersize': 'letterpaper',
-
-# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
-#'pointsize': '10pt',
-
-# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
-#'preamble': '',
-
-# Latex figure (float) alignment
-#'figure_align': 'htbp',
+    # The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
+    #'papersize': 'letterpaper',
+    # The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+    #'pointsize': '10pt',
+    # Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+    #'preamble': '',
+    # Latex figure (float) alignment
+    #'figure_align': 'htbp',
 }
 
 # Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
 # (source start file, target name, title,
 #  author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
 latex_documents = [
-    (master_doc, 'Requests.tex', u'Requests Documentation',
-     u'Kenneth Reitz', 'manual'),
+    (root_doc, "Requests.tex", u"Requests Documentation", u"Kenneth Reitz", "manual")
 ]
 
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
 # the title page.
-#latex_logo = None
+# latex_logo = None
 
 # For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
 # not chapters.
-#latex_use_parts = False
+# latex_use_parts = False
 
 # If true, show page references after internal links.
-#latex_show_pagerefs = False
+# latex_show_pagerefs = False
 
 # If true, show URL addresses after external links.
-#latex_show_urls = False
+# latex_show_urls = False
 
 # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#latex_appendices = []
+# latex_appendices = []
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#latex_domain_indices = True
+# latex_domain_indices = True
 
 
 # -- Options for manual page output ---------------------------------------
 
 # One entry per manual page. List of tuples
 # (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
-man_pages = [
-    (master_doc, 'requests', u'Requests Documentation',
-     [author], 1)
-]
+man_pages = [(root_doc, "requests", u"Requests Documentation", [author], 1)]
 
 # If true, show URL addresses after external links.
-#man_show_urls = False
+# man_show_urls = False
 
 
 # -- Options for Texinfo output -------------------------------------------
@@ -288,22 +286,28 @@ man_pages = [
 # (source start file, target name, title, author,
 #  dir menu entry, description, category)
 texinfo_documents = [
-    (master_doc, 'Requests', u'Requests Documentation',
-     author, 'Requests', 'One line description of project.',
-     'Miscellaneous'),
+    (
+        root_doc,
+        "Requests",
+        u"Requests Documentation",
+        author,
+        "Requests",
+        "One line description of project.",
+        "Miscellaneous",
+    )
 ]
 
 # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#texinfo_appendices = []
+# texinfo_appendices = []
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#texinfo_domain_indices = True
+# texinfo_domain_indices = True
 
 # How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
-#texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
+# texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
 
 # If true, do not generate a @detailmenu in the "Top" node's menu.
-#texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
+# texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
 
 
 # -- Options for Epub output ----------------------------------------------
@@ -315,64 +319,67 @@ epub_publisher = author
 epub_copyright = copyright
 
 # The basename for the epub file. It defaults to the project name.
-#epub_basename = project
+# epub_basename = project
 
 # The HTML theme for the epub output. Since the default themes are not
 # optimized for small screen space, using the same theme for HTML and epub
 # output is usually not wise. This defaults to 'epub', a theme designed to save
 # visual space.
-#epub_theme = 'epub'
+# epub_theme = 'epub'
 
 # The language of the text. It defaults to the language option
 # or 'en' if the language is not set.
-#epub_language = ''
+# epub_language = ''
 
 # The scheme of the identifier. Typical schemes are ISBN or URL.
-#epub_scheme = ''
+# epub_scheme = ''
 
 # The unique identifier of the text. This can be a ISBN number
 # or the project homepage.
-#epub_identifier = ''
+# epub_identifier = ''
 
 # A unique identification for the text.
-#epub_uid = ''
+# epub_uid = ''
 
 # A tuple containing the cover image and cover page html template filenames.
-#epub_cover = ()
+# epub_cover = ()
 
 # A sequence of (type, uri, title) tuples for the guide element of content.opf.
-#epub_guide = ()
+# epub_guide = ()
 
 # HTML files that should be inserted before the pages created by sphinx.
 # The format is a list of tuples containing the path and title.
-#epub_pre_files = []
+# epub_pre_files = []
 
 # HTML files that should be inserted after the pages created by sphinx.
 # The format is a list of tuples containing the path and title.
-#epub_post_files = []
+# epub_post_files = []
 
 # A list of files that should not be packed into the epub file.
-epub_exclude_files = ['search.html']
+epub_exclude_files = ["search.html"]
 
 # The depth of the table of contents in toc.ncx.
-#epub_tocdepth = 3
+# epub_tocdepth = 3
 
 # Allow duplicate toc entries.
-#epub_tocdup = True
+# epub_tocdup = True
 
 # Choose between 'default' and 'includehidden'.
-#epub_tocscope = 'default'
+# epub_tocscope = 'default'
 
 # Fix unsupported image types using the Pillow.
-#epub_fix_images = False
+# epub_fix_images = False
 
 # Scale large images.
-#epub_max_image_width = 0
+# epub_max_image_width = 0
 
 # How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
-#epub_show_urls = 'inline'
+# epub_show_urls = 'inline'
 
 # If false, no index is generated.
-#epub_use_index = True
+# epub_use_index = True
 
-intersphinx_mapping = {'urllib3': ('http://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest', None)}
+intersphinx_mapping = {
+    "python": ("https://docs.python.org/3/", None),
+    "urllib3": ("https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest", None),
+}

docs/dev/authors.rst

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 Authors
 =======
 
-
 .. include:: ../../AUTHORS.rst

docs/dev/contributing.rst

@@ -11,35 +11,28 @@ contributing to the Requests project is *very* generous of you.
 This document lays out guidelines and advice for contributing to this project.
 If you're thinking of contributing, please start by reading this document and
 getting a feel for how contributing to this project works. If you have any
-questions, feel free to reach out to either `Ian Cordasco`_ or `Cory Benfield`_,
-the primary maintainers.
+questions, feel free to reach out to either `Nate Prewitt`_, `Ian Cordasco`_,
+or `Seth Michael Larson`_, the primary maintainers.
 
-.. _Ian Cordasco: http://www.coglib.com/~icordasc/
-.. _Cory Benfield: https://lukasa.co.uk/about
-
-If you have non-technical feedback, philosophical ponderings, crazy ideas, or
-other general thoughts about Requests or its position within the Python
-ecosystem, the BDFL, `Kenneth Reitz`_, would love to hear from you.
+.. _Ian Cordasco: https://www.coglib.com/~icordasc/
+.. _Nate Prewitt: https://www.nateprewitt.com/
+.. _Seth Michael Larson: https://sethmlarson.dev/
 
 The guide is split into sections based on the type of contribution you're
 thinking of making, with a section that covers general guidelines for all
 contributors.
 
-.. _Kenneth Reitz: mailto:me@kennethreitz.org
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
 
-Be Cordial
-----------
+The Python community is made up of members from around the globe with a diverse
+set of skills, personalities, and experiences. It is through these differences
+that our community experiences great successes and continued growth. When you're
+working with members of the community, follow the
+`Python Software Foundation Code of Conduct`_ to help steer your interactions
+and keep Python a positive, successful, and growing community.
 
-    **Be cordial or be on your way**. *—Kenneth Reitz*
-
-Requests has one very important rule governing all forms of contribution,
-including reporting bugs or requesting features. This golden rule is
-"`be cordial or be on your way`_".
-
-**All contributions are welcome**, as long as
-everyone involved is treated with respect.
-
-.. _be cordial or be on your way: http://kennethreitz.org/be-cordial-or-be-on-your-way/
+.. _Python Software Foundation Code of Conduct: https://policies.python.org/python.org/code-of-conduct/
 
 .. _early-feedback:
 
@@ -83,7 +76,7 @@ When contributing code, you'll want to follow this checklist:
 4. Make your change.
 5. Run the entire test suite again, confirming that all tests pass *including
    the ones you just added*.
-6. Send a GitHub Pull Request to the main repository's ``master`` branch.
+6. Send a GitHub Pull Request to the main repository's ``main`` branch.
    GitHub Pull Requests are the expected method of code collaboration on this
    project.
 
@@ -98,6 +91,21 @@ event that you object to the code review feedback, you should make your case
 clearly and calmly. If, after doing so, the feedback is judged to still apply,
 you must either apply the feedback or withdraw your contribution.
 
+Code Style
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Requests uses a collection of tools to ensure the code base has a consistent
+style as it grows. We have these orchestrated using a tool called
+`pre-commit`_. This can be installed locally and run over your changes prior
+to opening a PR, and will also be run as part of the CI approval process
+before a change is merged.
+
+You can find the full list of formatting requirements specified in the
+`.pre-commit-config.yaml`_ at the top level directory of Requests.
+
+.. _pre-commit: https://pre-commit.com/
+.. _.pre-commit-config.yaml: https://github.com/psf/requests/blob/main/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+
 New Contributors
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -108,55 +116,6 @@ asking for help.
 
 Please also check the :ref:`early-feedback` section.
 
-Kenneth Reitz's Code Style™
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The Requests codebase uses the `PEP 8`_ code style.
-
-In addition to the standards outlined in PEP 8, we have a few guidelines:
-
-- Line-length can exceed 79 characters, to 100, when convenient.
-- Line-length can exceed 100 characters, when doing otherwise would be *terribly* inconvenient.
-- Always use single-quoted strings (e.g. ``'#flatearth'``), unless a single-quote occurs within the string.
-
-Additionally, one of the styles that PEP8 recommends for `line continuations`_
-completely lacks all sense of taste, and is not to be permitted within
-the Requests codebase::
-
-    # Aligned with opening delimiter.
-    foo = long_function_name(var_one, var_two,
-                             var_three, var_four)
-
-No. Just don't. Please.
-
-Docstrings are to follow the following syntaxes::
-
-    def the_earth_is_flat():
-        """NASA divided up the seas into thirty-three degrees."""
-        pass
-
-::
-
-    def fibonacci_spiral_tool():
-        """With my feet upon the ground I lose myself / between the sounds
-        and open wide to suck it in. / I feel it move across my skin. / I'm
-        reaching up and reaching out. / I'm reaching for the random or
-        whatever will bewilder me. / Whatever will bewilder me. / And
-        following our will and wind we may just go where no one's been. /
-        We'll ride the spiral to the end and may just go where no one's
-        been.
-
-        Spiral out. Keep going...
-        """
-        pass
-
-All functions, methods, and classes are to contain docstrings. Object data
-model methods (e.g. ``__repr__``) are typically the exception to this rule.
-
-Thanks for helping to make the world a better place!
-
-.. _PEP 8: http://pep8.org
-.. _line continuations: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#indentation
 
 Documentation Contributions
 ---------------------------
@@ -173,8 +132,8 @@ files and a semi-formal, yet friendly and approachable, prose style.
 When presenting Python code, use single-quoted strings (``'hello'`` instead of
 ``"hello"``).
 
-.. _reStructuredText: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
-.. _Sphinx: http://sphinx-doc.org/index.html
+.. _reStructuredText: https://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
+.. _Sphinx: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/
 
 
 .. _bug-reports:
@@ -187,7 +146,7 @@ through the `GitHub issues`_, **both open and closed**, to confirm that the bug
 hasn't been reported before. Duplicate bug reports are a huge drain on the time
 of other contributors, and should be avoided as much as possible.
 
-.. _GitHub issues: https://github.com/requests/requests/issues
+.. _GitHub issues: https://github.com/psf/requests/issues
 
 
 Feature Requests
@@ -203,4 +162,4 @@ while keeping an open ear and mind.
 
 If you believe there is a feature missing, feel free to raise a feature
 request, but please do be aware that the overwhelming likelihood is that your
-feature request will not be accepted.
+feature request will not be accepted.

docs/dev/philosophy.rst

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-Development Philosophy
-======================
-
-Requests is an open but opinionated library, created by an open but opinionated developer.
-
-
-Management Style
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-`Kenneth Reitz <http://kennethreitz.org>`_ is the BDFL. He has final say in any decision related to the Requests project. Kenneth is responsible for the direction and form of the library, as well as its presentation. In addition to making decisions based on technical merit, he is responsible for making decisions based on the development philosophy of Requests.
-
-`Ian Cordasco <http://www.coglib.com/~icordasc/>`_ and `Cory Benfield <https://lukasa.co.uk/about/>`_ are the core contributors. They are responsible for triaging bug reports, reviewing pull requests and ensuring that Kenneth is kept up to speed with developments around the library. The day-to-day managing of the project is done by the core contributors. They are responsible for making judgements about whether or not a feature request is likely to be accepted by Kenneth. Their word is, in some ways, more final than Kenneth's.
-
-Values
-~~~~~~
-
-- Simplicity is always better than functionality.
-- Listen to everyone, then disregard it.
-- The API is all that matters. Everything else is secondary.
-- Fit the 90% use-case. Ignore the nay-sayers.
-
-Semantic Versioning
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-For many years, the open source community has been plagued with version number dystonia. Numbers vary so greatly from project to project, they are practically meaningless.
-
-Requests uses `Semantic Versioning <http://semver.org>`_. This specification seeks to put an end to this madness with a small set of practical guidelines for you and your colleagues to use in your next project.
-
-Standard Library?
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Requests has no *active* plans to be included in the standard library. This decision has been discussed at length with Guido as well as numerous core developers.
-
-Essentially, the standard library is where a library goes to die. It is appropriate for a module to be included when active development is no longer necessary.
-
-Linux Distro Packages
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Distributions have been made for many Linux repositories, including: Ubuntu, Debian, RHEL, and Arch.
-
-These distributions are sometimes divergent forks, or are otherwise not kept up-to-date with the latest code and bugfixes. PyPI (and its mirrors) and GitHub are the official distribution sources; alternatives are not supported by the Requests project.

docs/dev/todo.rst

@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-How to Help
-===========
-
-Requests is under active development, and contributions are more than welcome!
-
-#. Check for open issues or open a fresh issue to start a discussion around a bug.
-   There is a Contributor Friendly tag for issues that should be ideal for people who are not very
-   familiar with the codebase yet.
-#. Fork `the repository <https://github.com/requests/requests>`_ on GitHub and start making your
-   changes to a new branch.
-#. Write a test which shows that the bug was fixed.
-#. Send a pull request and bug the maintainer until it gets merged and published. :)
-   Make sure to add yourself to `AUTHORS <https://github.com/requests/requests/blob/master/AUTHORS.rst>`_.
-
-Feature Freeze
---------------
-
-As of v1.0.0, Requests has now entered a feature freeze. Requests for new
-features and Pull Requests implementing those features will not be accepted.
-
-Development Dependencies
-------------------------
-
-You'll need to install py.test in order to run the Requests' test suite::
-
-    $ venv .venv
-    $ source .venv/bin/activate
-
-    $ make
-    $ python setup.py test
-    ============================= test session starts ==============================
-    platform darwin -- Python 3.4.4, pytest-3.0.6, py-1.4.32, pluggy-0.4.0
-    ...
-    collected 445 items
-
-    tests/test_hooks.py ...
-    tests/test_lowlevel.py ............
-    tests/test_requests.py ...........................................................
-    tests/test_structures.py ....................
-    tests/test_testserver.py ...........
-    tests/test_utils.py ..s...........................................................
-
-    ============== 442 passed, 1 skipped, 2 xpassed in 46.48 seconds ===============
-
-You can also run ``$ make tests`` to run against all supported Python versions, using tox/detox.
-
-Runtime Environments
---------------------
-
-Requests currently supports the following versions of Python:
-
-- Python 2.6
-- Python 2.7
-- Python 3.3
-- Python 3.4
-- Python 3.5
-- Python 3.6
-- PyPy
-
-Google AppEngine is not officially supported although support is available
-with the `Requests-Toolbelt`_.
-
-.. _Requests-Toolbelt: http://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/
-

docs/index.rst

@@ -3,34 +3,33 @@
    You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least
    contain the root `toctree` directive.
 
-Requests: HTTP for Humans
-=========================
+Requests: HTTP for Humans™
+==========================
 
 Release v\ |version|. (:ref:`Installation <install>`)
 
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/requests.svg
-    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
 
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/wheel/requests.svg
-    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/requests.svg?maxAge=86400
+    :target: https://pypi.org/project/requests/
+    :alt: PyPI Version Badge
 
 .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/requests.svg
-    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
+    :target: https://pypi.org/project/requests/
+    :alt: Supported Versions Badge
 
-.. image:: https://codecov.io/github/requests/requests/coverage.svg?branch=master
-    :target: https://codecov.io/github/requests/requests
-    :alt: codecov.io
+.. image:: https://static.pepy.tech/badge/requests/month
+    :target: https://pepy.tech/project/requests
+    :alt: Downloads Per Month Badge
 
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/Say%20Thanks!-🦉-1EAEDB.svg
-    :target: https://saythanks.io/to/kennethreitz
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/psf/requests.svg
+    :target: https://github.com/psf/requests/graphs/contributors
+    :alt: Contributors Badge
 
+.. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/requests/badge/?version=latest
+    :target: https://requests.readthedocs.io
+    :alt: Documentation Badge
 
-**Requests** is the only *Non-GMO* HTTP library for Python, safe for human
-consumption.
-
-*Warning: Recreational use of the Python standard library for HTTP may result in dangerous side-effects,
-including: security vulnerabilities, verbose code, reinventing the wheel,
-constantly reading documentation, depression, headaches, or even death.*
+**Requests** is an elegant and simple HTTP library for Python, built for human beings.
 
 -------------------
 
@@ -44,44 +43,17 @@ constantly reading documentation, depression, headaches, or even death.*
     >>> r.encoding
     'utf-8'
     >>> r.text
-    u'{"type":"User"...'
+    '{"type":"User"...'
     >>> r.json()
-    {u'private_gists': 419, u'total_private_repos': 77, ...}
+    {'private_gists': 419, 'total_private_repos': 77, ...}
 
 See `similar code, sans Requests <https://gist.github.com/973705>`_.
 
 
-**Requests** allows you to send *organic, grass-fed* HTTP/1.1 requests, without the
-need for manual labor. There's no need to manually add query strings to your
+**Requests** allows you to send HTTP/1.1 requests extremely easily. 
+There's no need to manually add query strings to your
 URLs, or to form-encode your POST data. Keep-alive and HTTP connection pooling
-are 100% automatic, thanks to `urllib3 <https://github.com/shazow/urllib3>`_.
-
-User Testimonials
------------------
-
-Twitter, Spotify, Microsoft, Amazon, Lyft, BuzzFeed, Reddit, The NSA, Her Majesty's Government, Google, Twilio, Runscope, Mozilla, Heroku,
-PayPal, NPR, Obama for America, Transifex, Native Instruments, The Washington
-Post, SoundCloud, Kippt, Sony, and Federal U.S.
-Institutions that prefer to be unnamed claim to use Requests internally.
-
-**Armin Ronacher**—
-    *Requests is the perfect example how beautiful an API can be with the
-    right level of abstraction.*
-
-**Matt DeBoard**—
-    *I'm going to get Kenneth Reitz's Python requests module tattooed
-    on my body, somehow. The whole thing.*
-
-**Daniel Greenfeld**—
-    *Nuked a 1200 LOC spaghetti code library with 10 lines of code thanks to
-    Kenneth Reitz's request library. Today has been AWESOME.*
-
-**Kenny Meyers**—
-    *Python HTTP: When in doubt, or when not in doubt, use Requests. Beautiful,
-    simple, Pythonic.*
-
-Requests is one of the most downloaded Python packages of all time, pulling in
-over 11,000,000 downloads every month. All the cool kids are doing it!
+are 100% automatic, thanks to `urllib3 <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3>`_.
 
 Beloved Features
 ----------------
@@ -104,7 +76,7 @@ Requests is ready for today's web.
 - Chunked Requests
 - ``.netrc`` Support
 
-Requests officially supports Python 2.6–2.7 & 3.3–3.7, and runs great on PyPy.
+Requests officially supports Python 3.10+, and runs great on PyPy.
 
 
 The User Guide
@@ -117,7 +89,6 @@ instructions for getting the most out of Requests.
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 2
 
-   user/intro
    user/install
    user/quickstart
    user/advanced
@@ -131,16 +102,20 @@ This part of the documentation, which is mostly prose, details the
 Requests ecosystem and community.
 
 .. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 1
+   :maxdepth: 2
 
-   community/faq
    community/recommended
+   community/faq
    community/out-there
    community/support
    community/vulnerabilities
-   community/updates
    community/release-process
 
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   community/updates
+
 The API Documentation / Guide
 -----------------------------
 
@@ -163,8 +138,6 @@ you.
    :maxdepth: 3
 
    dev/contributing
-   dev/philosophy
-   dev/todo
    dev/authors
 
 There are no more guides. You are now guideless.

docs/make.bat

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ if errorlevel 9009 (
 	echo.may add the Sphinx directory to PATH.
 	echo.
 	echo.If you don't have Sphinx installed, grab it from
-	echo.http://sphinx-doc.org/
+	echo.https://www.sphinx-doc.org/
 	exit /b 1
 )
 

docs/requirements.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Pinning to avoid unexpected breakages.
+# Used by RTD to generate docs.
+Sphinx==7.2.6

docs/user/advanced.rst

@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ Let's persist some cookies across requests::
 
     s = requests.Session()
 
-    s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
-    r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
+    s.get('https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
+    r = s.get('https://httpbin.org/cookies')
 
     print(r.text)
     # '{"cookies": {"sessioncookie": "123456789"}}'
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ is done by providing data to the properties on a Session object::
     s.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})
 
     # both 'x-test' and 'x-test2' are sent
-    s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test2': 'true'})
+    s.get('https://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test2': 'true'})
 
 
 Any dictionaries that you pass to a request method will be merged with the
@@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ with the first request, but not the second::
 
     s = requests.Session()
 
-    r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies', cookies={'from-my': 'browser'})
+    r = s.get('https://httpbin.org/cookies', cookies={'from-my': 'browser'})
     print(r.text)
     # '{"cookies": {"from-my": "browser"}}'
 
-    r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
+    r = s.get('https://httpbin.org/cookies')
     print(r.text)
     # '{"cookies": {}}'
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ If you want to manually add cookies to your session, use the
 Sessions can also be used as context managers::
 
     with requests.Session() as s:
-        s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
+        s.get('https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
 
 This will make sure the session is closed as soon as the ``with`` block is
 exited, even if unhandled exceptions occurred.
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ The ``Response`` object contains all of the information returned by the server a
 also contains the ``Request`` object you created originally. Here is a simple
 request to get some very important information from Wikipedia's servers::
 
-    >>> r = requests.get('http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python')
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python')
 
 If we want to access the headers the server sent back to us, we do this::
 
@@ -187,6 +187,25 @@ applied, replace the call to :meth:`Request.prepare()
 
     print(resp.status_code)
 
+When you are using the prepared request flow, keep in mind that it does not take into account the environment.
+This can cause problems if you are using environment variables to change the behaviour of requests.
+For example: Self-signed SSL certificates specified in ``REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE`` will not be taken into account.
+As a result an ``SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED`` is thrown.
+You can get around this behaviour by explicitly merging the environment settings into your session::
+
+    from requests import Request, Session
+
+    s = Session()
+    req = Request('GET', url)
+
+    prepped = s.prepare_request(req)
+
+    # Merge environment settings into session
+    settings = s.merge_environment_settings(prepped.url, {}, None, None, None)
+    resp = s.send(prepped, **settings)
+
+    print(resp.status_code)
+
 .. _verification:
 
 SSL Cert Verification
@@ -214,15 +233,22 @@ or persistent::
     s.verify = '/path/to/certfile'
 
 .. note:: If ``verify`` is set to a path to a directory, the directory must have been processed using
-  the c_rehash utility supplied with OpenSSL.
+  the ``c_rehash`` utility supplied with OpenSSL.
 
 This list of trusted CAs can also be specified through the ``REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE`` environment variable.
+If ``REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE`` is not set, ``CURL_CA_BUNDLE`` will be used as fallback.
 
 Requests can also ignore verifying the SSL certificate if you set ``verify`` to False::
 
     >>> requests.get('https://kennethreitz.org', verify=False)
     <Response [200]>
 
+Note that when ``verify`` is set to ``False``, requests will accept any TLS
+certificate presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches
+and/or expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to
+man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Setting verify to ``False`` may be useful
+during local development or testing.
+
 By default, ``verify`` is set to True. Option ``verify`` only applies to host certs.
 
 Client Side Certificates
@@ -253,21 +279,20 @@ If you specify a wrong path or an invalid cert, you'll get a SSLError::
 CA Certificates
 ---------------
 
-By default, Requests bundles a set of root CAs that it trusts, sourced from the
-`Mozilla trust store`_. However, these are only updated once for each Requests
-version. This means that if you pin a Requests version your certificates can
-become extremely out of date.
+Requests uses certificates from the package `certifi`_. This allows for users
+to update their trusted certificates without changing the version of Requests.
 
-From Requests version 2.4.0 onwards, Requests will attempt to use certificates
-from `certifi`_ if it is present on the system. This allows for users to update
-their trusted certificates without having to change the code that runs on their
-system.
+Before version 2.16, Requests bundled a set of root CAs that it trusted,
+sourced from the `Mozilla trust store`_. The certificates were only updated
+once for each Requests version. When ``certifi`` was not installed, this led to
+extremely out-of-date certificate bundles when using significantly older
+versions of Requests.
 
 For the sake of security we recommend upgrading certifi frequently!
 
 .. _HTTP persistent connection: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_persistent_connection
-.. _connection pooling: http://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/index.html#module-urllib3.connectionpool
-.. _certifi: http://certifi.io/
+.. _connection pooling: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/urllib3.connectionpool.html
+.. _certifi: https://certifiio.readthedocs.io/
 .. _Mozilla trust store: https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/raw-file/tip/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt
 
 .. _body-content-workflow:
@@ -280,7 +305,7 @@ immediately. You can override this behaviour and defer downloading the response
 body until you access the :attr:`Response.content <requests.Response.content>`
 attribute with the ``stream`` parameter::
 
-    tarball_url = 'https://github.com/requests/requests/tarball/master'
+    tarball_url = 'https://github.com/psf/requests/tarball/main'
     r = requests.get(tarball_url, stream=True)
 
 At this point only the response headers have been downloaded and the connection
@@ -303,7 +328,7 @@ inefficiency with connections. If you find yourself partially reading request
 bodies (or not reading them at all) while using ``stream=True``, you should
 make the request within a ``with`` statement to ensure it's always closed::
 
-    with requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True) as r:
+    with requests.get('https://httpbin.org/get', stream=True) as r:
         # Do things with the response here.
 
 .. _keep-alive:
@@ -331,13 +356,11 @@ file-like object for your body::
     with open('massive-body', 'rb') as f:
         requests.post('http://some.url/streamed', data=f)
 
-.. warning:: It is strongly recommended that you open files in `binary mode`_.
-             This is because Requests may attempt to provide the
-             ``Content-Length`` header for you, and if it does this value will
-             be set to the number of *bytes* in the file. Errors may occur if
-             you open the file in *text mode*.
-
-.. _binary mode: https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files
+.. warning:: It is strongly recommended that you open files in :ref:`binary
+             mode <tut-files>`. This is because Requests may attempt to provide
+             the ``Content-Length`` header for you, and if it does this value
+             will be set to the number of *bytes* in the file. Errors may occur
+             if you open the file in *text mode*.
 
 
 .. _chunk-encoding:
@@ -375,10 +398,10 @@ upload image files to an HTML form with a multiple file field 'images'::
 
 To do that, just set files to a list of tuples of ``(form_field_name, file_info)``::
 
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/post'
     >>> multiple_files = [
-            ('images', ('foo.png', open('foo.png', 'rb'), 'image/png')),
-            ('images', ('bar.png', open('bar.png', 'rb'), 'image/png'))]
+    ...     ('images', ('foo.png', open('foo.png', 'rb'), 'image/png')),
+    ...     ('images', ('bar.png', open('bar.png', 'rb'), 'image/png'))]
     >>> r = requests.post(url, files=multiple_files)
     >>> r.text
     {
@@ -388,13 +411,11 @@ To do that, just set files to a list of tuples of ``(form_field_name, file_info)
       ...
     }
 
-.. warning:: It is strongly recommended that you open files in `binary mode`_.
-             This is because Requests may attempt to provide the
-             ``Content-Length`` header for you, and if it does this value will
-             be set to the number of *bytes* in the file. Errors may occur if
-             you open the file in *text mode*.
-
-.. _binary mode: https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files
+.. warning:: It is strongly recommended that you open files in :ref:`binary
+             mode <tut-files>`. This is because Requests may attempt to provide
+             the ``Content-Length`` header for you, and if it does this value
+             will be set to the number of *bytes* in the file. Errors may occur
+             if you open the file in *text mode*.
 
 
 .. _event-hooks:
@@ -415,7 +436,7 @@ You can assign a hook function on a per-request basis by passing a
 ``{hook_name: callback_function}`` dictionary to the ``hooks`` request
 parameter::
 
-    hooks=dict(response=print_url)
+    hooks={'response': print_url}
 
 That ``callback_function`` will receive a chunk of data as its first
 argument.
@@ -425,24 +446,49 @@ argument.
     def print_url(r, *args, **kwargs):
         print(r.url)
 
-If an error occurs while executing your callback, a warning is given.
+Your callback function must handle its own exceptions. Any unhandled exception won't be passed silently and thus should be handled by the code calling Requests.
 
 If the callback function returns a value, it is assumed that it is to
 replace the data that was passed in. If the function doesn't return
-anything, nothing else is effected.
+anything, nothing else is affected.
+
+::
+
+    def record_hook(r, *args, **kwargs):
+        r.hook_called = True
+        return r
 
 Let's print some request method arguments at runtime::
 
-    >>> requests.get('http://httpbin.org', hooks=dict(response=print_url))
-    http://httpbin.org
+    >>> requests.get('https://httpbin.org/', hooks={'response': print_url})
+    https://httpbin.org/
     <Response [200]>
 
+You can add multiple hooks to a single request.  Let's call two hooks at once::
+
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/', hooks={'response': [print_url, record_hook]})
+    https://httpbin.org/
+    >>> r.hook_called
+    True
+
+You can also add hooks to a ``Session`` instance.  Any hooks you add will then
+be called on every request made to the session.  For example::
+
+   >>> s = requests.Session()
+   >>> s.hooks['response'].append(print_url)
+   >>> s.get('https://httpbin.org/')
+    https://httpbin.org/
+    <Response [200]>
+
+A ``Session`` can have multiple hooks, which will be called in the order
+they are added.
+
 .. _custom-auth:
 
 Custom Authentication
 ---------------------
 
-Requests allows you to use specify your own authentication mechanism.
+Requests allows you to specify your own authentication mechanism.
 
 Any callable which is passed as the ``auth`` argument to a request method will
 have the opportunity to modify the request before it is dispatched.
@@ -489,7 +535,7 @@ set ``stream`` to ``True`` and iterate over the response with
     import json
     import requests
 
-    r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/stream/20', stream=True)
+    r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/stream/20', stream=True)
 
     for line in r.iter_lines():
 
@@ -503,7 +549,7 @@ When using `decode_unicode=True` with
 :meth:`Response.iter_content() <requests.Response.iter_content>`, you'll want
 to provide a fallback encoding in the event the server doesn't provide one::
 
-    r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/stream/20', stream=True)
+    r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/stream/20', stream=True)
 
     if r.encoding is None:
         r.encoding = 'utf-8'
@@ -544,21 +590,55 @@ If you need to use a proxy, you can configure individual requests with the
 
     requests.get('http://example.org', proxies=proxies)
 
-You can also configure proxies by setting the environment variables
-``HTTP_PROXY`` and ``HTTPS_PROXY``.
+Alternatively you can configure it once for an entire
+:class:`Session <requests.Session>`::
 
-::
+    import requests
+
+    proxies = {
+      'http': 'http://10.10.1.10:3128',
+      'https': 'http://10.10.1.10:1080',
+    }
+    session = requests.Session()
+    session.proxies.update(proxies)
+
+    session.get('http://example.org')
+
+.. warning::  Setting ``session.proxies`` may behave differently than expected.
+    Values provided will be overwritten by environmental proxies
+    (those returned by `urllib.request.getproxies <https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.request.html#urllib.request.getproxies>`_).
+    To ensure the use of proxies in the presence of environmental proxies,
+    explicitly specify the ``proxies`` argument on all individual requests as
+    initially explained above.
+
+    See `#2018 <https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/2018>`_ for details.
+
+When the proxies configuration is not overridden per request as shown above,
+Requests relies on the proxy configuration defined by standard
+environment variables ``http_proxy``, ``https_proxy``, ``no_proxy``,
+and ``all_proxy``. Uppercase variants of these variables are also supported.
+You can therefore set them to configure Requests (only set the ones relevant
+to your needs)::
 
     $ export HTTP_PROXY="http://10.10.1.10:3128"
     $ export HTTPS_PROXY="http://10.10.1.10:1080"
+    $ export ALL_PROXY="socks5://10.10.1.10:3434"
 
     $ python
     >>> import requests
     >>> requests.get('http://example.org')
 
-To use HTTP Basic Auth with your proxy, use the `http://user:password@host/` syntax::
+To use HTTP Basic Auth with your proxy, use the `http://user:password@host/`
+syntax in any of the above configuration entries::
 
-    proxies = {'http': 'http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/'}
+    $ export HTTPS_PROXY="http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:1080"
+
+    $ python
+    >>> proxies = {'http': 'http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/'}
+
+.. warning:: Storing sensitive username and password information in an
+   environment variable or a version-controlled file is a security risk and is
+   highly discouraged.
 
 To give a proxy for a specific scheme and host, use the
 `scheme://hostname` form for the key.  This will match for
@@ -570,6 +650,25 @@ any request to the given scheme and exact hostname.
 
 Note that proxy URLs must include the scheme.
 
+Finally, note that using a proxy for https connections typically requires your
+local machine to trust the proxy's root certificate. By default the list of
+certificates trusted by Requests can be found with::
+
+    from requests.utils import DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH
+    print(DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH)
+
+You override this default certificate bundle by setting the ``REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE``
+(or ``CURL_CA_BUNDLE``) environment variable to another file path::
+
+    $ export REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE="/usr/local/myproxy_info/cacert.pem"
+    $ export https_proxy="http://10.10.1.10:1080"
+
+    $ python
+    >>> import requests
+    >>> requests.get('https://example.org')
+
+.. _socks:
+
 SOCKS
 ^^^^^
 
@@ -579,11 +678,9 @@ In addition to basic HTTP proxies, Requests also supports proxies using the
 SOCKS protocol. This is an optional feature that requires that additional
 third-party libraries be installed before use.
 
-You can get the dependencies for this feature from ``pip``:
+You can get the dependencies for this feature from ``pip``::
 
-.. code-block:: bash
-
-    $ pip install requests[socks]
+    $ python -m pip install 'requests[socks]'
 
 Once you've installed those dependencies, using a SOCKS proxy is just as easy
 as using a HTTP one::
@@ -593,6 +690,8 @@ as using a HTTP one::
         'https': 'socks5://user:pass@host:port'
     }
 
+Using the scheme ``socks5`` causes the DNS resolution to happen on the client, rather than on the proxy server. This is in line with curl, which uses the scheme to decide whether to do the DNS resolution on the client or proxy. If you want to resolve the domains on the proxy server, use ``socks5h`` as the scheme.
+
 .. _compliance:
 
 Compliance
@@ -609,13 +708,24 @@ Encodings
 When you receive a response, Requests makes a guess at the encoding to
 use for decoding the response when you access the :attr:`Response.text
 <requests.Response.text>` attribute. Requests will first check for an
-encoding in the HTTP header, and if none is present, will use `chardet
-<http://pypi.python.org/pypi/chardet>`_ to attempt to guess the encoding.
+encoding in the HTTP header, and if none is present, will use
+`charset_normalizer <https://pypi.org/project/charset_normalizer/>`_
+or `chardet <https://github.com/chardet/chardet>`_ to attempt to
+guess the encoding.
 
-The only time Requests will not do this is if no explicit charset
+If ``chardet`` is installed, ``requests`` uses it, however for python3
+``chardet`` is no longer a mandatory dependency. The ``chardet``
+library is an LGPL-licenced dependency and some users of requests
+cannot depend on mandatory LGPL-licensed dependencies.
+
+When you install ``requests`` without specifying ``[use_chardet_on_py3]`` extra,
+and ``chardet`` is not already installed, ``requests`` uses ``charset-normalizer``
+(MIT-licensed) to guess the encoding.
+
+The only time Requests will not guess the encoding is if no explicit charset
 is present in the HTTP headers **and** the ``Content-Type``
 header contains ``text``. In this situation, `RFC 2616
-<http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec3.html#sec3.7.1>`_ specifies
+<https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec3.html#sec3.7.1>`_ specifies
 that the default charset must be ``ISO-8859-1``. Requests follows the
 specification in this case. If you require a different encoding, you can
 manually set the :attr:`Response.encoding <requests.Response.encoding>`
@@ -638,7 +748,7 @@ from GitHub. Suppose we wanted commit ``a050faf`` on Requests. We would get it
 like so::
 
     >>> import requests
-    >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/repos/requests/requests/git/commits/a050faf084662f3a352dd1a941f2c7c9f886d4ad')
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/repos/psf/requests/git/commits/a050faf084662f3a352dd1a941f2c7c9f886d4ad')
 
 We should confirm that GitHub responded correctly. If it has, we want to work
 out what type of content it is. Do this like so::
@@ -656,12 +766,12 @@ So, GitHub returns JSON. That's great, we can use the :meth:`r.json
     >>> commit_data = r.json()
 
     >>> print(commit_data.keys())
-    [u'committer', u'author', u'url', u'tree', u'sha', u'parents', u'message']
+    ['committer', 'author', 'url', 'tree', 'sha', 'parents', 'message']
 
-    >>> print(commit_data[u'committer'])
-    {u'date': u'2012-05-10T11:10:50-07:00', u'email': u'me@kennethreitz.com', u'name': u'Kenneth Reitz'}
+    >>> print(commit_data['committer'])
+    {'date': '2012-05-10T11:10:50-07:00', 'email': 'me@kennethreitz.com', 'name': 'Kenneth Reitz'}
 
-    >>> print(commit_data[u'message'])
+    >>> print(commit_data['message'])
     makin' history
 
 So far, so simple. Well, let's investigate the GitHub API a little bit. Now,
@@ -693,37 +803,37 @@ we should probably avoid making ham-handed POSTS to it. Instead, let's play
 with the Issues feature of GitHub.
 
 This documentation was added in response to
-`Issue #482 <https://github.com/requests/requests/issues/482>`_. Given that
+`Issue #482 <https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/482>`_. Given that
 this issue already exists, we will use it as an example. Let's start by getting it.
 
 ::
 
-    >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/repos/requests/requests/issues/482')
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/repos/psf/requests/issues/482')
     >>> r.status_code
     200
 
     >>> issue = json.loads(r.text)
 
-    >>> print(issue[u'title'])
+    >>> print(issue['title'])
     Feature any http verb in docs
 
-    >>> print(issue[u'comments'])
+    >>> print(issue['comments'])
     3
 
 Cool, we have three comments. Let's take a look at the last of them.
 
 ::
 
-    >>> r = requests.get(r.url + u'/comments')
+    >>> r = requests.get(r.url + '/comments')
     >>> r.status_code
     200
 
     >>> comments = r.json()
 
     >>> print(comments[0].keys())
-    [u'body', u'url', u'created_at', u'updated_at', u'user', u'id']
+    ['body', 'url', 'created_at', 'updated_at', 'user', 'id']
 
-    >>> print(comments[2][u'body'])
+    >>> print(comments[2]['body'])
     Probably in the "advanced" section
 
 Well, that seems like a silly place. Let's post a comment telling the poster
@@ -731,7 +841,7 @@ that he's silly. Who is the poster, anyway?
 
 ::
 
-    >>> print(comments[2][u'user'][u'login'])
+    >>> print(comments[2]['user']['login'])
     kennethreitz
 
 OK, so let's tell this Kenneth guy that we think this example should go in the
@@ -741,7 +851,7 @@ is to POST to the thread. Let's do it.
 ::
 
     >>> body = json.dumps({u"body": u"Sounds great! I'll get right on it!"})
-    >>> url = u"https://api.github.com/repos/requests/requests/issues/482/comments"
+    >>> url = u"https://api.github.com/repos/psf/requests/issues/482/comments"
 
     >>> r = requests.post(url=url, data=body)
     >>> r.status_code
@@ -761,7 +871,7 @@ the very common Basic Auth.
     201
 
     >>> content = r.json()
-    >>> print(content[u'body'])
+    >>> print(content['body'])
     Sounds great! I'll get right on it.
 
 Brilliant. Oh, wait, no! I meant to add that it would take me a while, because
@@ -775,7 +885,7 @@ that.
     5804413
 
     >>> body = json.dumps({u"body": u"Sounds great! I'll get right on it once I feed my cat."})
-    >>> url = u"https://api.github.com/repos/requests/requests/issues/comments/5804413"
+    >>> url = u"https://api.github.com/repos/psf/requests/issues/comments/5804413"
 
     >>> r = requests.patch(url=url, data=body, auth=auth)
     >>> r.status_code
@@ -837,7 +947,7 @@ Link Headers
 Many HTTP APIs feature Link headers. They make APIs more self describing and
 discoverable.
 
-GitHub uses these for `pagination <http://developer.github.com/v3/#pagination>`_
+GitHub uses these for `pagination <https://docs.github.com/en/rest/guides/using-pagination-in-the-rest-api>`_
 in their API, for example::
 
     >>> url = 'https://api.github.com/users/kennethreitz/repos?page=1&per_page=10'
@@ -858,11 +968,9 @@ Requests will automatically parse these link headers and make them easily consum
 Transport Adapters
 ------------------
 
-As of v1.0.0, Requests has moved to a modular internal design. Part of the
-reason this was done was to implement Transport Adapters, originally
-`described here`_. Transport Adapters provide a mechanism to define interaction
-methods for an HTTP service. In particular, they allow you to apply per-service
-configuration.
+As of v1.0.0, Requests has moved to a modular internal design using Transport
+Adapters. These objects provide a mechanism to define interaction methods for an
+HTTP service. In particular, they allow you to apply per-service configuration.
 
 Requests ships with a single Transport Adapter, the :class:`HTTPAdapter
 <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`. This adapter provides the default Requests
@@ -879,12 +987,16 @@ it should apply to.
 ::
 
     >>> s = requests.Session()
-    >>> s.mount('http://www.github.com', MyAdapter())
+    >>> s.mount('https://github.com/', MyAdapter())
 
 The mount call registers a specific instance of a Transport Adapter to a
 prefix. Once mounted, any HTTP request made using that session whose URL starts
 with the given prefix will use the given Transport Adapter.
 
+.. note:: The adapter will be chosen based on a longest prefix match. Be mindful
+   prefixes such as ``http://localhost`` will also match ``http://localhost.other.com``
+   or ``http://localhost@other.com``. It's recommended to terminate full hostnames with a ``/``.
+
 Many of the details of implementing a Transport Adapter are beyond the scope of
 this documentation, but take a look at the next example for a simple SSL use-
 case. For more than that, you might look at subclassing the
@@ -904,9 +1016,9 @@ passed-through to `urllib3`. We'll make a Transport Adapter that instructs the
 library to use SSLv3::
 
     import ssl
+    from urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager
 
     from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
-    from requests.packages.urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager
 
 
     class Ssl3HttpAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
@@ -917,8 +1029,29 @@ library to use SSLv3::
                 num_pools=connections, maxsize=maxsize,
                 block=block, ssl_version=ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3)
 
-.. _`described here`: http://www.kennethreitz.org/essays/the-future-of-python-http
-.. _`urllib3`: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3
+Example: Automatic Retries
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+By default, Requests does not retry failed connections. However, it is possible
+to implement automatic retries with a powerful array of features, including
+backoff, within a Requests :class:`Session <requests.Session>` using the
+`urllib3.util.Retry`_ class::
+
+    from urllib3.util import Retry
+    from requests import Session
+    from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
+
+    s = Session()
+    retries = Retry(
+        total=3,
+        backoff_factor=0.1,
+        status_forcelist=[502, 503, 504],
+        allowed_methods={'POST'},
+    )
+    s.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter(max_retries=retries))
+
+.. _`urllib3`: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3
+.. _`urllib3.util.Retry`: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/urllib3.util.html#urllib3.util.Retry
 
 .. _blocking-or-nonblocking:
 
@@ -934,17 +1067,19 @@ response at a time. However, these calls will still block.
 
 If you are concerned about the use of blocking IO, there are lots of projects
 out there that combine Requests with one of Python's asynchronicity frameworks.
-Two excellent examples are `grequests`_ and `requests-futures`_.
+Some excellent examples are `requests-threads`_, `grequests`_, `requests-futures`_, and `httpx`_.
 
-.. _`grequests`: https://github.com/kennethreitz/grequests
+.. _`requests-threads`: https://github.com/requests/requests-threads
+.. _`grequests`: https://github.com/spyoungtech/grequests
 .. _`requests-futures`: https://github.com/ross/requests-futures
+.. _`httpx`: https://github.com/encode/httpx
 
 Header Ordering
 ---------------
 
 In unusual circumstances you may want to provide headers in an ordered manner. If you pass an ``OrderedDict`` to the ``headers`` keyword argument, that will provide the headers with an ordering. *However*, the ordering of the default headers used by Requests will be preferred, which means that if you override default headers in the ``headers`` keyword argument, they may appear out of order compared to other headers in that keyword argument.
 
-If this is problematic, users should consider setting the default headers on a :class:`Session <requests.Session>` object, by setting :attr:`Session <requests.Session.headers>` to a custom ``OrderedDict``. That ordering will always be preferred.
+If this is problematic, users should consider setting the default headers on a :class:`Session <requests.Session>` object, by setting :attr:`Session.headers <requests.Session.headers>` to a custom ``OrderedDict``. That ordering will always be preferred.
 
 .. _timeouts:
 
@@ -960,7 +1095,7 @@ The **connect** timeout is the number of seconds Requests will wait for your
 client to establish a connection to a remote machine (corresponding to the
 `connect()`_) call on the socket. It's a good practice to set connect timeouts
 to slightly larger than a multiple of 3, which is the default `TCP packet
-retransmission window <http://www.hjp.at/doc/rfc/rfc2988.txt>`_.
+retransmission window <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2988>`_.
 
 Once your client has connected to the server and sent the HTTP request, the
 **read** timeout is the number of seconds the client will wait for the server
@@ -985,4 +1120,18 @@ coffee.
 
     r = requests.get('https://github.com', timeout=None)
 
-.. _`connect()`: http://linux.die.net/man/2/connect
+.. note:: The connect timeout applies to each connection attempt to an IP address.
+          If multiple addresses exist for a domain name, the underlying ``urllib3`` will
+          try each address sequentially until one successfully connects.
+          This may lead to an effective total connection timeout *multiple* times longer
+          than the specified time, e.g. an unresponsive server having both IPv4 and IPv6
+          addresses will have its perceived timeout *doubled*, so take that into account
+          when setting the connection timeout.
+.. note:: Neither the connect nor read timeouts are `wall clock`_. This means
+          that if you start a request, and look at the time, and then look at
+          the time when the request finishes or times out, the real-world time
+          may be greater than what you specified.
+
+
+.. _`wall clock`: https://wiki.php.net/rfc/max_execution_wall_time
+.. _`connect()`: https://linux.die.net/man/2/connect

docs/user/authentication.rst

@@ -19,13 +19,14 @@ the simplest kind, and Requests supports it straight out of the box.
 Making requests with HTTP Basic Auth is very simple::
 
     >>> from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
-    >>> requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass'))
+    >>> basic = HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass')
+    >>> requests.get('https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/pass', auth=basic)
     <Response [200]>
 
 In fact, HTTP Basic Auth is so common that Requests provides a handy shorthand
 for using it::
 
-    >>> requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=('user', 'pass'))
+    >>> requests.get('https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/pass', auth=('user', 'pass'))
     <Response [200]>
 
 Providing the credentials in a tuple like this is exactly the same as the
@@ -43,6 +44,16 @@ set with `headers=`.
 If credentials for the hostname are found, the request is sent with HTTP Basic
 Auth.
 
+Requests will search for the netrc file at `~/.netrc`, `~/_netrc`, or at the path
+specified by the `NETRC` environment variable. `~` denotes the user's home
+directory, which is `$HOME` on Unix based systems and `%USERPROFILE%` on Windows.
+
+Usage of netrc file can be disabled by setting `trust_env` to `False` in the
+Requests session::
+
+    >>> s = requests.Session()
+    >>> s.trust_env = False
+    >>> s.get('https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/pass')
 
 Digest Authentication
 ---------------------
@@ -51,7 +62,7 @@ Another very popular form of HTTP Authentication is Digest Authentication,
 and Requests supports this out of the box as well::
 
     >>> from requests.auth import HTTPDigestAuth
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass'
     >>> requests.get(url, auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
     <Response [200]>
 
@@ -120,7 +131,7 @@ To do so, subclass :class:`AuthBase <requests.auth.AuthBase>` and implement the
     ...         # Implement my authentication
     ...         return r
     ...
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/get'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/get'
     >>> requests.get(url, auth=MyAuth())
     <Response [200]>
 
@@ -132,13 +143,13 @@ authentication will additionally add hooks to provide further functionality.
 Further examples can be found under the `Requests organization`_ and in the
 ``auth.py`` file.
 
-.. _OAuth: http://oauth.net/
+.. _OAuth: https://oauth.net/
 .. _requests_oauthlib: https://github.com/requests/requests-oauthlib
-.. _requests-oauthlib OAuth2 documentation: http://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html
-.. _Web Application Flow: http://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#web-application-flow
-.. _Mobile Application Flow: http://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#mobile-application-flow
-.. _Legacy Application Flow:  http://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#legacy-application-flow
-.. _Backend Application Flow:  http://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#backend-application-flow
+.. _requests-oauthlib OAuth2 documentation: https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html
+.. _Web Application Flow: https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#web-application-flow
+.. _Mobile Application Flow: https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#mobile-application-flow
+.. _Legacy Application Flow: https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#legacy-application-flow
+.. _Backend Application Flow: https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2_workflow.html#backend-application-flow
 .. _Kerberos: https://github.com/requests/requests-kerberos
 .. _NTLM: https://github.com/requests/requests-ntlm
 .. _Requests organization: https://github.com/requests

docs/user/install.rst

@@ -7,34 +7,30 @@ This part of the documentation covers the installation of Requests.
 The first step to using any software package is getting it properly installed.
 
 
-$ pip install requests
-----------------------
+$ python -m pip install requests
+--------------------------------
 
 To install Requests, simply run this simple command in your terminal of choice::
 
-    $ pip install requests
-
-If you don't have `pip <https://pip.pypa.io>`_ installed (tisk tisk!),
-`this Python installation guide <http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/starting/installation/>`_
-can guide you through the process.
+    $ python -m pip install requests
 
 Get the Source Code
 -------------------
 
 Requests is actively developed on GitHub, where the code is
-`always available <https://github.com/requests/requests>`_.
+`always available <https://github.com/psf/requests>`_.
 
 You can either clone the public repository::
 
-    $ git clone git://github.com/requests/requests.git
+    $ git clone https://github.com/psf/requests.git
 
-Or, download the `tarball <https://github.com/requests/requests/tarball/master>`_::
+Or, download the `tarball <https://github.com/psf/requests/tarball/main>`_::
 
-    $ curl -OL https://github.com/requests/requests/tarball/master
+    $ curl -OL https://github.com/psf/requests/tarball/main
     # optionally, zipball is also available (for Windows users).
 
 Once you have a copy of the source, you can embed it in your own Python
 package, or install it into your site-packages easily::
 
     $ cd requests
-    $ pip install .
+    $ python -m pip install .

docs/user/intro.rst

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-.. _introduction:
-
-Introduction
-============
-
-Philosophy
-----------
-
-Requests was developed with a few :pep:`20` idioms in mind.
-
-
-#. Beautiful is better than ugly.
-#. Explicit is better than implicit.
-#. Simple is better than complex.
-#. Complex is better than complicated.
-#. Readability counts.
-
-All contributions to Requests should keep these important rules in mind.
-
-.. _`apache2`:
-
-Apache2 License
----------------
-
-A large number of open source projects you find today are `GPL Licensed`_.
-While the GPL has its time and place, it should most certainly not be your
-go-to license for your next open source project.
-
-A project that is released as GPL cannot be used in any commercial product
-without the product itself also being offered as open source.
-
-The MIT, BSD, ISC, and Apache2 licenses are great alternatives to the GPL
-that allow your open-source software to be used freely in proprietary,
-closed-source software.
-
-Requests is released under terms of `Apache2 License`_.
-
-.. _`GPL Licensed`: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/gpl-license.php
-.. _`Apache2 License`: http://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0
-
-
-Requests License
-----------------
-
-    .. include:: ../../LICENSE

docs/user/quickstart.rst

@@ -37,15 +37,15 @@ get all the information we need from this object.
 Requests' simple API means that all forms of HTTP request are as obvious. For
 example, this is how you make an HTTP POST request::
 
-    >>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data = {'key':'value'})
+    >>> r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data={'key': 'value'})
 
 Nice, right? What about the other HTTP request types: PUT, DELETE, HEAD and
 OPTIONS? These are all just as simple::
 
-    >>> r = requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put', data = {'key':'value'})
-    >>> r = requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
-    >>> r = requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
-    >>> r = requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
+    >>> r = requests.put('https://httpbin.org/put', data={'key': 'value'})
+    >>> r = requests.delete('https://httpbin.org/delete')
+    >>> r = requests.head('https://httpbin.org/get')
+    >>> r = requests.options('https://httpbin.org/get')
 
 That's all well and good, but it's also only the start of what Requests can
 do.
@@ -63,12 +63,12 @@ using the ``params`` keyword argument. As an example, if you wanted to pass
 following code::
 
     >>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
-    >>> r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', params=payload)
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/get', params=payload)
 
 You can see that the URL has been correctly encoded by printing the URL::
 
     >>> print(r.url)
-    http://httpbin.org/get?key2=value2&key1=value1
+    https://httpbin.org/get?key2=value2&key1=value1
 
 Note that any dictionary key whose value is ``None`` will not be added to the
 URL's query string.
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ You can also pass a list of items as a value::
 
     >>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': ['value2', 'value3']}
 
-    >>> r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', params=payload)
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/get', params=payload)
     >>> print(r.url)
-    http://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2=value2&key2=value3
+    https://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2=value2&key2=value3
 
 Response Content
 ----------------
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ again::
 
     >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')
     >>> r.text
-    u'[{"repository":{"open_issues":0,"url":"https://github.com/...
+    '[{"repository":{"open_issues":0,"url":"https://github.com/...
 
 Requests will automatically decode content from the server. Most unicode
 charsets are seamlessly decoded.
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ using, and change it, using the ``r.encoding`` property::
 If you change the encoding, Requests will use the new value of ``r.encoding``
 whenever you call ``r.text``. You might want to do this in any situation where
 you can apply special logic to work out what the encoding of the content will
-be. For example, HTTP and XML have the ability to specify their encoding in
+be. For example, HTML and XML have the ability to specify their encoding in
 their body. In situations like this, you should use ``r.content`` to find the
 encoding, and then set ``r.encoding``. This will let you use ``r.text`` with
 the correct encoding.
@@ -128,6 +128,9 @@ You can also access the response body as bytes, for non-text requests::
 
 The ``gzip`` and ``deflate`` transfer-encodings are automatically decoded for you.
 
+The ``br``  transfer-encoding is automatically decoded for you if a Brotli library
+like `brotli <https://pypi.org/project/brotli>`_ or `brotlicffi <https://pypi.org/project/brotlicffi>`_ is installed.
+
 For example, to create an image from binary data returned by a request, you can
 use the following code::
 
@@ -146,11 +149,13 @@ There's also a builtin JSON decoder, in case you're dealing with JSON data::
 
     >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')
     >>> r.json()
-    [{u'repository': {u'open_issues': 0, u'url': 'https://github.com/...
+    [{'repository': {'open_issues': 0, 'url': 'https://github.com/...
 
 In case the JSON decoding fails, ``r.json()`` raises an exception. For example, if
 the response gets a 204 (No Content), or if the response contains invalid JSON,
-attempting ``r.json()`` raises ``ValueError: No JSON object could be decoded``.
+attempting ``r.json()`` raises ``requests.exceptions.JSONDecodeError``. This wrapper exception
+provides interoperability for multiple exceptions that may be thrown by different
+python versions and json serialization libraries.
 
 It should be noted that the success of the call to ``r.json()`` does **not**
 indicate the success of the response. Some servers may return a JSON object in a
@@ -169,10 +174,10 @@ server, you can access ``r.raw``. If you want to do this, make sure you set
     >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events', stream=True)
 
     >>> r.raw
-    <requests.packages.urllib3.response.HTTPResponse object at 0x101194810>
+    <urllib3.response.HTTPResponse object at 0x101194810>
 
     >>> r.raw.read(10)
-    '\x1f\x8b\x08\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03'
+    b'\x1f\x8b\x08\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03'
 
 In general, however, you should use a pattern like this to save what is being
 streamed to a file::
@@ -187,6 +192,16 @@ download, the above is the preferred and recommended way to retrieve the
 content. Note that ``chunk_size`` can be freely adjusted to a number that
 may better fit your use cases.
 
+.. note::
+
+   An important note about using ``Response.iter_content`` versus ``Response.raw``.
+   ``Response.iter_content`` will automatically decode the ``gzip`` and ``deflate``
+   transfer-encodings.  ``Response.raw`` is a raw stream of bytes -- it does not
+   transform the response content.  If you really need access to the bytes as they
+   were returned, use ``Response.raw``.
+
+
+.. _custom-headers:
 
 Custom Headers
 --------------
@@ -205,7 +220,9 @@ Note: Custom headers are given less precedence than more specific sources of inf
 
 * Authorization headers set with `headers=` will be overridden if credentials
   are specified in ``.netrc``, which in turn will be overridden by the  ``auth=``
-  parameter.
+  parameter. Requests will search for the netrc file at `~/.netrc`, `~/_netrc`,
+  or at the path specified by the `NETRC` environment variable.
+  Check details in :ref:`netrc authentication <authentication>`.
 * Authorization headers will be removed if you get redirected off-host.
 * Proxy-Authorization headers will be overridden by proxy credentials provided in the URL.
 * Content-Length headers will be overridden when we can determine the length of the content.
@@ -223,7 +240,7 @@ dictionary of data will automatically be form-encoded when the request is made::
 
     >>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
 
-    >>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
+    >>> r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
     >>> print(r.text)
     {
       ...
@@ -234,12 +251,16 @@ dictionary of data will automatically be form-encoded when the request is made::
       ...
     }
 
-You can also pass a list of tuples to the ``data`` argument. This is particularly
-useful when the form has multiple elements that use the same key::
+The ``data`` argument can also have multiple values for each key. This can be
+done by making ``data`` either a list of tuples or a dictionary with lists
+as values. This is particularly useful when the form has multiple elements that
+use the same key::
 
-    >>> payload = (('key1', 'value1'), ('key1', 'value2'))
-    >>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
-    >>> print(r.text)
+    >>> payload_tuples = [('key1', 'value1'), ('key1', 'value2')]
+    >>> r1 = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=payload_tuples)
+    >>> payload_dict = {'key1': ['value1', 'value2']}
+    >>> r2 = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=payload_dict)
+    >>> print(r1.text)
     {
       ...
       "form": {
@@ -250,6 +271,10 @@ useful when the form has multiple elements that use the same key::
       },
       ...
     }
+    >>> # httpbin may embed non-deterministic metadata,
+    >>> # so we only compare our submitted data here.
+    >>> r1.json()['form'] == r2.json()['form']
+    True
 
 There are times that you may want to send data that is not form-encoded. If
 you pass in a ``string`` instead of a ``dict``, that data will be posted directly.
@@ -263,21 +288,26 @@ For example, the GitHub API v3 accepts JSON-Encoded POST/PATCH data::
 
     >>> r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload))
 
-Instead of encoding the ``dict`` yourself, you can also pass it directly using
-the ``json`` parameter (added in version 2.4.2) and it will be encoded automatically::
+Please note that the above code will NOT add the ``Content-Type`` header
+(so in particular it will NOT set it to ``application/json``).
+
+If you need that header set and you don't want to encode the ``dict`` yourself,
+you can also pass it directly using the ``json`` parameter (added in version 2.4.2)
+and it will be encoded automatically:
 
     >>> url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
     >>> payload = {'some': 'data'}
 
     >>> r = requests.post(url, json=payload)
 
+Note, the ``json`` parameter is ignored if either ``data`` or ``files`` is passed.
 
 POST a Multipart-Encoded File
 -----------------------------
 
 Requests makes it simple to upload Multipart-encoded files::
 
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/post'
     >>> files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
 
     >>> r = requests.post(url, files=files)
@@ -292,7 +322,7 @@ Requests makes it simple to upload Multipart-encoded files::
 
 You can set the filename, content_type and headers explicitly::
 
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/post'
     >>> files = {'file': ('report.xls', open('report.xls', 'rb'), 'application/vnd.ms-excel', {'Expires': '0'})}
 
     >>> r = requests.post(url, files=files)
@@ -307,7 +337,7 @@ You can set the filename, content_type and headers explicitly::
 
 If you want, you can send strings to be received as files::
 
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/post'
     >>> files = {'file': ('report.csv', 'some,data,to,send\nanother,row,to,send\n')}
 
     >>> r = requests.post(url, files=files)
@@ -329,13 +359,11 @@ support this, but there is a separate package which does -
 For sending multiple files in one request refer to the :ref:`advanced <advanced>`
 section.
 
-.. warning:: It is strongly recommended that you open files in `binary mode`_.
-             This is because Requests may attempt to provide the
-             ``Content-Length`` header for you, and if it does this value will
-             be set to the number of *bytes* in the file. Errors may occur if
-             you open the file in *text mode*.
-
-.. _binary mode: https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files
+.. warning:: It is strongly recommended that you open files in :ref:`binary
+             mode <tut-files>`. This is because Requests may attempt to provide
+             the ``Content-Length`` header for you, and if it does this value
+             will be set to the number of *bytes* in the file. Errors may occur
+             if you open the file in *text mode*.
 
 
 Response Status Codes
@@ -343,7 +371,7 @@ Response Status Codes
 
 We can check the response status code::
 
-    >>> r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/get')
     >>> r.status_code
     200
 
@@ -357,7 +385,7 @@ If we made a bad request (a 4XX client error or 5XX server error response), we
 can raise it with
 :meth:`Response.raise_for_status() <requests.Response.raise_for_status>`::
 
-    >>> bad_r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/status/404')
+    >>> bad_r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/status/404')
     >>> bad_r.status_code
     404
 
@@ -393,7 +421,7 @@ We can view the server's response headers using a Python dictionary::
     }
 
 The dictionary is special, though: it's made just for HTTP headers. According to
-`RFC 7230 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2>`_, HTTP Header names
+`RFC 7230 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2>`_, HTTP Header names
 are case-insensitive.
 
 So, we can access the headers using any capitalization we want::
@@ -407,7 +435,7 @@ So, we can access the headers using any capitalization we want::
 It is also special in that the server could have sent the same header multiple
 times with different values, but requests combines them so they can be
 represented in the dictionary within a single mapping, as per
-`RFC 7230 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2>`_:
+`RFC 7230 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2>`_:
 
     A recipient MAY combine multiple header fields with the same field name
     into one "field-name: field-value" pair, without changing the semantics
@@ -428,7 +456,7 @@ If a response contains some Cookies, you can quickly access them::
 To send your own cookies to the server, you can use the ``cookies``
 parameter::
 
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/cookies'
     >>> cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
 
     >>> r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
@@ -443,7 +471,7 @@ also be passed in to requests::
     >>> jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
     >>> jar.set('tasty_cookie', 'yum', domain='httpbin.org', path='/cookies')
     >>> jar.set('gross_cookie', 'blech', domain='httpbin.org', path='/elsewhere')
-    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
+    >>> url = 'https://httpbin.org/cookies'
     >>> r = requests.get(url, cookies=jar)
     >>> r.text
     '{"cookies": {"tasty_cookie": "yum"}}'
@@ -464,7 +492,7 @@ response.
 
 For example, GitHub redirects all HTTP requests to HTTPS::
 
-    >>> r = requests.get('http://github.com')
+    >>> r = requests.get('http://github.com/')
 
     >>> r.url
     'https://github.com/'
@@ -479,7 +507,7 @@ For example, GitHub redirects all HTTP requests to HTTPS::
 If you're using GET, OPTIONS, POST, PUT, PATCH or DELETE, you can disable
 redirection handling with the ``allow_redirects`` parameter::
 
-    >>> r = requests.get('http://github.com', allow_redirects=False)
+    >>> r = requests.get('http://github.com/', allow_redirects=False)
 
     >>> r.status_code
     301
@@ -489,7 +517,7 @@ redirection handling with the ``allow_redirects`` parameter::
 
 If you're using HEAD, you can enable redirection as well::
 
-    >>> r = requests.head('http://github.com', allow_redirects=True)
+    >>> r = requests.head('http://github.com/', allow_redirects=True)
 
     >>> r.url
     'https://github.com/'
@@ -506,7 +534,7 @@ seconds with the ``timeout`` parameter. Nearly all production code should use
 this parameter in nearly all requests. Failure to do so can cause your program
 to hang indefinitely::
 
-    >>> requests.get('http://github.com', timeout=0.001)
+    >>> requests.get('https://github.com/', timeout=0.001)
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
     requests.exceptions.Timeout: HTTPConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=80): Request timed out. (timeout=0.001)

ext/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Copyright 2019 Kenneth Reitz. All rights reserved.

pyproject.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+[build-system]
+requires = ["setuptools>=61.0"]
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+
+[project]
+name = "requests"
+description = "Python HTTP for Humans."
+readme = "README.md"
+license = {text = "Apache-2.0"}
+authors = [
+    { name = "Kenneth Reitz", email = "me@kennethreitz.org" },
+]
+maintainers = [
+    {name = "Ian Stapleton Cordasco", email="graffatcolmingov@gmail.com"},
+    {name = "Nate Prewitt", email="nate.prewitt@gmail.com"}
+]
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
+dependencies = [
+    "charset_normalizer>=2,<4",
+    "idna>=2.5,<4",
+    "urllib3>=1.26,<3",
+    "certifi>=2023.5.7"
+]
+dynamic = ["version"]
+
+classifiers = [
+    "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
+    "Environment :: Web Environment",
+    "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+    "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
+    "Natural Language :: English",
+    "Operating System :: OS Independent",
+    "Programming Language :: Python",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.15",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: Free Threading :: 2 - Beta",
+    "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP",
+    "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries"
+]
+
+[project.urls]
+Documentation = "https://requests.readthedocs.io"
+Source = "https://github.com/psf/requests"
+
+[project.optional-dependencies]
+security = []
+socks = ["PySocks>=1.5.6, !=1.5.7"]
+use_chardet_on_py3 = ["chardet>=3.0.2,<8"]
+
+[dependency-groups]
+test = [
+    "requests[socks]",
+    "pytest-httpbin==2.1.0",
+    "httpbin~=0.10.0",
+    "pytest-cov",
+    "pytest-mock",
+    "pytest-xdist",
+    "pytest>=3",
+    "trustme",
+]
+typecheck = [
+    "pyright",
+    "typing_extensions",
+    "chardet",
+    "cryptography",
+    "PyOpenSSL",
+]
+
+[tool.setuptools]
+license-files = ["LICENSE", "NOTICE"]
+
+[tool.setuptools.dynamic]
+version = {attr = "requests.__version__.__version__"}
+
+[tool.setuptools.packages.find]
+where = ["src"]
+
+[tool.ruff]
+target-version = "py310"
+src = ["src/requests", "tests"]
+exclude = ["docs/", "ext/"]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint]
+select = [
+    "E",      # pycodestyle errors
+    "W",      # pycodestyle warnings
+    "F",      # pyflakes
+    "I",      # isort
+    "UP",     # pyupgrade
+    "T10",    # flake8-debugger (replaces debug-statements hook)
+]
+ignore = ["E203", "E501", "UP031"]
+per-file-ignores = {"src/requests/__init__.py" = ["E402", "F401"], "src/requests/compat.py" = ["E402", "F401"], "tests/compat.py" = ["F401"]}
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.isort]
+known-first-party = ["requests"]
+
+[tool.ruff.format]
+# Use black-compatible formatting
+quote-style = "double"
+indent-style = "space"
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+addopts = "--doctest-modules"
+doctest_optionflags = "NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE ELLIPSIS"
+minversion = "6.2"
+testpaths = ["tests"]
+
+
+[tool.pyright]
+include = ["src/requests"]
+typeCheckingMode = "strict"
+# linting rules unrelated to type checking
+reportPrivateUsage = false
+reportPrivateImportUsage = false
+reportUnnecessaryIsInstance = false
+reportUnusedImport = false  # duplicate of Ruff's F401 rule

pytest.ini

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[pytest]
-addopts = -p no:warnings

requests/__init__.py

@@ -1,121 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-#   __
-#  /__)  _  _     _   _ _/   _
-# / (   (- (/ (/ (- _)  /  _)
-#          /
-
-"""
-Requests HTTP Library
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings. Basic GET
-usage:
-
-   >>> import requests
-   >>> r = requests.get('https://www.python.org')
-   >>> r.status_code
-   200
-   >>> 'Python is a programming language' in r.content
-   True
-
-... or POST:
-
-   >>> payload = dict(key1='value1', key2='value2')
-   >>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
-   >>> print(r.text)
-   {
-     ...
-     "form": {
-       "key2": "value2",
-       "key1": "value1"
-     },
-     ...
-   }
-
-The other HTTP methods are supported - see `requests.api`. Full documentation
-is at <http://python-requests.org>.
-
-:copyright: (c) 2017 by Kenneth Reitz.
-:license: Apache 2.0, see LICENSE for more details.
-"""
-
-import urllib3
-import chardet
-import warnings
-from .exceptions import RequestsDependencyWarning
-
-
-def check_compatibility(urllib3_version, chardet_version):
-    urllib3_version = urllib3_version.split('.')
-    assert urllib3_version != ['dev']  # Verify urllib3 isn't installed from git.
-
-    # Sometimes, urllib3 only reports its version as 16.1.
-    if len(urllib3_version) == 2:
-        urllib3_version.append('0')
-
-    # Check urllib3 for compatibility.
-    major, minor, patch = urllib3_version  # noqa: F811
-    major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)
-    # urllib3 >= 1.21.1, < 1.22
-    assert major == 1
-    assert minor >= 21
-    assert minor <= 22
-
-    # Check chardet for compatibility.
-    major, minor, patch = chardet_version.split('.')[:3]
-    major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)
-    # chardet >= 3.0.2, < 3.1.0
-    assert major == 3
-    assert minor < 1
-    assert patch >= 2
-
-
-# Check imported dependencies for compatibility.
-try:
-    check_compatibility(urllib3.__version__, chardet.__version__)
-except (AssertionError, ValueError):
-    warnings.warn("urllib3 ({0}) or chardet ({1}) doesn't match a supported "
-                  "version!".format(urllib3.__version__, chardet.__version__),
-                  RequestsDependencyWarning)
-
-# Attempt to enable urllib3's SNI support, if possible
-try:
-    from urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl
-    pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
-except ImportError:
-    pass
-
-# urllib3's DependencyWarnings should be silenced.
-from urllib3.exceptions import DependencyWarning
-warnings.simplefilter('ignore', DependencyWarning)
-
-from .__version__ import __title__, __description__, __url__, __version__
-from .__version__ import __build__, __author__, __author_email__, __license__
-from .__version__ import __copyright__, __cake__
-
-from . import utils
-from . import packages
-from .models import Request, Response, PreparedRequest
-from .api import request, get, head, post, patch, put, delete, options
-from .sessions import session, Session
-from .status_codes import codes
-from .exceptions import (
-    RequestException, Timeout, URLRequired,
-    TooManyRedirects, HTTPError, ConnectionError,
-    FileModeWarning, ConnectTimeout, ReadTimeout
-)
-
-# Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
-import logging
-try:  # Python 2.7+
-    from logging import NullHandler
-except ImportError:
-    class NullHandler(logging.Handler):
-        def emit(self, record):
-            pass
-
-logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
-
-# FileModeWarnings go off per the default.
-warnings.simplefilter('default', FileModeWarning, append=True)

requests/__version__.py

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-# .-. .-. .-. . . .-. .-. .-. .-.
-# |(  |-  |.| | | |-  `-.  |  `-.
-# ' ' `-' `-`.`-' `-' `-'  '  `-'
-
-__title__ = 'requests'
-__description__ = 'Python HTTP for Humans.'
-__url__ = 'http://python-requests.org'
-__version__ = '2.18.0'
-__build__ = 0x021800
-__author__ = 'Kenneth Reitz'
-__author_email__ = 'me@kennethreitz.org'
-__license__ = 'Apache 2.0'
-__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2017 Kenneth Reitz'
-__cake__ = u'\u2728 \U0001f370 \u2728'

requests/adapters.py

@@ -1,520 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-"""
-requests.adapters
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-This module contains the transport adapters that Requests uses to define
-and maintain connections.
-"""
-
-import os.path
-import socket
-
-from urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager, proxy_from_url
-from urllib3.response import HTTPResponse
-from urllib3.util import Timeout as TimeoutSauce
-from urllib3.util.retry import Retry
-from urllib3.exceptions import ClosedPoolError
-from urllib3.exceptions import ConnectTimeoutError
-from urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as _HTTPError
-from urllib3.exceptions import MaxRetryError
-from urllib3.exceptions import NewConnectionError
-from urllib3.exceptions import ProxyError as _ProxyError
-from urllib3.exceptions import ProtocolError
-from urllib3.exceptions import ReadTimeoutError
-from urllib3.exceptions import SSLError as _SSLError
-from urllib3.exceptions import ResponseError
-
-from .models import Response
-from .compat import urlparse, basestring
-from .utils import (DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH, get_encoding_from_headers,
-                    prepend_scheme_if_needed, get_auth_from_url, urldefragauth,
-                    select_proxy)
-from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
-from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
-from .exceptions import (ConnectionError, ConnectTimeout, ReadTimeout, SSLError,
-                         ProxyError, RetryError, InvalidSchema)
-from .auth import _basic_auth_str
-
-try:
-    from urllib3.contrib.socks import SOCKSProxyManager
-except ImportError:
-    def SOCKSProxyManager(*args, **kwargs):
-        raise InvalidSchema("Missing dependencies for SOCKS support.")
-
-DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK = False
-DEFAULT_POOLSIZE = 10
-DEFAULT_RETRIES = 0
-DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT = None
-
-
-class BaseAdapter(object):
-    """The Base Transport Adapter"""
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        super(BaseAdapter, self).__init__()
-
-    def send(self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True,
-             cert=None, proxies=None):
-        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
-
-        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
-        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
-        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
-            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
-            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
-        :type timeout: float or tuple
-        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
-            the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
-            to a CA bundle to use
-        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
-        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
-        """
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
-    def close(self):
-        """Cleans up adapter specific items."""
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
-
-class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
-    """The built-in HTTP Adapter for urllib3.
-
-    Provides a general-case interface for Requests sessions to contact HTTP and
-    HTTPS urls by implementing the Transport Adapter interface. This class will
-    usually be created by the :class:`Session <Session>` class under the
-    covers.
-
-    :param pool_connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
-    :param pool_maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
-    :param max_retries: The maximum number of retries each connection
-        should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed DNS lookups, socket
-        connections and connection timeouts, never to requests where data has
-        made it to the server. By default, Requests does not retry failed
-        connections. If you need granular control over the conditions under
-        which we retry a request, import urllib3's ``Retry`` class and pass
-        that instead.
-    :param pool_block: Whether the connection pool should block for connections.
-
-    Usage::
-
-      >>> import requests
-      >>> s = requests.Session()
-      >>> a = requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(max_retries=3)
-      >>> s.mount('http://', a)
-    """
-    __attrs__ = ['max_retries', 'config', '_pool_connections', '_pool_maxsize',
-                 '_pool_block']
-
-    def __init__(self, pool_connections=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
-                 pool_maxsize=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE, max_retries=DEFAULT_RETRIES,
-                 pool_block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK):
-        if max_retries == DEFAULT_RETRIES:
-            self.max_retries = Retry(0, read=False)
-        else:
-            self.max_retries = Retry.from_int(max_retries)
-        self.config = {}
-        self.proxy_manager = {}
-
-        super(HTTPAdapter, self).__init__()
-
-        self._pool_connections = pool_connections
-        self._pool_maxsize = pool_maxsize
-        self._pool_block = pool_block
-
-        self.init_poolmanager(pool_connections, pool_maxsize, block=pool_block)
-
-    def __getstate__(self):
-        return dict((attr, getattr(self, attr, None)) for attr in
-                    self.__attrs__)
-
-    def __setstate__(self, state):
-        # Can't handle by adding 'proxy_manager' to self.__attrs__ because
-        # self.poolmanager uses a lambda function, which isn't pickleable.
-        self.proxy_manager = {}
-        self.config = {}
-
-        for attr, value in state.items():
-            setattr(self, attr, value)
-
-        self.init_poolmanager(self._pool_connections, self._pool_maxsize,
-                              block=self._pool_block)
-
-    def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK, **pool_kwargs):
-        """Initializes a urllib3 PoolManager.
-
-        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
-        exposed for use when subclassing the
-        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
-
-        :param connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
-        :param maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
-        :param block: Block when no free connections are available.
-        :param pool_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to initialize the Pool Manager.
-        """
-        # save these values for pickling
-        self._pool_connections = connections
-        self._pool_maxsize = maxsize
-        self._pool_block = block
-
-        self.poolmanager = PoolManager(num_pools=connections, maxsize=maxsize,
-                                       block=block, strict=True, **pool_kwargs)
-
-    def proxy_manager_for(self, proxy, **proxy_kwargs):
-        """Return urllib3 ProxyManager for the given proxy.
-
-        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
-        exposed for use when subclassing the
-        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
-
-        :param proxy: The proxy to return a urllib3 ProxyManager for.
-        :param proxy_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to configure the Proxy Manager.
-        :returns: ProxyManager
-        :rtype: urllib3.ProxyManager
-        """
-        if proxy in self.proxy_manager:
-            manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy]
-        elif proxy.lower().startswith('socks'):
-            username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
-            manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy] = SOCKSProxyManager(
-                proxy,
-                username=username,
-                password=password,
-                num_pools=self._pool_connections,
-                maxsize=self._pool_maxsize,
-                block=self._pool_block,
-                **proxy_kwargs
-            )
-        else:
-            proxy_headers = self.proxy_headers(proxy)
-            manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy] = proxy_from_url(
-                proxy,
-                proxy_headers=proxy_headers,
-                num_pools=self._pool_connections,
-                maxsize=self._pool_maxsize,
-                block=self._pool_block,
-                **proxy_kwargs)
-
-        return manager
-
-    def cert_verify(self, conn, url, verify, cert):
-        """Verify a SSL certificate. This method should not be called from user
-        code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
-        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
-
-        :param conn: The urllib3 connection object associated with the cert.
-        :param url: The requested URL.
-        :param verify: Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
-            the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
-            to a CA bundle to use
-        :param cert: The SSL certificate to verify.
-        """
-        if url.lower().startswith('https') and verify:
-
-            cert_loc = None
-
-            # Allow self-specified cert location.
-            if verify is not True:
-                cert_loc = verify
-
-            if not cert_loc:
-                cert_loc = DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH
-
-            if not cert_loc or not os.path.exists(cert_loc):
-                raise IOError("Could not find a suitable TLS CA certificate bundle, "
-                              "invalid path: {0}".format(cert_loc))
-
-            conn.cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
-
-            if not os.path.isdir(cert_loc):
-                conn.ca_certs = cert_loc
-            else:
-                conn.ca_cert_dir = cert_loc
-        else:
-            conn.cert_reqs = 'CERT_NONE'
-            conn.ca_certs = None
-            conn.ca_cert_dir = None
-
-        if cert:
-            if not isinstance(cert, basestring):
-                conn.cert_file = cert[0]
-                conn.key_file = cert[1]
-            else:
-                conn.cert_file = cert
-                conn.key_file = None
-            if conn.cert_file and not os.path.exists(conn.cert_file):
-                raise IOError("Could not find the TLS certificate file, "
-                              "invalid path: {0}".format(conn.cert_file))
-            if conn.key_file and not os.path.exists(conn.key_file):
-                raise IOError("Could not find the TLS key file, "
-                              "invalid path: {0}".format(conn.key_file))
-
-    def build_response(self, req, resp):
-        """Builds a :class:`Response <requests.Response>` object from a urllib3
-        response. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed
-        for use when subclassing the
-        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`
-
-        :param req: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` used to generate the response.
-        :param resp: The urllib3 response object.
-        :rtype: requests.Response
-        """
-        response = Response()
-
-        # Fallback to None if there's no status_code, for whatever reason.
-        response.status_code = getattr(resp, 'status', None)
-
-        # Make headers case-insensitive.
-        response.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(getattr(resp, 'headers', {}))
-
-        # Set encoding.
-        response.encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(response.headers)
-        response.raw = resp
-        response.reason = response.raw.reason
-
-        if isinstance(req.url, bytes):
-            response.url = req.url.decode('utf-8')
-        else:
-            response.url = req.url
-
-        # Add new cookies from the server.
-        extract_cookies_to_jar(response.cookies, req, resp)
-
-        # Give the Response some context.
-        response.request = req
-        response.connection = self
-
-        return response
-
-    def get_connection(self, url, proxies=None):
-        """Returns a urllib3 connection for the given URL. This should not be
-        called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
-        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
-
-        :param url: The URL to connect to.
-        :param proxies: (optional) A Requests-style dictionary of proxies used on this request.
-        :rtype: urllib3.ConnectionPool
-        """
-        proxy = select_proxy(url, proxies)
-
-        if proxy:
-            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, 'http')
-            proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
-            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(url)
-        else:
-            # Only scheme should be lower case
-            parsed = urlparse(url)
-            url = parsed.geturl()
-            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_url(url)
-
-        return conn
-
-    def close(self):
-        """Disposes of any internal state.
-
-        Currently, this closes the PoolManager and any active ProxyManager,
-        which closes any pooled connections.
-        """
-        self.poolmanager.clear()
-        for proxy in self.proxy_manager.values():
-            proxy.clear()
-
-    def request_url(self, request, proxies):
-        """Obtain the url to use when making the final request.
-
-        If the message is being sent through a HTTP proxy, the full URL has to
-        be used. Otherwise, we should only use the path portion of the URL.
-
-        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
-        when subclassing the
-        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
-
-        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
-        :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs.
-        :rtype: str
-        """
-        proxy = select_proxy(request.url, proxies)
-        scheme = urlparse(request.url).scheme
-
-        is_proxied_http_request = (proxy and scheme != 'https')
-        using_socks_proxy = False
-        if proxy:
-            proxy_scheme = urlparse(proxy).scheme.lower()
-            using_socks_proxy = proxy_scheme.startswith('socks')
-
-        url = request.path_url
-        if is_proxied_http_request and not using_socks_proxy:
-            url = urldefragauth(request.url)
-
-        return url
-
-    def add_headers(self, request, **kwargs):
-        """Add any headers needed by the connection. As of v2.0 this does
-        nothing by default, but is left for overriding by users that subclass
-        the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
-
-        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
-        when subclassing the
-        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
-
-        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` to add headers to.
-        :param kwargs: The keyword arguments from the call to send().
-        """
-        pass
-
-    def proxy_headers(self, proxy):
-        """Returns a dictionary of the headers to add to any request sent
-        through a proxy. This works with urllib3 magic to ensure that they are
-        correctly sent to the proxy, rather than in a tunnelled request if
-        CONNECT is being used.
-
-        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
-        when subclassing the
-        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
-
-        :param proxies: The url of the proxy being used for this request.
-        :rtype: dict
-        """
-        headers = {}
-        username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
-
-        if username:
-            headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(username,
-                                                             password)
-
-        return headers
-
-    def send(self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None):
-        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
-
-        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
-        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
-        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
-            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
-            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
-        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
-        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
-            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
-            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
-        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
-        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
-        :rtype: requests.Response
-        """
-
-        conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
-
-        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
-        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
-        self.add_headers(request)
-
-        chunked = not (request.body is None or 'Content-Length' in request.headers)
-
-        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
-            try:
-                connect, read = timeout
-                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
-            except ValueError as e:
-                # this may raise a string formatting error.
-                err = ("Invalid timeout {0}. Pass a (connect, read) "
-                       "timeout tuple, or a single float to set "
-                       "both timeouts to the same value".format(timeout))
-                raise ValueError(err)
-        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
-            pass
-        else:
-            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
-
-        try:
-            if not chunked:
-                resp = conn.urlopen(
-                    method=request.method,
-                    url=url,
-                    body=request.body,
-                    headers=request.headers,
-                    redirect=False,
-                    assert_same_host=False,
-                    preload_content=False,
-                    decode_content=False,
-                    retries=self.max_retries,
-                    timeout=timeout
-                )
-
-            # Send the request.
-            else:
-                if hasattr(conn, 'proxy_pool'):
-                    conn = conn.proxy_pool
-
-                low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT)
-
-                try:
-                    low_conn.putrequest(request.method,
-                                        url,
-                                        skip_accept_encoding=True)
-
-                    for header, value in request.headers.items():
-                        low_conn.putheader(header, value)
-
-                    low_conn.endheaders()
-
-                    for i in request.body:
-                        low_conn.send(hex(len(i))[2:].encode('utf-8'))
-                        low_conn.send(b'\r\n')
-                        low_conn.send(i)
-                        low_conn.send(b'\r\n')
-                    low_conn.send(b'0\r\n\r\n')
-
-                    # Receive the response from the server
-                    try:
-                        # For Python 2.7+ versions, use buffering of HTTP
-                        # responses
-                        r = low_conn.getresponse(buffering=True)
-                    except TypeError:
-                        # For compatibility with Python 2.6 versions and back
-                        r = low_conn.getresponse()
-
-                    resp = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(
-                        r,
-                        pool=conn,
-                        connection=low_conn,
-                        preload_content=False,
-                        decode_content=False
-                    )
-                except:
-                    # If we hit any problems here, clean up the connection.
-                    # Then, reraise so that we can handle the actual exception.
-                    low_conn.close()
-                    raise
-
-        except (ProtocolError, socket.error) as err:
-            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
-
-        except MaxRetryError as e:
-            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
-                # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811
-                if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError):
-                    raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
-
-            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
-                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
-
-            if isinstance(e.reason, _ProxyError):
-                raise ProxyError(e, request=request)
-
-            raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
-
-        except ClosedPoolError as e:
-            raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
-
-        except _ProxyError as e:
-            raise ProxyError(e)
-
-        except (_SSLError, _HTTPError) as e:
-            if isinstance(e, _SSLError):
-                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
-            elif isinstance(e, ReadTimeoutError):
-                raise ReadTimeout(e, request=request)
-            else:
-                raise
-
-        return self.build_response(request, resp)

requests/auth.py

@@ -1,293 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-"""
-requests.auth
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-This module contains the authentication handlers for Requests.
-"""
-
-import os
-import re
-import time
-import hashlib
-import threading
-import warnings
-
-from base64 import b64encode
-
-from .compat import urlparse, str, basestring
-from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
-from ._internal_utils import to_native_string
-from .utils import parse_dict_header
-
-CONTENT_TYPE_FORM_URLENCODED = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
-CONTENT_TYPE_MULTI_PART = 'multipart/form-data'
-
-
-def _basic_auth_str(username, password):
-    """Returns a Basic Auth string."""
-
-    # "I want us to put a big-ol' comment on top of it that
-    # says that this behaviour is dumb but we need to preserve
-    # it because people are relying on it."
-    #    - Lukasa
-    #
-    # These are here solely to maintain backwards compatibility
-    # for things like ints. This will be removed in 3.0.0.
-    if not isinstance(username, basestring):
-        warnings.warn(
-            "Non-string usernames will no longer be supported in Requests "
-            "3.0.0. Please convert the object you've passed in ({0!r}) to "
-            "a string or bytes object in the near future to avoid "
-            "problems.".format(username),
-            category=DeprecationWarning,
-        )
-        username = str(username)
-
-    if not isinstance(password, basestring):
-        warnings.warn(
-            "Non-string passwords will no longer be supported in Requests "
-            "3.0.0. Please convert the object you've passed in ({0!r}) to "
-            "a string or bytes object in the near future to avoid "
-            "problems.".format(password),
-            category=DeprecationWarning,
-        )
-        password = str(password)
-    # -- End Removal --
-
-    if isinstance(username, str):
-        username = username.encode('latin1')
-
-    if isinstance(password, str):
-        password = password.encode('latin1')
-
-    authstr = 'Basic ' + to_native_string(
-        b64encode(b':'.join((username, password))).strip()
-    )
-
-    return authstr
-
-
-class AuthBase(object):
-    """Base class that all auth implementations derive from"""
-
-    def __call__(self, r):
-        raise NotImplementedError('Auth hooks must be callable.')
-
-
-class HTTPBasicAuth(AuthBase):
-    """Attaches HTTP Basic Authentication to the given Request object."""
-
-    def __init__(self, username, password):
-        self.username = username
-        self.password = password
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        return all([
-            self.username == getattr(other, 'username', None),
-            self.password == getattr(other, 'password', None)
-        ])
-
-    def __ne__(self, other):
-        return not self == other
-
-    def __call__(self, r):
-        r.headers['Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
-        return r
-
-
-class HTTPProxyAuth(HTTPBasicAuth):
-    """Attaches HTTP Proxy Authentication to a given Request object."""
-
-    def __call__(self, r):
-        r.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
-        return r
-
-
-class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
-    """Attaches HTTP Digest Authentication to the given Request object."""
-
-    def __init__(self, username, password):
-        self.username = username
-        self.password = password
-        # Keep state in per-thread local storage
-        self._thread_local = threading.local()
-
-    def init_per_thread_state(self):
-        # Ensure state is initialized just once per-thread
-        if not hasattr(self._thread_local, 'init'):
-            self._thread_local.init = True
-            self._thread_local.last_nonce = ''
-            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 0
-            self._thread_local.chal = {}
-            self._thread_local.pos = None
-            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = None
-
-    def build_digest_header(self, method, url):
-        """
-        :rtype: str
-        """
-
-        realm = self._thread_local.chal['realm']
-        nonce = self._thread_local.chal['nonce']
-        qop = self._thread_local.chal.get('qop')
-        algorithm = self._thread_local.chal.get('algorithm')
-        opaque = self._thread_local.chal.get('opaque')
-        hash_utf8 = None
-
-        if algorithm is None:
-            _algorithm = 'MD5'
-        else:
-            _algorithm = algorithm.upper()
-        # lambdas assume digest modules are imported at the top level
-        if _algorithm == 'MD5' or _algorithm == 'MD5-SESS':
-            def md5_utf8(x):
-                if isinstance(x, str):
-                    x = x.encode('utf-8')
-                return hashlib.md5(x).hexdigest()
-            hash_utf8 = md5_utf8
-        elif _algorithm == 'SHA':
-            def sha_utf8(x):
-                if isinstance(x, str):
-                    x = x.encode('utf-8')
-                return hashlib.sha1(x).hexdigest()
-            hash_utf8 = sha_utf8
-
-        KD = lambda s, d: hash_utf8("%s:%s" % (s, d))
-
-        if hash_utf8 is None:
-            return None
-
-        # XXX not implemented yet
-        entdig = None
-        p_parsed = urlparse(url)
-        #: path is request-uri defined in RFC 2616 which should not be empty
-        path = p_parsed.path or "/"
-        if p_parsed.query:
-            path += '?' + p_parsed.query
-
-        A1 = '%s:%s:%s' % (self.username, realm, self.password)
-        A2 = '%s:%s' % (method, path)
-
-        HA1 = hash_utf8(A1)
-        HA2 = hash_utf8(A2)
-
-        if nonce == self._thread_local.last_nonce:
-            self._thread_local.nonce_count += 1
-        else:
-            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 1
-        ncvalue = '%08x' % self._thread_local.nonce_count
-        s = str(self._thread_local.nonce_count).encode('utf-8')
-        s += nonce.encode('utf-8')
-        s += time.ctime().encode('utf-8')
-        s += os.urandom(8)
-
-        cnonce = (hashlib.sha1(s).hexdigest()[:16])
-        if _algorithm == 'MD5-SESS':
-            HA1 = hash_utf8('%s:%s:%s' % (HA1, nonce, cnonce))
-
-        if not qop:
-            respdig = KD(HA1, "%s:%s" % (nonce, HA2))
-        elif qop == 'auth' or 'auth' in qop.split(','):
-            noncebit = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (
-                nonce, ncvalue, cnonce, 'auth', HA2
-            )
-            respdig = KD(HA1, noncebit)
-        else:
-            # XXX handle auth-int.
-            return None
-
-        self._thread_local.last_nonce = nonce
-
-        # XXX should the partial digests be encoded too?
-        base = 'username="%s", realm="%s", nonce="%s", uri="%s", ' \
-               'response="%s"' % (self.username, realm, nonce, path, respdig)
-        if opaque:
-            base += ', opaque="%s"' % opaque
-        if algorithm:
-            base += ', algorithm="%s"' % algorithm
-        if entdig:
-            base += ', digest="%s"' % entdig
-        if qop:
-            base += ', qop="auth", nc=%s, cnonce="%s"' % (ncvalue, cnonce)
-
-        return 'Digest %s' % (base)
-
-    def handle_redirect(self, r, **kwargs):
-        """Reset num_401_calls counter on redirects."""
-        if r.is_redirect:
-            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
-
-    def handle_401(self, r, **kwargs):
-        """
-        Takes the given response and tries digest-auth, if needed.
-
-        :rtype: requests.Response
-        """
-
-        # If response is not 4xx, do not auth
-        # See https://github.com/requests/requests/issues/3772
-        if not 400 <= r.status_code < 500:
-            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
-            return r
-
-        if self._thread_local.pos is not None:
-            # Rewind the file position indicator of the body to where
-            # it was to resend the request.
-            r.request.body.seek(self._thread_local.pos)
-        s_auth = r.headers.get('www-authenticate', '')
-
-        if 'digest' in s_auth.lower() and self._thread_local.num_401_calls < 2:
-
-            self._thread_local.num_401_calls += 1
-            pat = re.compile(r'digest ', flags=re.IGNORECASE)
-            self._thread_local.chal = parse_dict_header(pat.sub('', s_auth, count=1))
-
-            # Consume content and release the original connection
-            # to allow our new request to reuse the same one.
-            r.content
-            r.close()
-            prep = r.request.copy()
-            extract_cookies_to_jar(prep._cookies, r.request, r.raw)
-            prep.prepare_cookies(prep._cookies)
-
-            prep.headers['Authorization'] = self.build_digest_header(
-                prep.method, prep.url)
-            _r = r.connection.send(prep, **kwargs)
-            _r.history.append(r)
-            _r.request = prep
-
-            return _r
-
-        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
-        return r
-
-    def __call__(self, r):
-        # Initialize per-thread state, if needed
-        self.init_per_thread_state()
-        # If we have a saved nonce, skip the 401
-        if self._thread_local.last_nonce:
-            r.headers['Authorization'] = self.build_digest_header(r.method, r.url)
-        try:
-            self._thread_local.pos = r.body.tell()
-        except AttributeError:
-            # In the case of HTTPDigestAuth being reused and the body of
-            # the previous request was a file-like object, pos has the
-            # file position of the previous body. Ensure it's set to
-            # None.
-            self._thread_local.pos = None
-        r.register_hook('response', self.handle_401)
-        r.register_hook('response', self.handle_redirect)
-        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
-
-        return r
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        return all([
-            self.username == getattr(other, 'username', None),
-            self.password == getattr(other, 'password', None)
-        ])
-
-    def __ne__(self, other):
-        return not self == other

requests/compat.py

@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-"""
-requests.compat
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-This module handles import compatibility issues between Python 2 and
-Python 3.
-"""
-
-import chardet
-
-import sys
-
-# -------
-# Pythons
-# -------
-
-# Syntax sugar.
-_ver = sys.version_info
-
-#: Python 2.x?
-is_py2 = (_ver[0] == 2)
-
-#: Python 3.x?
-is_py3 = (_ver[0] == 3)
-
-try:
-    import simplejson as json
-except (ImportError, SyntaxError):
-    # simplejson does not support Python 3.2, it throws a SyntaxError
-    # because of u'...' Unicode literals.
-    import json
-
-# ---------
-# Specifics
-# ---------
-
-if is_py2:
-    from urllib import (
-        quote, unquote, quote_plus, unquote_plus, urlencode, getproxies,
-        proxy_bypass, proxy_bypass_environment, getproxies_environment)
-    from urlparse import urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, urlsplit, urldefrag
-    from urllib2 import parse_http_list
-    import cookielib
-    from Cookie import Morsel
-    from StringIO import StringIO
-
-    from urllib3.packages.ordered_dict import OrderedDict
-
-    builtin_str = str
-    bytes = str
-    str = unicode
-    basestring = basestring
-    numeric_types = (int, long, float)
-    integer_types = (int, long)
-
-elif is_py3:
-    from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, urlsplit, urlencode, quote, unquote, quote_plus, unquote_plus, urldefrag
-    from urllib.request import parse_http_list, getproxies, proxy_bypass, proxy_bypass_environment, getproxies_environment
-    from http import cookiejar as cookielib
-    from http.cookies import Morsel
-    from io import StringIO
-    from collections import OrderedDict
-
-    builtin_str = str
-    str = str
-    bytes = bytes
-    basestring = (str, bytes)
-    numeric_types = (int, float)
-    integer_types = (int,)

requests/help.py

@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-"""Module containing bug report helper(s)."""
-from __future__ import print_function
-
-import json
-import platform
-import sys
-import ssl
-
-import urllib3
-import chardet
-
-from . import __version__ as requests_version
-
-try:
-    from .packages.urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl
-except ImportError:
-    pyopenssl = None
-    OpenSSL = None
-    cryptography = None
-else:
-    import OpenSSL
-    import cryptography
-
-
-def _implementation():
-    """Return a dict with the Python implementation and version.
-
-    Provide both the name and the version of the Python implementation
-    currently running. For example, on CPython 2.7.5 it will return
-    {'name': 'CPython', 'version': '2.7.5'}.
-
-    This function works best on CPython and PyPy: in particular, it probably
-    doesn't work for Jython or IronPython. Future investigation should be done
-    to work out the correct shape of the code for those platforms.
-    """
-    implementation = platform.python_implementation()
-
-    if implementation == 'CPython':
-        implementation_version = platform.python_version()
-    elif implementation == 'PyPy':
-        implementation_version = '%s.%s.%s' % (sys.pypy_version_info.major,
-                                               sys.pypy_version_info.minor,
-                                               sys.pypy_version_info.micro)
-        if sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel != 'final':
-            implementation_version = ''.join([
-                implementation_version, sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel
-            ])
-    elif implementation == 'Jython':
-        implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess
-    elif implementation == 'IronPython':
-        implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess
-    else:
-        implementation_version = 'Unknown'
-
-    return {'name': implementation, 'version': implementation_version}
-
-
-def info():
-    """Generate information for a bug report."""
-    try:
-        platform_info = {
-            'system': platform.system(),
-            'release': platform.release(),
-        }
-    except IOError:
-        platform_info = {
-            'system': 'Unknown',
-            'release': 'Unknown',
-        }
-
-    implementation_info = _implementation()
-    urllib3_info = {'version': urllib3.__version__}
-    chardet_info = {'version': chardet.__version__}
-
-    pyopenssl_info = {
-        'version': None,
-        'openssl_version': '',
-    }
-    if OpenSSL:
-        pyopenssl_info = {
-            'version': OpenSSL.__version__,
-            'openssl_version': '%x' % OpenSSL.SSL.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER,
-        }
-    cryptography_info = {
-        'version': getattr(cryptography, '__version__', ''),
-    }
-
-    return {
-        'platform': platform_info,
-        'implementation': implementation_info,
-        'system_ssl': {
-            'version': '%x' % ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER,
-        },
-        'using_pyopenssl': pyopenssl is not None,
-        'pyOpenSSL': pyopenssl_info,
-        'urllib3': urllib3_info,
-        'chardet': chardet_info,
-        'cryptography': cryptography_info,
-        'requests': {
-            'version': requests_version,
-        },
-    }
-
-
-def main():
-    """Pretty-print the bug information as JSON."""
-    print(json.dumps(info(), sort_keys=True, indent=2))
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    main()

requests/hooks.py

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-"""
-requests.hooks
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-This module provides the capabilities for the Requests hooks system.
-
-Available hooks:
-
-``response``:
-    The response generated from a Request.
-"""
-HOOKS = ['response']
-
-
-def default_hooks():
-    return dict((event, []) for event in HOOKS)
-
-# TODO: response is the only one
-
-
-def dispatch_hook(key, hooks, hook_data, **kwargs):
-    """Dispatches a hook dictionary on a given piece of data."""
-    hooks = hooks or dict()
-    hooks = hooks.get(key)
-    if hooks:
-        if hasattr(hooks, '__call__'):
-            hooks = [hooks]
-        for hook in hooks:
-            _hook_data = hook(hook_data, **kwargs)
-            if _hook_data is not None:
-                hook_data = _hook_data
-    return hook_data

requests/packages.py

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-import sys
-
-# This code exists for backwards compatibility reasons.
-# I don't like it either. Just look the other way. :)
-
-for package in ('urllib3', 'idna', 'chardet'):
-    locals()[package] = __import__(package)
-    # This traversal is apparently necessary such that the identities are
-    # preserved (requests.packages.urllib3.* is urllib3.*)
-    for mod in list(sys.modules):
-        if mod == package or mod.startswith(package + '.'):
-            sys.modules['requests.packages.' + mod] = sys.modules[mod]
-
-# Kinda cool, though, right?

requests/status_codes.py

@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-from .structures import LookupDict
-
-_codes = {
-
-    # Informational.
-    100: ('continue',),
-    101: ('switching_protocols',),
-    102: ('processing',),
-    103: ('checkpoint',),
-    122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
-    200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
-    201: ('created',),
-    202: ('accepted',),
-    203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
-    204: ('no_content',),
-    205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
-    206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
-    207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
-    208: ('already_reported',),
-    226: ('im_used',),
-
-    # Redirection.
-    300: ('multiple_choices',),
-    301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
-    302: ('found',),
-    303: ('see_other', 'other'),
-    304: ('not_modified',),
-    305: ('use_proxy',),
-    306: ('switch_proxy',),
-    307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
-    308: ('permanent_redirect',
-          'resume_incomplete', 'resume',),  # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
-
-    # Client Error.
-    400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
-    401: ('unauthorized',),
-    402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
-    403: ('forbidden',),
-    404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
-    405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
-    406: ('not_acceptable',),
-    407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
-    408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
-    409: ('conflict',),
-    410: ('gone',),
-    411: ('length_required',),
-    412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
-    413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
-    414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
-    415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
-    416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
-    417: ('expectation_failed',),
-    418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
-    421: ('misdirected_request',),
-    422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
-    423: ('locked',),
-    424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
-    425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
-    426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
-    428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
-    429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
-    431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
-    444: ('no_response', 'none'),
-    449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
-    450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
-    451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
-    499: ('client_closed_request',),
-
-    # Server Error.
-    500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
-    501: ('not_implemented',),
-    502: ('bad_gateway',),
-    503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
-    504: ('gateway_timeout',),
-    505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
-    506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
-    507: ('insufficient_storage',),
-    509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
-    510: ('not_extended',),
-    511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
-}
-
-codes = LookupDict(name='status_codes')
-
-for code, titles in _codes.items():
-    for title in titles:
-        setattr(codes, title, code)
-        if not title.startswith(('\\', '/')):
-            setattr(codes, title.upper(), code)

requests/structures.py

@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-"""
-requests.structures
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Data structures that power Requests.
-"""
-
-import collections
-
-from .compat import OrderedDict
-
-
-class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
-    """A case-insensitive ``dict``-like object.
-
-    Implements all methods and operations of
-    ``collections.MutableMapping`` as well as dict's ``copy``. Also
-    provides ``lower_items``.
-
-    All keys are expected to be strings. The structure remembers the
-    case of the last key to be set, and ``iter(instance)``,
-    ``keys()``, ``items()``, ``iterkeys()``, and ``iteritems()``
-    will contain case-sensitive keys. However, querying and contains
-    testing is case insensitive::
-
-        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
-        cid['Accept'] = 'application/json'
-        cid['aCCEPT'] == 'application/json'  # True
-        list(cid) == ['Accept']  # True
-
-    For example, ``headers['content-encoding']`` will return the
-    value of a ``'Content-Encoding'`` response header, regardless
-    of how the header name was originally stored.
-
-    If the constructor, ``.update``, or equality comparison
-    operations are given keys that have equal ``.lower()``s, the
-    behavior is undefined.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, data=None, **kwargs):
-        self._store = OrderedDict()
-        if data is None:
-            data = {}
-        self.update(data, **kwargs)
-
-    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
-        # Use the lowercased key for lookups, but store the actual
-        # key alongside the value.
-        self._store[key.lower()] = (key, value)
-
-    def __getitem__(self, key):
-        return self._store[key.lower()][1]
-
-    def __delitem__(self, key):
-        del self._store[key.lower()]
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return (casedkey for casedkey, mappedvalue in self._store.values())
-
-    def __len__(self):
-        return len(self._store)
-
-    def lower_items(self):
-        """Like iteritems(), but with all lowercase keys."""
-        return (
-            (lowerkey, keyval[1])
-            for (lowerkey, keyval)
-            in self._store.items()
-        )
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, collections.Mapping):
-            other = CaseInsensitiveDict(other)
-        else:
-            return NotImplemented
-        # Compare insensitively
-        return dict(self.lower_items()) == dict(other.lower_items())
-
-    # Copy is required
-    def copy(self):
-        return CaseInsensitiveDict(self._store.values())
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return str(dict(self.items()))
-
-
-class LookupDict(dict):
-    """Dictionary lookup object."""
-
-    def __init__(self, name=None):
-        self.name = name
-        super(LookupDict, self).__init__()
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return '<lookup \'%s\'>' % (self.name)
-
-    def __getitem__(self, key):
-        # We allow fall-through here, so values default to None
-
-        return self.__dict__.get(key, None)
-
-    def get(self, key, default=None):
-        return self.__dict__.get(key, default)

requests/utils.py

@@ -1,904 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-"""
-requests.utils
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-This module provides utility functions that are used within Requests
-that are also useful for external consumption.
-"""
-
-import cgi
-import codecs
-import collections
-import contextlib
-import io
-import os
-import platform
-import re
-import socket
-import struct
-import warnings
-
-from .__version__ import __version__
-from . import certs
-# to_native_string is unused here, but imported here for backwards compatibility
-from ._internal_utils import to_native_string
-from .compat import parse_http_list as _parse_list_header
-from .compat import (
-    quote, urlparse, bytes, str, OrderedDict, unquote, getproxies,
-    proxy_bypass, urlunparse, basestring, integer_types, is_py3,
-    proxy_bypass_environment, getproxies_environment)
-from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict
-from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
-from .exceptions import (
-    InvalidURL, InvalidHeader, FileModeWarning, UnrewindableBodyError)
-
-NETRC_FILES = ('.netrc', '_netrc')
-
-DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH = certs.where()
-
-
-if platform.system() == 'Windows':
-    # provide a proxy_bypass version on Windows without DNS lookups
-
-    def proxy_bypass_registry(host):
-        if is_py3:
-            import winreg
-        else:
-            import _winreg as winreg
-        try:
-            internetSettings = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER,
-                r'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings')
-            proxyEnable = winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings,
-                                              'ProxyEnable')[0]
-            proxyOverride = winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings,
-                                                'ProxyOverride')[0]
-        except OSError:
-            return False
-        if not proxyEnable or not proxyOverride:
-            return False
-
-        # make a check value list from the registry entry: replace the
-        # '<local>' string by the localhost entry and the corresponding
-        # canonical entry.
-        proxyOverride = proxyOverride.split(';')
-        # now check if we match one of the registry values.
-        for test in proxyOverride:
-            if test == '<local>':
-                if '.' not in host:
-                    return True
-            test = test.replace(".", r"\.")     # mask dots
-            test = test.replace("*", r".*")     # change glob sequence
-            test = test.replace("?", r".")      # change glob char
-            if re.match(test, host, re.I):
-                return True
-        return False
-
-    def proxy_bypass(host):  # noqa
-        """Return True, if the host should be bypassed.
-
-        Checks proxy settings gathered from the environment, if specified,
-        or the registry.
-        """
-        if getproxies_environment():
-            return proxy_bypass_environment(host)
-        else:
-            return proxy_bypass_registry(host)
-
-
-def dict_to_sequence(d):
-    """Returns an internal sequence dictionary update."""
-
-    if hasattr(d, 'items'):
-        d = d.items()
-
-    return d
-
-
-def super_len(o):
-    total_length = None
-    current_position = 0
-
-    if hasattr(o, '__len__'):
-        total_length = len(o)
-
-    elif hasattr(o, 'len'):
-        total_length = o.len
-
-    elif hasattr(o, 'fileno'):
-        try:
-            fileno = o.fileno()
-        except io.UnsupportedOperation:
-            pass
-        else:
-            total_length = os.fstat(fileno).st_size
-
-            # Having used fstat to determine the file length, we need to
-            # confirm that this file was opened up in binary mode.
-            if 'b' not in o.mode:
-                warnings.warn((
-                    "Requests has determined the content-length for this "
-                    "request using the binary size of the file: however, the "
-                    "file has been opened in text mode (i.e. without the 'b' "
-                    "flag in the mode). This may lead to an incorrect "
-                    "content-length. In Requests 3.0, support will be removed "
-                    "for files in text mode."),
-                    FileModeWarning
-                )
-
-    if hasattr(o, 'tell'):
-        try:
-            current_position = o.tell()
-        except (OSError, IOError):
-            # This can happen in some weird situations, such as when the file
-            # is actually a special file descriptor like stdin. In this
-            # instance, we don't know what the length is, so set it to zero and
-            # let requests chunk it instead.
-            if total_length is not None:
-                current_position = total_length
-        else:
-            if hasattr(o, 'seek') and total_length is None:
-                # StringIO and BytesIO have seek but no useable fileno
-                try:
-                    # seek to end of file
-                    o.seek(0, 2)
-                    total_length = o.tell()
-
-                    # seek back to current position to support
-                    # partially read file-like objects
-                    o.seek(current_position or 0)
-                except (OSError, IOError):
-                    total_length = 0
-
-    if total_length is None:
-        total_length = 0
-
-    return max(0, total_length - current_position)
-
-
-def get_netrc_auth(url, raise_errors=False):
-    """Returns the Requests tuple auth for a given url from netrc."""
-
-    try:
-        from netrc import netrc, NetrcParseError
-
-        netrc_path = None
-
-        for f in NETRC_FILES:
-            try:
-                loc = os.path.expanduser('~/{0}'.format(f))
-            except KeyError:
-                # os.path.expanduser can fail when $HOME is undefined and
-                # getpwuid fails. See http://bugs.python.org/issue20164 &
-                # https://github.com/requests/requests/issues/1846
-                return
-
-            if os.path.exists(loc):
-                netrc_path = loc
-                break
-
-        # Abort early if there isn't one.
-        if netrc_path is None:
-            return
-
-        ri = urlparse(url)
-
-        # Strip port numbers from netloc. This weird `if...encode`` dance is
-        # used for Python 3.2, which doesn't support unicode literals.
-        splitstr = b':'
-        if isinstance(url, str):
-            splitstr = splitstr.decode('ascii')
-        host = ri.netloc.split(splitstr)[0]
-
-        try:
-            _netrc = netrc(netrc_path).authenticators(host)
-            if _netrc:
-                # Return with login / password
-                login_i = (0 if _netrc[0] else 1)
-                return (_netrc[login_i], _netrc[2])
-        except (NetrcParseError, IOError):
-            # If there was a parsing error or a permissions issue reading the file,
-            # we'll just skip netrc auth unless explicitly asked to raise errors.
-            if raise_errors:
-                raise
-
-    # AppEngine hackiness.
-    except (ImportError, AttributeError):
-        pass
-
-
-def guess_filename(obj):
-    """Tries to guess the filename of the given object."""
-    name = getattr(obj, 'name', None)
-    if (name and isinstance(name, basestring) and name[0] != '<' and
-            name[-1] != '>'):
-        return os.path.basename(name)
-
-
-def from_key_val_list(value):
-    """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a
-    dictionary. Unless it can not be represented as such, return an
-    OrderedDict, e.g.,
-
-    ::
-
-        >>> from_key_val_list([('key', 'val')])
-        OrderedDict([('key', 'val')])
-        >>> from_key_val_list('string')
-        ValueError: need more than 1 value to unpack
-        >>> from_key_val_list({'key': 'val'})
-        OrderedDict([('key', 'val')])
-
-    :rtype: OrderedDict
-    """
-    if value is None:
-        return None
-
-    if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)):
-        raise ValueError('cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples')
-
-    return OrderedDict(value)
-
-
-def to_key_val_list(value):
-    """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a
-    dictionary. If it can be, return a list of tuples, e.g.,
-
-    ::
-
-        >>> to_key_val_list([('key', 'val')])
-        [('key', 'val')]
-        >>> to_key_val_list({'key': 'val'})
-        [('key', 'val')]
-        >>> to_key_val_list('string')
-        ValueError: cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples.
-
-    :rtype: list
-    """
-    if value is None:
-        return None
-
-    if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)):
-        raise ValueError('cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples')
-
-    if isinstance(value, collections.Mapping):
-        value = value.items()
-
-    return list(value)
-
-
-# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
-def parse_list_header(value):
-    """Parse lists as described by RFC 2068 Section 2.
-
-    In particular, parse comma-separated lists where the elements of
-    the list may include quoted-strings.  A quoted-string could
-    contain a comma.  A non-quoted string could have quotes in the
-    middle.  Quotes are removed automatically after parsing.
-
-    It basically works like :func:`parse_set_header` just that items
-    may appear multiple times and case sensitivity is preserved.
-
-    The return value is a standard :class:`list`:
-
-    >>> parse_list_header('token, "quoted value"')
-    ['token', 'quoted value']
-
-    To create a header from the :class:`list` again, use the
-    :func:`dump_header` function.
-
-    :param value: a string with a list header.
-    :return: :class:`list`
-    :rtype: list
-    """
-    result = []
-    for item in _parse_list_header(value):
-        if item[:1] == item[-1:] == '"':
-            item = unquote_header_value(item[1:-1])
-        result.append(item)
-    return result
-
-
-# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
-def parse_dict_header(value):
-    """Parse lists of key, value pairs as described by RFC 2068 Section 2 and
-    convert them into a python dict:
-
-    >>> d = parse_dict_header('foo="is a fish", bar="as well"')
-    >>> type(d) is dict
-    True
-    >>> sorted(d.items())
-    [('bar', 'as well'), ('foo', 'is a fish')]
-
-    If there is no value for a key it will be `None`:
-
-    >>> parse_dict_header('key_without_value')
-    {'key_without_value': None}
-
-    To create a header from the :class:`dict` again, use the
-    :func:`dump_header` function.
-
-    :param value: a string with a dict header.
-    :return: :class:`dict`
-    :rtype: dict
-    """
-    result = {}
-    for item in _parse_list_header(value):
-        if '=' not in item:
-            result[item] = None
-            continue
-        name, value = item.split('=', 1)
-        if value[:1] == value[-1:] == '"':
-            value = unquote_header_value(value[1:-1])
-        result[name] = value
-    return result
-
-
-# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
-def unquote_header_value(value, is_filename=False):
-    r"""Unquotes a header value.  (Reversal of :func:`quote_header_value`).
-    This does not use the real unquoting but what browsers are actually
-    using for quoting.
-
-    :param value: the header value to unquote.
-    :rtype: str
-    """
-    if value and value[0] == value[-1] == '"':
-        # this is not the real unquoting, but fixing this so that the
-        # RFC is met will result in bugs with internet explorer and
-        # probably some other browsers as well.  IE for example is
-        # uploading files with "C:\foo\bar.txt" as filename
-        value = value[1:-1]
-
-        # if this is a filename and the starting characters look like
-        # a UNC path, then just return the value without quotes.  Using the
-        # replace sequence below on a UNC path has the effect of turning
-        # the leading double slash into a single slash and then
-        # _fix_ie_filename() doesn't work correctly.  See #458.
-        if not is_filename or value[:2] != '\\\\':
-            return value.replace('\\\\', '\\').replace('\\"', '"')
-    return value
-
-
-def dict_from_cookiejar(cj):
-    """Returns a key/value dictionary from a CookieJar.
-
-    :param cj: CookieJar object to extract cookies from.
-    :rtype: dict
-    """
-
-    cookie_dict = {}
-
-    for cookie in cj:
-        cookie_dict[cookie.name] = cookie.value
-
-    return cookie_dict
-
-
-def add_dict_to_cookiejar(cj, cookie_dict):
-    """Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.
-
-    :param cj: CookieJar to insert cookies into.
-    :param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.
-    :rtype: CookieJar
-    """
-
-    return cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cj)
-
-
-def get_encodings_from_content(content):
-    """Returns encodings from given content string.
-
-    :param content: bytestring to extract encodings from.
-    """
-    warnings.warn((
-        'In requests 3.0, get_encodings_from_content will be removed. For '
-        'more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This'
-        ' warning should only appear once.)'),
-        DeprecationWarning)
-
-    charset_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?charset=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
-    pragma_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?content=["\']*;?charset=(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
-    xml_re = re.compile(r'^<\?xml.*?encoding=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]')
-
-    return (charset_re.findall(content) +
-            pragma_re.findall(content) +
-            xml_re.findall(content))
-
-
-def get_encoding_from_headers(headers):
-    """Returns encodings from given HTTP Header Dict.
-
-    :param headers: dictionary to extract encoding from.
-    :rtype: str
-    """
-
-    content_type = headers.get('content-type')
-
-    if not content_type:
-        return None
-
-    content_type, params = cgi.parse_header(content_type)
-
-    if 'charset' in params:
-        return params['charset'].strip("'\"")
-
-    if 'text' in content_type:
-        return 'ISO-8859-1'
-
-
-def stream_decode_response_unicode(iterator, r):
-    """Stream decodes a iterator."""
-
-    if r.encoding is None:
-        for item in iterator:
-            yield item
-        return
-
-    decoder = codecs.getincrementaldecoder(r.encoding)(errors='replace')
-    for chunk in iterator:
-        rv = decoder.decode(chunk)
-        if rv:
-            yield rv
-    rv = decoder.decode(b'', final=True)
-    if rv:
-        yield rv
-
-
-def iter_slices(string, slice_length):
-    """Iterate over slices of a string."""
-    pos = 0
-    if slice_length is None or slice_length <= 0:
-        slice_length = len(string)
-    while pos < len(string):
-        yield string[pos:pos + slice_length]
-        pos += slice_length
-
-
-def get_unicode_from_response(r):
-    """Returns the requested content back in unicode.
-
-    :param r: Response object to get unicode content from.
-
-    Tried:
-
-    1. charset from content-type
-    2. fall back and replace all unicode characters
-
-    :rtype: str
-    """
-    warnings.warn((
-        'In requests 3.0, get_unicode_from_response will be removed. For '
-        'more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This'
-        ' warning should only appear once.)'),
-        DeprecationWarning)
-
-    tried_encodings = []
-
-    # Try charset from content-type
-    encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(r.headers)
-
-    if encoding:
-        try:
-            return str(r.content, encoding)
-        except UnicodeError:
-            tried_encodings.append(encoding)
-
-    # Fall back:
-    try:
-        return str(r.content, encoding, errors='replace')
-    except TypeError:
-        return r.content
-
-
-# The unreserved URI characters (RFC 3986)
-UNRESERVED_SET = frozenset(
-    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" + "0123456789-._~")
-
-
-def unquote_unreserved(uri):
-    """Un-escape any percent-escape sequences in a URI that are unreserved
-    characters. This leaves all reserved, illegal and non-ASCII bytes encoded.
-
-    :rtype: str
-    """
-    parts = uri.split('%')
-    for i in range(1, len(parts)):
-        h = parts[i][0:2]
-        if len(h) == 2 and h.isalnum():
-            try:
-                c = chr(int(h, 16))
-            except ValueError:
-                raise InvalidURL("Invalid percent-escape sequence: '%s'" % h)
-
-            if c in UNRESERVED_SET:
-                parts[i] = c + parts[i][2:]
-            else:
-                parts[i] = '%' + parts[i]
-        else:
-            parts[i] = '%' + parts[i]
-    return ''.join(parts)
-
-
-def requote_uri(uri):
-    """Re-quote the given URI.
-
-    This function passes the given URI through an unquote/quote cycle to
-    ensure that it is fully and consistently quoted.
-
-    :rtype: str
-    """
-    safe_with_percent = "!#$%&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
-    safe_without_percent = "!#$&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
-    try:
-        # Unquote only the unreserved characters
-        # Then quote only illegal characters (do not quote reserved,
-        # unreserved, or '%')
-        return quote(unquote_unreserved(uri), safe=safe_with_percent)
-    except InvalidURL:
-        # We couldn't unquote the given URI, so let's try quoting it, but
-        # there may be unquoted '%'s in the URI. We need to make sure they're
-        # properly quoted so they do not cause issues elsewhere.
-        return quote(uri, safe=safe_without_percent)
-
-
-def address_in_network(ip, net):
-    """This function allows you to check if an IP belongs to a network subnet
-
-    Example: returns True if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.1.0/24
-             returns False if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.100.0/24
-
-    :rtype: bool
-    """
-    ipaddr = struct.unpack('=L', socket.inet_aton(ip))[0]
-    netaddr, bits = net.split('/')
-    netmask = struct.unpack('=L', socket.inet_aton(dotted_netmask(int(bits))))[0]
-    network = struct.unpack('=L', socket.inet_aton(netaddr))[0] & netmask
-    return (ipaddr & netmask) == (network & netmask)
-
-
-def dotted_netmask(mask):
-    """Converts mask from /xx format to xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
-
-    Example: if mask is 24 function returns 255.255.255.0
-
-    :rtype: str
-    """
-    bits = 0xffffffff ^ (1 << 32 - mask) - 1
-    return socket.inet_ntoa(struct.pack('>I', bits))
-
-
-def is_ipv4_address(string_ip):
-    """
-    :rtype: bool
-    """
-    try:
-        socket.inet_aton(string_ip)
-    except socket.error:
-        return False
-    return True
-
-
-def is_valid_cidr(string_network):
-    """
-    Very simple check of the cidr format in no_proxy variable.
-
-    :rtype: bool
-    """
-    if string_network.count('/') == 1:
-        try:
-            mask = int(string_network.split('/')[1])
-        except ValueError:
-            return False
-
-        if mask < 1 or mask > 32:
-            return False
-
-        try:
-            socket.inet_aton(string_network.split('/')[0])
-        except socket.error:
-            return False
-    else:
-        return False
-    return True
-
-
-@contextlib.contextmanager
-def set_environ(env_name, value):
-    """Set the environment variable 'env_name' to 'value'
-
-    Save previous value, yield, and then restore the previous value stored in
-    the environment variable 'env_name'.
-
-    If 'value' is None, do nothing"""
-    value_changed = value is not None
-    if value_changed:
-        old_value = os.environ.get(env_name)
-        os.environ[env_name] = value
-    try:
-        yield
-    finally:
-        if value_changed:
-            if old_value is None:
-                del os.environ[env_name]
-            else:
-                os.environ[env_name] = old_value
-
-
-def should_bypass_proxies(url, no_proxy):
-    """
-    Returns whether we should bypass proxies or not.
-
-    :rtype: bool
-    """
-    get_proxy = lambda k: os.environ.get(k) or os.environ.get(k.upper())
-
-    # First check whether no_proxy is defined. If it is, check that the URL
-    # we're getting isn't in the no_proxy list.
-    no_proxy_arg = no_proxy
-    if no_proxy is None:
-        no_proxy = get_proxy('no_proxy')
-    netloc = urlparse(url).netloc
-
-    if no_proxy:
-        # We need to check whether we match here. We need to see if we match
-        # the end of the netloc, both with and without the port.
-        no_proxy = (
-            host for host in no_proxy.replace(' ', '').split(',') if host
-        )
-
-        ip = netloc.split(':')[0]
-        if is_ipv4_address(ip):
-            for proxy_ip in no_proxy:
-                if is_valid_cidr(proxy_ip):
-                    if address_in_network(ip, proxy_ip):
-                        return True
-                elif ip == proxy_ip:
-                    # If no_proxy ip was defined in plain IP notation instead of cidr notation &
-                    # matches the IP of the index
-                    return True
-        else:
-            for host in no_proxy:
-                if netloc.endswith(host) or netloc.split(':')[0].endswith(host):
-                    # The URL does match something in no_proxy, so we don't want
-                    # to apply the proxies on this URL.
-                    return True
-
-    # If the system proxy settings indicate that this URL should be bypassed,
-    # don't proxy.
-    # The proxy_bypass function is incredibly buggy on OS X in early versions
-    # of Python 2.6, so allow this call to fail. Only catch the specific
-    # exceptions we've seen, though: this call failing in other ways can reveal
-    # legitimate problems.
-    with set_environ('no_proxy', no_proxy_arg):
-        try:
-            bypass = proxy_bypass(netloc)
-        except (TypeError, socket.gaierror):
-            bypass = False
-
-    if bypass:
-        return True
-
-    return False
-
-
-def get_environ_proxies(url, no_proxy=None):
-    """
-    Return a dict of environment proxies.
-
-    :rtype: dict
-    """
-    if should_bypass_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy):
-        return {}
-    else:
-        return getproxies()
-
-
-def select_proxy(url, proxies):
-    """Select a proxy for the url, if applicable.
-
-    :param url: The url being for the request
-    :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs
-    """
-    proxies = proxies or {}
-    urlparts = urlparse(url)
-    if urlparts.hostname is None:
-        return proxies.get(urlparts.scheme, proxies.get('all'))
-
-    proxy_keys = [
-        urlparts.scheme + '://' + urlparts.hostname,
-        urlparts.scheme,
-        'all://' + urlparts.hostname,
-        'all',
-    ]
-    proxy = None
-    for proxy_key in proxy_keys:
-        if proxy_key in proxies:
-            proxy = proxies[proxy_key]
-            break
-
-    return proxy
-
-
-def default_user_agent(name="python-requests"):
-    """
-    Return a string representing the default user agent.
-
-    :rtype: str
-    """
-    return '%s/%s' % (name, __version__)
-
-
-def default_headers():
-    """
-    :rtype: requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict
-    """
-    return CaseInsensitiveDict({
-        'User-Agent': default_user_agent(),
-        'Accept-Encoding': ', '.join(('gzip', 'deflate')),
-        'Accept': '*/*',
-        'Connection': 'keep-alive',
-    })
-
-
-def parse_header_links(value):
-    """Return a dict of parsed link headers proxies.
-
-    i.e. Link: <http:/.../front.jpeg>; rel=front; type="image/jpeg",<http://.../back.jpeg>; rel=back;type="image/jpeg"
-
-    :rtype: list
-    """
-
-    links = []
-
-    replace_chars = ' \'"'
-
-    for val in re.split(', *<', value):
-        try:
-            url, params = val.split(';', 1)
-        except ValueError:
-            url, params = val, ''
-
-        link = {'url': url.strip('<> \'"')}
-
-        for param in params.split(';'):
-            try:
-                key, value = param.split('=')
-            except ValueError:
-                break
-
-            link[key.strip(replace_chars)] = value.strip(replace_chars)
-
-        links.append(link)
-
-    return links
-
-
-# Null bytes; no need to recreate these on each call to guess_json_utf
-_null = '\x00'.encode('ascii')  # encoding to ASCII for Python 3
-_null2 = _null * 2
-_null3 = _null * 3
-
-
-def guess_json_utf(data):
-    """
-    :rtype: str
-    """
-    # JSON always starts with two ASCII characters, so detection is as
-    # easy as counting the nulls and from their location and count
-    # determine the encoding. Also detect a BOM, if present.
-    sample = data[:4]
-    if sample in (codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE):
-        return 'utf-32'     # BOM included
-    if sample[:3] == codecs.BOM_UTF8:
-        return 'utf-8-sig'  # BOM included, MS style (discouraged)
-    if sample[:2] in (codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE):
-        return 'utf-16'     # BOM included
-    nullcount = sample.count(_null)
-    if nullcount == 0:
-        return 'utf-8'
-    if nullcount == 2:
-        if sample[::2] == _null2:   # 1st and 3rd are null
-            return 'utf-16-be'
-        if sample[1::2] == _null2:  # 2nd and 4th are null
-            return 'utf-16-le'
-        # Did not detect 2 valid UTF-16 ascii-range characters
-    if nullcount == 3:
-        if sample[:3] == _null3:
-            return 'utf-32-be'
-        if sample[1:] == _null3:
-            return 'utf-32-le'
-        # Did not detect a valid UTF-32 ascii-range character
-    return None
-
-
-def prepend_scheme_if_needed(url, new_scheme):
-    """Given a URL that may or may not have a scheme, prepend the given scheme.
-    Does not replace a present scheme with the one provided as an argument.
-
-    :rtype: str
-    """
-    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url, new_scheme)
-
-    # urlparse is a finicky beast, and sometimes decides that there isn't a
-    # netloc present. Assume that it's being over-cautious, and switch netloc
-    # and path if urlparse decided there was no netloc.
-    if not netloc:
-        netloc, path = path, netloc
-
-    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment))
-
-
-def get_auth_from_url(url):
-    """Given a url with authentication components, extract them into a tuple of
-    username,password.
-
-    :rtype: (str,str)
-    """
-    parsed = urlparse(url)
-
-    try:
-        auth = (unquote(parsed.username), unquote(parsed.password))
-    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
-        auth = ('', '')
-
-    return auth
-
-
-# Moved outside of function to avoid recompile every call
-_CLEAN_HEADER_REGEX_BYTE = re.compile(b'^\\S[^\\r\\n]*$|^$')
-_CLEAN_HEADER_REGEX_STR = re.compile(r'^\S[^\r\n]*$|^$')
-
-
-def check_header_validity(header):
-    """Verifies that header value is a string which doesn't contain
-    leading whitespace or return characters. This prevents unintended
-    header injection.
-
-    :param header: tuple, in the format (name, value).
-    """
-    name, value = header
-
-    if isinstance(value, bytes):
-        pat = _CLEAN_HEADER_REGEX_BYTE
-    else:
-        pat = _CLEAN_HEADER_REGEX_STR
-    try:
-        if not pat.match(value):
-            raise InvalidHeader("Invalid return character or leading space in header: %s" % name)
-    except TypeError:
-        raise InvalidHeader("Header value %s must be of type str or bytes, "
-                            "not %s" % (value, type(value)))
-
-
-def urldefragauth(url):
-    """
-    Given a url remove the fragment and the authentication part.
-
-    :rtype: str
-    """
-    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url)
-
-    # see func:`prepend_scheme_if_needed`
-    if not netloc:
-        netloc, path = path, netloc
-
-    netloc = netloc.rsplit('@', 1)[-1]
-
-    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, ''))
-
-
-def rewind_body(prepared_request):
-    """Move file pointer back to its recorded starting position
-    so it can be read again on redirect.
-    """
-    body_seek = getattr(prepared_request.body, 'seek', None)
-    if body_seek is not None and isinstance(prepared_request._body_position, integer_types):
-        try:
-            body_seek(prepared_request._body_position)
-        except (IOError, OSError):
-            raise UnrewindableBodyError("An error occurred when rewinding request "
-                                        "body for redirect.")
-    else:
-        raise UnrewindableBodyError("Unable to rewind request body for redirect.")

requirements-dev.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+-e .[socks]
+pytest>=2.8.0,<10
+pytest-cov
+pytest-httpbin==2.1.0
+httpbin~=0.10.0
+trustme
+wheel

requirements.txt

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
--e .[socks]
-pytest>=2.8.0
-codecov
-pytest-httpbin==0.0.7
-pytest-mock
-pytest-cov
-pytest-xdist
-alabaster
-readme_renderer
-Sphinx<=1.5.5
-PySocks
-setuptools>=18.5
-docutils
-flake8
-tox
-detox

setup.cfg

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[bdist_wheel]
-universal = 1

setup.py

@@ -1,101 +1,9 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-
-import os
-import re
 import sys
 
-from codecs import open
+if sys.version_info < (3, 10):  # noqa: UP036
+    sys.stderr.write("Requests requires Python 3.10 or later.\n")
+    sys.exit(1)
 
 from setuptools import setup
-from setuptools.command.test import test as TestCommand
-
-here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-
-class PyTest(TestCommand):
-    user_options = [('pytest-args=', 'a', "Arguments to pass into py.test")]
-
-    def initialize_options(self):
-        TestCommand.initialize_options(self)
-        try:
-            from multiprocessing import cpu_count
-            self.pytest_args = ['-n', str(cpu_count()), '--boxed']
-        except (ImportError, NotImplementedError):
-            self.pytest_args = ['-n', '1', '--boxed']
-
-    def finalize_options(self):
-        TestCommand.finalize_options(self)
-        self.test_args = []
-        self.test_suite = True
-
-    def run_tests(self):
-        import pytest
-
-        errno = pytest.main(self.pytest_args)
-        sys.exit(errno)
-
-# 'setup.py publish' shortcut.
-if sys.argv[-1] == 'publish':
-    os.system('python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel')
-    os.system('twine upload dist/*')
-    sys.exit()
-
-packages = ['requests']
-
-requires = [
-    'chardet>=3.0.2,<3.1.0',
-    'idna>=2.5,<2.6',
-    'urllib3>=1.21.1,<1.22',
-    'certifi>=2017.4.17'
-
-]
-test_requirements = ['pytest-httpbin==0.0.7', 'pytest-cov', 'pytest-mock', 'pytest-xdist', 'PySocks>=1.5.6, !=1.5.7', 'pytest>=2.8.0']
-
-about = {}
-with open(os.path.join(here, 'requests', '__version__.py'), 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
-    exec(f.read(), about)
-
-with open('README.rst', 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
-    readme = f.read()
-with open('HISTORY.rst', 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
-    history = f.read()
-
-setup(
-    name=about['__title__'],
-    version=about['__version__'],
-    description=about['__description__'],
-    long_description=readme + '\n\n' + history,
-    author=about['__author__'],
-    author_email=about['__author_email__'],
-    url=about['__url__'],
-    packages=packages,
-    package_data={'': ['LICENSE', 'NOTICE'], 'requests': ['*.pem']},
-    package_dir={'requests': 'requests'},
-    include_package_data=True,
-    install_requires=requires,
-    license=about['__license__'],
-    zip_safe=False,
-    classifiers=(
-        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
-        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
-        'Natural Language :: English',
-        'License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License',
-        'Programming Language :: Python',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy'
-    ),
-    cmdclass={'test': PyTest},
-    tests_require=test_requirements,
-    extras_require={
-        'security': ['pyOpenSSL>=0.14', 'cryptography>=1.3.4', 'idna>=2.0.0'],
-        'socks': ['PySocks>=1.5.6, !=1.5.7'],
-        'socks:sys_platform == "win32" and (python_version == "2.7" or python_version == "2.6")': ['win_inet_pton'],
-    },
-)
 
+setup()

src/requests/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+#   __
+#  /__)  _  _     _   _ _/   _
+# / (   (- (/ (/ (- _)  /  _)
+#          /
+
+"""
+Requests HTTP Library
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings.
+Basic GET usage:
+
+   >>> import requests
+   >>> r = requests.get('https://www.python.org')
+   >>> r.status_code
+   200
+   >>> b'Python is a programming language' in r.content
+   True
+
+... or POST:
+
+   >>> payload = dict(key1='value1', key2='value2')
+   >>> r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
+   >>> print(r.text)
+   {
+     ...
+     "form": {
+       "key1": "value1",
+       "key2": "value2"
+     },
+     ...
+   }
+
+The other HTTP methods are supported - see `requests.api`. Full documentation
+is at <https://requests.readthedocs.io>.
+
+:copyright: (c) 2017 by Kenneth Reitz.
+:license: Apache 2.0, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings
+
+import urllib3
+
+from .exceptions import RequestsDependencyWarning
+
+try:
+    from charset_normalizer import __version__ as charset_normalizer_version
+except ImportError:
+    charset_normalizer_version = None
+
+try:
+    from chardet import __version__ as chardet_version
+except ImportError:
+    chardet_version = None
+
+
+def check_compatibility(
+    urllib3_version: str,
+    chardet_version: str | None,
+    charset_normalizer_version: str | None,
+) -> None:
+    urllib3_version_list = urllib3_version.split(".")[:3]
+    assert urllib3_version_list != ["dev"]  # Verify urllib3 isn't installed from git.
+
+    # Sometimes, urllib3 only reports its version as 16.1.
+    if len(urllib3_version_list) == 2:
+        urllib3_version_list.append("0")
+
+    # Check urllib3 for compatibility.
+    major, minor, patch = urllib3_version_list  # noqa: F811
+    major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)
+    # urllib3 >= 1.21.1
+    assert major >= 1
+    if major == 1:
+        assert minor >= 21
+
+    # Check charset_normalizer for compatibility.
+    if chardet_version:
+        major, minor, patch = chardet_version.split(".")[:3]
+        major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)
+        # chardet_version >= 3.0.2, < 8.0.0
+        assert (3, 0, 2) <= (major, minor, patch) < (8, 0, 0)
+    elif charset_normalizer_version:
+        major, minor, patch = charset_normalizer_version.split(".")[:3]
+        major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)
+        # charset_normalizer >= 2.0.0 < 4.0.0
+        assert (2, 0, 0) <= (major, minor, patch) < (4, 0, 0)
+    else:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Unable to find acceptable character detection dependency "
+            "(chardet or charset_normalizer).",
+            RequestsDependencyWarning,
+        )
+
+
+def _check_cryptography(cryptography_version: str) -> None:
+    # cryptography < 1.3.4
+    try:
+        cryptography_version_list = list(map(int, cryptography_version.split(".")))
+    except ValueError:
+        return
+
+    if cryptography_version_list < [1, 3, 4]:
+        warning = f"Old version of cryptography ({cryptography_version_list}) may cause slowdown."
+        warnings.warn(warning, RequestsDependencyWarning)
+
+
+# Check imported dependencies for compatibility.
+try:
+    check_compatibility(
+        urllib3.__version__,
+        chardet_version,
+        charset_normalizer_version,
+    )
+except (AssertionError, ValueError):
+    warnings.warn(
+        f"urllib3 ({urllib3.__version__}) or chardet "
+        f"({chardet_version})/charset_normalizer ({charset_normalizer_version}) "
+        "doesn't match a supported version!",
+        RequestsDependencyWarning,
+    )
+
+# Attempt to enable urllib3's fallback for SNI support
+# if the standard library doesn't support SNI or the
+# 'ssl' library isn't available.
+try:
+    try:
+        import ssl
+    except ImportError:
+        ssl = None
+
+    if not getattr(ssl, "HAS_SNI", False):
+        from urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl
+
+        pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
+
+        # Check cryptography version
+        from cryptography import (
+            __version__ as cryptography_version,
+        )
+
+        _check_cryptography(cryptography_version)
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+# urllib3's DependencyWarnings should be silenced.
+from urllib3.exceptions import DependencyWarning
+
+warnings.simplefilter("ignore", DependencyWarning)
+
+# Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
+import logging
+from logging import NullHandler
+
+from . import packages, utils
+from .__version__ import (
+    __author__,
+    __author_email__,
+    __build__,
+    __cake__,
+    __copyright__,
+    __description__,
+    __license__,
+    __title__,
+    __url__,
+    __version__,
+)
+from .api import delete, get, head, options, patch, post, put, request
+from .exceptions import (
+    ConnectionError,
+    ConnectTimeout,
+    FileModeWarning,
+    HTTPError,
+    JSONDecodeError,
+    ReadTimeout,
+    RequestException,
+    Timeout,
+    TooManyRedirects,
+    URLRequired,
+)
+from .models import PreparedRequest, Request, Response
+from .sessions import Session, session
+from .status_codes import codes
+
+__all__ = (
+    "ConnectionError",
+    "ConnectTimeout",
+    "HTTPError",
+    "JSONDecodeError",
+    "PreparedRequest",
+    "ReadTimeout",
+    "Request",
+    "RequestException",
+    "Response",
+    "Session",
+    "Timeout",
+    "TooManyRedirects",
+    "URLRequired",
+    "codes",
+    "delete",
+    "get",
+    "head",
+    "options",
+    "packages",
+    "patch",
+    "post",
+    "put",
+    "request",
+    "session",
+    "utils",
+)
+
+logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
+
+# FileModeWarnings go off per the default.
+warnings.simplefilter("default", FileModeWarning, append=True)

src/requests/__version__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# .-. .-. .-. . . .-. .-. .-. .-.
+# |(  |-  |.| | | |-  `-.  |  `-.
+# ' ' `-' `-`.`-' `-' `-'  '  `-'
+
+__title__ = "requests"
+__description__ = "Python HTTP for Humans."
+__url__ = "https://requests.readthedocs.io"
+__version__ = "2.34.2"
+__build__ = 0x023402
+__author__ = "Kenneth Reitz"
+__author_email__ = "me@kennethreitz.org"
+__license__ = "Apache-2.0"
+__copyright__ = "Copyright Kenneth Reitz"
+__cake__ = "\u2728 \U0001f370 \u2728"

src/requests/_internal_utils.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """
 requests._internal_utils
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -8,10 +6,24 @@ Provides utility functions that are consumed internally by Requests
 which depend on extremely few external helpers (such as compat)
 """
 
-from .compat import is_py2, builtin_str, str
+import re
+
+from .compat import builtin_str
+
+_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_BYTE = re.compile(rb"^[^:\s][^:\r\n]*\Z")
+_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_STR = re.compile(r"^[^:\s][^:\r\n]*\Z")
+_VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_BYTE = re.compile(rb"^\S[^\r\n]*\Z|^\Z")
+_VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_STR = re.compile(r"^\S[^\r\n]*\Z|^\Z")
+
+_HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR = (_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_STR, _VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_STR)
+_HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE = (_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_BYTE, _VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_BYTE)
+HEADER_VALIDATORS = {
+    bytes: _HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE,
+    str: _HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR,
+}
 
 
-def to_native_string(string, encoding='ascii'):
+def to_native_string(string: str | bytes, encoding: str = "ascii") -> str:
     """Given a string object, regardless of type, returns a representation of
     that string in the native string type, encoding and decoding where
     necessary. This assumes ASCII unless told otherwise.
@@ -19,15 +31,12 @@ def to_native_string(string, encoding='ascii'):
     if isinstance(string, builtin_str):
         out = string
     else:
-        if is_py2:
-            out = string.encode(encoding)
-        else:
-            out = string.decode(encoding)
+        out = string.decode(encoding)
 
     return out
 
 
-def unicode_is_ascii(u_string):
+def unicode_is_ascii(u_string: str) -> bool:
     """Determine if unicode string only contains ASCII characters.
 
     :param str u_string: unicode string to check. Must be unicode
@@ -36,7 +45,7 @@ def unicode_is_ascii(u_string):
     """
     assert isinstance(u_string, str)
     try:
-        u_string.encode('ascii')
+        u_string.encode("ascii")
         return True
     except UnicodeEncodeError:
         return False

src/requests/_types.py

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+"""
+requests._types
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains type aliases used internally by the Requests library.
+These types are not part of the public API and must not be relied upon
+by external code.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Mapping, MutableMapping, Sequence
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Protocol,
+    TypeAlias,
+    TypeVar,
+    runtime_checkable,
+)
+
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", covariant=True)
+_KT_co = TypeVar("_KT_co", covariant=True)
+_VT_co = TypeVar("_VT_co", covariant=True)
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class SupportsRead(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def read(self, length: int = ..., /) -> _T_co: ...
+
+
+def has_read(obj: Any) -> TypeIs[SupportsRead[str | bytes]]:
+    """Check if obj supports read, including __getattr__ based proxies."""
+    return isinstance(obj, SupportsRead) or hasattr(obj, "read")
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class SupportsItems(Protocol[_KT_co, _VT_co]):
+    def items(self) -> Iterable[tuple[_KT_co, _VT_co]]: ...
+
+
+# These are needed at runtime for default_hooks() return type
+HookType: TypeAlias = Callable[["Response"], Any]
+HooksInputType: TypeAlias = Mapping[str, Iterable[HookType] | HookType]
+
+
+def is_prepared(request: PreparedRequest) -> TypeIs[_ValidatedRequest]:
+    """Verify a PreparedRequest has been fully prepared."""
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        return request.url is not None and request.method is not None
+    # noop at runtime to avoid AssertionError
+    return True
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
+    from typing import TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+    from typing_extensions import (
+        Buffer,  # TODO: move to collections.abc when Python >= 3.12
+        TypeIs,  # TODO: move to typing when Python >= 3.13
+    )
+
+    from .auth import AuthBase
+    from .cookies import RequestsCookieJar
+    from .models import PreparedRequest, Response
+    from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+    class _ValidatedRequest(PreparedRequest):
+        """Subtype asserting a PreparedRequest has been fully prepared before calling.
+
+        The override suppression is required because mutable attribute types are
+        invariant (Liskov), but we only narrow after preparation is complete. This
+        is the explicit contract for Requests but Python's typing doesn't have a
+        better way to represent the requirement.
+        """
+
+        url: str  # type: ignore[reportIncompatibleVariableOverride]
+        method: str  # type: ignore[reportIncompatibleVariableOverride]
+
+    # Type aliases for core API concepts (ordered by request() signature)
+    UriType: TypeAlias = str | bytes
+
+    _ParamsMappingKeyType: TypeAlias = str | bytes | int | float
+    _ParamsMappingValueType: TypeAlias = (
+        str | bytes | int | float | Iterable[str | bytes | int | float] | None
+    )
+    ParamsType: TypeAlias = (
+        SupportsItems[_ParamsMappingKeyType, _ParamsMappingValueType]
+        | tuple[tuple[_ParamsMappingKeyType, _ParamsMappingValueType], ...]
+        | Iterable[tuple[_ParamsMappingKeyType, _ParamsMappingValueType]]
+        | str
+        | bytes
+        | None
+    )
+
+    KVDataType: TypeAlias = Iterable[tuple[Any, Any]] | SupportsItems[Any, Any]
+
+    RawDataType: TypeAlias = KVDataType | str | bytes
+    StreamDataType: TypeAlias = SupportsRead[str | bytes]
+    EncodableDataType: TypeAlias = RawDataType | StreamDataType
+
+    DataType: TypeAlias = (
+        KVDataType
+        | Iterable[bytes | str]
+        | str
+        | bytes
+        | Buffer
+        | SupportsRead[str | bytes]
+        | None
+    )
+
+    BodyType: TypeAlias = (
+        bytes | str | Iterable[bytes | str] | SupportsRead[bytes | str] | None
+    )
+
+    HeadersType: TypeAlias = Mapping[str, str | bytes] | None
+
+    CookiesType: TypeAlias = RequestsCookieJar | Mapping[str, str]
+
+    # Building blocks for FilesType
+    _FileName: TypeAlias = str | None
+    _FileContent: TypeAlias = SupportsRead[str | bytes] | str | bytes
+    _FileSpecBasic: TypeAlias = tuple[_FileName, _FileContent]
+    _FileSpecWithContentType: TypeAlias = tuple[_FileName, _FileContent, str]
+    _FileSpecWithHeaders: TypeAlias = tuple[
+        _FileName, _FileContent, str, CaseInsensitiveDict[str] | Mapping[str, str]
+    ]
+    _FileSpec: TypeAlias = (
+        _FileContent | _FileSpecBasic | _FileSpecWithContentType | _FileSpecWithHeaders
+    )
+    FilesType: TypeAlias = (
+        Mapping[str, _FileSpec] | Iterable[tuple[str, _FileSpec]] | None
+    )
+
+    AuthType: TypeAlias = (
+        tuple[str, str] | AuthBase | Callable[[PreparedRequest], PreparedRequest] | None
+    )
+
+    TimeoutType: TypeAlias = float | tuple[float | None, float | None] | None
+    ProxiesType: TypeAlias = MutableMapping[str, str]
+    HooksType: TypeAlias = dict[str, list[HookType]] | None
+    VerifyType: TypeAlias = bool | str
+    CertType: TypeAlias = str | tuple[str, str] | None
+    JsonType: TypeAlias = (
+        None
+        | bool
+        | int
+        | float
+        | str
+        | Sequence["JsonType"]
+        | Mapping[str, "JsonType"]
+    )
+
+    # TypedDicts for Unpack kwargs (PEP 692)
+
+    class BaseRequestKwargs(TypedDict, total=False):
+        headers: HeadersType
+        cookies: RequestsCookieJar | CookieJar | dict[str, str] | None
+        files: FilesType
+        auth: AuthType
+        timeout: TimeoutType
+        allow_redirects: bool
+        proxies: dict[str, str] | None
+        hooks: HooksInputType | None
+        stream: bool | None
+        verify: VerifyType | None
+        cert: CertType
+
+    class RequestKwargs(BaseRequestKwargs, total=False):
+        """kwargs for request(), options(), head(), delete()."""
+
+        params: ParamsType
+        data: DataType
+        json: JsonType
+
+    class GetKwargs(BaseRequestKwargs, total=False):
+        data: DataType
+        json: JsonType
+
+    class PostKwargs(BaseRequestKwargs, total=False):
+        params: ParamsType
+
+    class DataKwargs(BaseRequestKwargs, total=False):
+        """kwargs for put(), patch()."""
+
+        params: ParamsType
+        json: JsonType

src/requests/adapters.py

@@ -0,0 +1,748 @@
+"""
+requests.adapters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the transport adapters that Requests uses to define
+and maintain connections.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os.path
+import socket  # noqa: F401
+import typing
+import warnings
+from typing import Any
+
+from urllib3.exceptions import (
+    ClosedPoolError,
+    ConnectTimeoutError,
+    LocationValueError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    NewConnectionError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    ResponseError,
+)
+from urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as _HTTPError
+from urllib3.exceptions import InvalidHeader as _InvalidHeader
+from urllib3.exceptions import ProxyError as _ProxyError
+from urllib3.exceptions import SSLError as _SSLError
+from urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager, proxy_from_url
+from urllib3.util import Timeout as TimeoutSauce
+from urllib3.util import parse_url
+from urllib3.util.retry import Retry
+
+from .auth import _basic_auth_str
+from .compat import basestring, urlparse
+from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
+from .exceptions import (
+    ConnectionError,
+    ConnectTimeout,
+    InvalidHeader,
+    InvalidProxyURL,
+    InvalidSchema,
+    InvalidURL,
+    ProxyError,
+    ReadTimeout,
+    RetryError,
+    SSLError,
+)
+from .models import Response
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from .utils import (
+    DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH,
+    get_auth_from_url,
+    get_encoding_from_headers,
+    prepend_scheme_if_needed,
+    select_proxy,
+    urldefragauth,
+)
+
+try:
+    from urllib3.contrib.socks import SOCKSProxyManager  # type: ignore[assignment]
+except ImportError:
+
+    def SOCKSProxyManager(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        raise InvalidSchema("Missing dependencies for SOCKS support.")
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from urllib3.connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool
+    from urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager as _PoolManager
+
+    from . import _types as _t
+    from .models import PreparedRequest
+
+from ._types import is_prepared as _is_prepared
+
+DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK = False
+DEFAULT_POOLSIZE = 10
+DEFAULT_RETRIES = 0
+DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT = None
+
+
+def _urllib3_request_context(
+    request: PreparedRequest,
+    verify: bool | str | None,
+    client_cert: tuple[str, str] | str | None,
+    poolmanager: PoolManager,
+) -> tuple[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]]:
+    host_params: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    pool_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    parsed_request_url = urlparse(request.url)
+    scheme = parsed_request_url.scheme.lower()
+    port = parsed_request_url.port
+
+    cert_reqs = "CERT_REQUIRED"
+    if verify is False:
+        cert_reqs = "CERT_NONE"
+    elif isinstance(verify, str):
+        if not os.path.isdir(verify):
+            pool_kwargs["ca_certs"] = verify
+        else:
+            pool_kwargs["ca_cert_dir"] = verify
+    pool_kwargs["cert_reqs"] = cert_reqs
+    if client_cert is not None:
+        if isinstance(client_cert, tuple) and len(client_cert) == 2:
+            pool_kwargs["cert_file"] = client_cert[0]
+            pool_kwargs["key_file"] = client_cert[1]
+        else:
+            # According to our docs, we allow users to specify just the client
+            # cert path
+            pool_kwargs["cert_file"] = client_cert
+    host_params = {
+        "scheme": scheme,
+        "host": parsed_request_url.hostname,
+        "port": port,
+    }
+    return host_params, pool_kwargs
+
+
+class BaseAdapter:
+    """The Base Transport Adapter"""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def send(
+        self,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        stream: bool = False,
+        timeout: _t.TimeoutType = None,
+        verify: _t.VerifyType = True,
+        cert: _t.CertType = None,
+        proxies: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
+        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple
+        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
+            the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
+            to a CA bundle to use
+        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
+        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Cleans up adapter specific items."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
+    """The built-in HTTP Adapter for urllib3.
+
+    Provides a general-case interface for Requests sessions to contact HTTP and
+    HTTPS urls by implementing the Transport Adapter interface. This class will
+    usually be created by the :class:`Session <Session>` class under the
+    covers.
+
+    :param pool_connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
+    :param pool_maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
+    :param max_retries: The maximum number of retries each connection
+        should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed DNS lookups, socket
+        connections and connection timeouts, never to requests where data has
+        made it to the server. By default, Requests does not retry failed
+        connections. If you need granular control over the conditions under
+        which we retry a request, import urllib3's ``Retry`` class and pass
+        that instead.
+    :param pool_block: Whether the connection pool should block for connections.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> a = requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(max_retries=3)
+      >>> s.mount('http://', a)
+    """
+
+    __attrs__: list[str] = [
+        "max_retries",
+        "config",
+        "_pool_connections",
+        "_pool_maxsize",
+        "_pool_block",
+    ]
+
+    max_retries: Retry
+    config: dict[str, Any]
+    proxy_manager: dict[str, Any]
+    _pool_connections: int
+    _pool_maxsize: int
+    _pool_block: bool
+    poolmanager: _PoolManager
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        pool_connections: int = DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
+        pool_maxsize: int = DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
+        max_retries: int | Retry = DEFAULT_RETRIES,
+        pool_block: bool = DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK,
+    ) -> None:
+        if max_retries == DEFAULT_RETRIES:
+            self.max_retries = Retry(0, read=False)
+        else:
+            self.max_retries = Retry.from_int(max_retries)
+        self.config = {}
+        self.proxy_manager = {}
+
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self._pool_connections = pool_connections
+        self._pool_maxsize = pool_maxsize
+        self._pool_block = pool_block
+
+        self.init_poolmanager(pool_connections, pool_maxsize, block=pool_block)
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return {attr: getattr(self, attr, None) for attr in self.__attrs__}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        # Can't handle by adding 'proxy_manager' to self.__attrs__ because
+        # self.poolmanager uses a lambda function, which isn't pickleable.
+        self.proxy_manager = {}
+        self.config = {}
+
+        for attr, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, attr, value)
+
+        self.init_poolmanager(
+            self._pool_connections, self._pool_maxsize, block=self._pool_block
+        )
+
+    def init_poolmanager(
+        self,
+        connections: int,
+        maxsize: int,
+        block: bool = DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK,
+        **pool_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initializes a urllib3 PoolManager.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
+        :param maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
+        :param block: Block when no free connections are available.
+        :param pool_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to initialize the Pool Manager.
+        """
+        # save these values for pickling
+        self._pool_connections = connections
+        self._pool_maxsize = maxsize
+        self._pool_block = block
+
+        self.poolmanager = PoolManager(
+            num_pools=connections,
+            maxsize=maxsize,
+            block=block,
+            **pool_kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def proxy_manager_for(self, proxy: str, **proxy_kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        """Return urllib3 ProxyManager for the given proxy.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param proxy: The proxy to return a urllib3 ProxyManager for.
+        :param proxy_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to configure the Proxy Manager.
+        :returns: ProxyManager
+        :rtype: urllib3.ProxyManager
+        """
+        if proxy in self.proxy_manager:
+            manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy]
+        elif proxy.lower().startswith("socks"):
+            username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
+            manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy] = SOCKSProxyManager(
+                proxy,
+                username=username,
+                password=password,
+                num_pools=self._pool_connections,
+                maxsize=self._pool_maxsize,
+                block=self._pool_block,
+                **proxy_kwargs,
+            )
+        else:
+            proxy_headers = self.proxy_headers(proxy)
+            manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy] = proxy_from_url(
+                proxy,
+                proxy_headers=proxy_headers,
+                num_pools=self._pool_connections,
+                maxsize=self._pool_maxsize,
+                block=self._pool_block,
+                **proxy_kwargs,
+            )
+
+        return manager
+
+    def cert_verify(
+        self, conn: Any, url: str, verify: _t.VerifyType, cert: _t.CertType
+    ) -> None:
+        """Verify a SSL certificate. This method should not be called from user
+        code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param conn: The urllib3 connection object associated with the cert.
+        :param url: The requested URL.
+        :param verify: Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
+            the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
+            to a CA bundle to use
+        :param cert: The SSL certificate to verify.
+        """
+        if url.lower().startswith("https") and verify:
+            cert_loc = None
+
+            # Allow self-specified cert location.
+            if verify is not True:
+                cert_loc = verify
+
+            if not cert_loc:
+                cert_loc = DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH
+
+            if not cert_loc or not os.path.exists(cert_loc):
+                raise OSError(
+                    f"Could not find a suitable TLS CA certificate bundle, "
+                    f"invalid path: {cert_loc}"
+                )
+
+            conn.cert_reqs = "CERT_REQUIRED"
+
+            if not os.path.isdir(cert_loc):
+                conn.ca_certs = cert_loc
+            else:
+                conn.ca_cert_dir = cert_loc
+        else:
+            conn.cert_reqs = "CERT_NONE"
+            conn.ca_certs = None
+            conn.ca_cert_dir = None
+
+        if cert:
+            if not isinstance(cert, basestring):
+                conn.cert_file = cert[0]
+                conn.key_file = cert[1]
+            else:
+                conn.cert_file = cert
+                conn.key_file = None
+            if conn.cert_file and not os.path.exists(conn.cert_file):
+                raise OSError(
+                    f"Could not find the TLS certificate file, "
+                    f"invalid path: {conn.cert_file}"
+                )
+            if conn.key_file and not os.path.exists(conn.key_file):
+                raise OSError(
+                    f"Could not find the TLS key file, invalid path: {conn.key_file}"
+                )
+
+    def build_response(self, req: PreparedRequest, resp: Any) -> Response:
+        """Builds a :class:`Response <requests.Response>` object from a urllib3
+        response. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed
+        for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`
+
+        :param req: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` used to generate the response.
+        :param resp: The urllib3 response object.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+        assert _is_prepared(req)
+        response = Response()
+
+        # Fallback to None if there's no status_code, for whatever reason.
+        response.status_code = getattr(resp, "status", None)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+        # Make headers case-insensitive.
+        response.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(getattr(resp, "headers", {}))
+
+        # Set encoding.
+        response.encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(response.headers)
+        response.raw = resp
+        response.reason = response.raw.reason
+
+        if isinstance(req.url, bytes):
+            response.url = req.url.decode("utf-8")
+        else:
+            response.url = req.url
+
+        # Add new cookies from the server.
+        extract_cookies_to_jar(response.cookies, req, resp)
+
+        # Give the Response some context.
+        response.request = req
+        response.connection = self
+
+        return response
+
+    def build_connection_pool_key_attributes(
+        self, request: PreparedRequest, verify: _t.VerifyType, cert: _t.CertType = None
+    ) -> tuple[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Build the PoolKey attributes used by urllib3 to return a connection.
+
+        This looks at the PreparedRequest, the user-specified verify value,
+        and the value of the cert parameter to determine what PoolKey values
+        to use to select a connection from a given urllib3 Connection Pool.
+
+        The SSL related pool key arguments are not consistently set. As of
+        this writing, use the following to determine what keys may be in that
+        dictionary:
+
+        * If ``verify`` is ``True``, ``"ssl_context"`` will be set and will be the
+          default Requests SSL Context
+        * If ``verify`` is ``False``, ``"ssl_context"`` will not be set but
+          ``"cert_reqs"`` will be set
+        * If ``verify`` is a string, (i.e., it is a user-specified trust bundle)
+          ``"ca_certs"`` will be set if the string is not a directory recognized
+          by :py:func:`os.path.isdir`, otherwise ``"ca_cert_dir"`` will be
+          set.
+        * If ``"cert"`` is specified, ``"cert_file"`` will always be set. If
+          ``"cert"`` is a tuple with a second item, ``"key_file"`` will also
+          be present
+
+        To override these settings, one may subclass this class, call this
+        method and use the above logic to change parameters as desired. For
+        example, if one wishes to use a custom :py:class:`ssl.SSLContext` one
+        must both set ``"ssl_context"`` and based on what else they require,
+        alter the other keys to ensure the desired behaviour.
+
+        :param request:
+            The PreparedRequest being sent over the connection.
+        :type request:
+            :class:`~requests.models.PreparedRequest`
+        :param verify:
+            Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
+            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
+            must be a path to a CA bundle to use.
+        :param cert:
+            (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate for client
+            authentication (a.k.a., mTLS). This may be a string (i.e., just
+            the path to a file which holds both certificate and key) or a
+            tuple of length 2 with the certificate file path and key file
+            path.
+        :returns:
+            A tuple of two dictionaries. The first is the "host parameters"
+            portion of the Pool Key including scheme, hostname, and port. The
+            second is a dictionary of SSLContext related parameters.
+        """
+        return _urllib3_request_context(request, verify, cert, self.poolmanager)
+
+    def get_connection_with_tls_context(
+        self,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        verify: _t.VerifyType,
+        proxies: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        cert: _t.CertType = None,
+    ) -> HTTPConnectionPool:
+        """Returns a urllib3 connection for the given request and TLS settings.
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param request:
+            The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object to be sent
+            over the connection.
+        :param verify:
+            Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the
+            server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a
+            path to a CA bundle to use.
+        :param proxies:
+            (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
+        :param cert:
+            (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be used for client
+            authentication (a.k.a., mTLS).
+        :rtype:
+            urllib3.HTTPConnectionPool
+        """
+        assert _is_prepared(request)
+
+        proxy = select_proxy(request.url, proxies)
+        try:
+            host_params, pool_kwargs = self.build_connection_pool_key_attributes(
+                request,
+                verify,
+                cert,
+            )
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
+        if proxy:
+            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, "http")
+            proxy_url = parse_url(proxy)
+            if not proxy_url.host:
+                raise InvalidProxyURL(
+                    "Please check proxy URL. It is malformed "
+                    "and could be missing the host."
+                )
+            proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
+            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_host(
+                **host_params, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
+            )
+        else:
+            # Only scheme should be lower case
+            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_host(
+                **host_params, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
+            )
+
+        return conn
+
+    def get_connection(
+        self, url: str, proxies: dict[str, str] | None = None
+    ) -> HTTPConnectionPool:
+        """DEPRECATED: Users should move to `get_connection_with_tls_context`
+        for all subclasses of HTTPAdapter using Requests>=2.32.2.
+
+        Returns a urllib3 connection for the given URL. This should not be
+        called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param url: The URL to connect to.
+        :param proxies: (optional) A Requests-style dictionary of proxies used on this request.
+        :rtype: urllib3.HTTPConnectionPool
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            (
+                "`get_connection` has been deprecated in favor of "
+                "`get_connection_with_tls_context`. Custom HTTPAdapter subclasses "
+                "will need to migrate for Requests>=2.32.2. Please see "
+                "https://github.com/psf/requests/pull/6710 for more details."
+            ),
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        proxy = select_proxy(url, proxies)
+
+        if proxy:
+            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, "http")
+            proxy_url = parse_url(proxy)
+            if not proxy_url.host:
+                raise InvalidProxyURL(
+                    "Please check proxy URL. It is malformed "
+                    "and could be missing the host."
+                )
+            proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
+            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(url)
+        else:
+            # Only scheme should be lower case
+            parsed = urlparse(url)
+            url = parsed.geturl()
+            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_url(url)
+
+        return conn
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Disposes of any internal state.
+
+        Currently, this closes the PoolManager and any active ProxyManager,
+        which closes any pooled connections.
+        """
+        self.poolmanager.clear()
+        for proxy in self.proxy_manager.values():
+            proxy.clear()
+
+    def request_url(
+        self, request: PreparedRequest, proxies: dict[str, str] | None
+    ) -> str:
+        """Obtain the url to use when making the final request.
+
+        If the message is being sent through a HTTP proxy, the full URL has to
+        be used. Otherwise, we should only use the path portion of the URL.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
+        :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs.
+        :rtype: str
+        """
+        assert _is_prepared(request)
+
+        proxy = select_proxy(request.url, proxies)
+        scheme = urlparse(request.url).scheme
+
+        is_proxied_http_request = proxy and scheme != "https"
+        using_socks_proxy = False
+        if proxy:
+            proxy_scheme = urlparse(proxy).scheme.lower()
+            using_socks_proxy = proxy_scheme.startswith("socks")
+
+        url = request.path_url
+
+        if is_proxied_http_request and not using_socks_proxy:
+            url = urldefragauth(request.url)
+
+        return url
+
+    def add_headers(self, request: PreparedRequest, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Add any headers needed by the connection. As of v2.0 this does
+        nothing by default, but is left for overriding by users that subclass
+        the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` to add headers to.
+        :param kwargs: The keyword arguments from the call to send().
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def proxy_headers(self, proxy: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Returns a dictionary of the headers to add to any request sent
+        through a proxy. This works with urllib3 magic to ensure that they are
+        correctly sent to the proxy, rather than in a tunnelled request if
+        CONNECT is being used.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param proxy: The url of the proxy being used for this request.
+        :rtype: dict
+        """
+        headers: dict[str, str] = {}
+        username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
+
+        if username:
+            headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(username, password)
+
+        return headers
+
+    def send(
+        self,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        stream: bool = False,
+        timeout: _t.TimeoutType = None,
+        verify: _t.VerifyType = True,
+        cert: _t.CertType = None,
+        proxies: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
+        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
+        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
+            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
+            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
+        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
+        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        assert _is_prepared(request)
+
+        try:
+            conn = self.get_connection_with_tls_context(
+                request, verify, proxies=proxies, cert=cert
+            )
+        except LocationValueError as e:
+            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
+
+        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
+        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
+        self.add_headers(
+            request,
+            stream=stream,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            verify=verify,
+            cert=cert,
+            proxies=proxies,
+        )
+
+        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
+
+        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
+            try:
+                connect, read = timeout
+                resolved_timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
+                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
+                )
+        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
+            resolved_timeout = timeout
+        else:
+            resolved_timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
+
+        try:
+            resp = conn.urlopen(
+                method=request.method,
+                url=url,
+                body=request.body,  # type: ignore[arg-type]  # urllib3 stubs don't accept Iterable[bytes | str]
+                headers=request.headers,  # type: ignore[arg-type]  # urllib3#3072
+                redirect=False,
+                assert_same_host=False,
+                preload_content=False,
+                decode_content=False,
+                retries=self.max_retries,
+                timeout=resolved_timeout,
+                chunked=chunked,
+            )
+
+        except (ProtocolError, OSError) as err:
+            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
+
+        except MaxRetryError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
+                # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811
+                if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError):
+                    raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
+
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
+                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
+
+            if isinstance(e.reason, _ProxyError):
+                raise ProxyError(e, request=request)
+
+            if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError):
+                # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later.
+                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
+
+            raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
+
+        except ClosedPoolError as e:
+            raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
+
+        except _ProxyError as e:
+            raise ProxyError(e)
+
+        except (_SSLError, _HTTPError) as e:
+            if isinstance(e, _SSLError):
+                # This branch is for urllib3 versions earlier than v1.22
+                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
+            elif isinstance(e, ReadTimeoutError):
+                raise ReadTimeout(e, request=request)
+            elif isinstance(e, _InvalidHeader):
+                raise InvalidHeader(e, request=request)
+            else:
+                raise
+
+        return self.build_response(request, resp)

src/requests/api.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """
 requests.api
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -10,22 +8,36 @@ This module implements the Requests API.
 :license: Apache2, see LICENSE for more details.
 """
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
 from . import sessions
+from .models import Response
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing_extensions import Unpack
+
+    from . import _types as _t
 
 
-def request(method, url, **kwargs):
+def request(
+    method: str, url: _t.UriType, **kwargs: Unpack[_t.RequestKwargs]
+) -> Response:
     """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
 
-    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object: ``GET``, ``OPTIONS``, ``HEAD``, ``POST``, ``PUT``, ``PATCH``, or ``DELETE``.
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
-    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
-    :param data: (optional) Dictionary or list of tuples ``[(key, value)]`` (will be form-encoded), bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
-    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
+        in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
     :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
     :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
         ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
-        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
+        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content_type'`` is a string
         defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
         to add for the file.
     :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
@@ -47,7 +59,8 @@ def request(method, url, **kwargs):
     Usage::
 
       >>> import requests
-      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> req
       <Response [200]>
     """
 
@@ -58,21 +71,23 @@ def request(method, url, **kwargs):
         return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
 
 
-def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
+def get(
+    url: _t.UriType, params: _t.ParamsType = None, **kwargs: Unpack[_t.GetKwargs]
+) -> Response:
     r"""Sends a GET request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
-    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
+        in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
     :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
-    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
-    return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)
+    return request("get", url, params=params, **kwargs)
 
 
-def options(url, **kwargs):
+def options(url: _t.UriType, **kwargs: Unpack[_t.RequestKwargs]) -> Response:
     r"""Sends an OPTIONS request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
@@ -81,66 +96,79 @@ def options(url, **kwargs):
     :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
-    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
-    return request('options', url, **kwargs)
+    return request("options", url, **kwargs)
 
 
-def head(url, **kwargs):
+def head(url: _t.UriType, **kwargs: Unpack[_t.RequestKwargs]) -> Response:
     r"""Sends a HEAD request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
-    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. If
+        `allow_redirects` is not provided, it will be set to `False` (as
+        opposed to the default :meth:`request` behavior).
     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
     :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
-    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', False)
-    return request('head', url, **kwargs)
+    kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", False)
+    return request("head", url, **kwargs)
 
 
-def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
+def post(
+    url: _t.UriType,
+    data: _t.DataType = None,
+    json: _t.JsonType = None,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[_t.PostKwargs],
+) -> Response:
     r"""Sends a POST request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
-    :param data: (optional) Dictionary (will be form-encoded), bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
-    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
     :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
-    return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
+    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
 
 
-def put(url, data=None, **kwargs):
+def put(
+    url: _t.UriType, data: _t.DataType = None, **kwargs: Unpack[_t.DataKwargs]
+) -> Response:
     r"""Sends a PUT request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
-    :param data: (optional) Dictionary (will be form-encoded), bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
-    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
     :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
-    return request('put', url, data=data, **kwargs)
+    return request("put", url, data=data, **kwargs)
 
 
-def patch(url, data=None, **kwargs):
+def patch(
+    url: _t.UriType, data: _t.DataType = None, **kwargs: Unpack[_t.DataKwargs]
+) -> Response:
     r"""Sends a PATCH request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
-    :param data: (optional) Dictionary (will be form-encoded), bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
-    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
     :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
-    return request('patch', url, data=data, **kwargs)
+    return request("patch", url, data=data, **kwargs)
 
 
-def delete(url, **kwargs):
+def delete(url: _t.UriType, **kwargs: Unpack[_t.RequestKwargs]) -> Response:
     r"""Sends a DELETE request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
@@ -149,4 +177,4 @@ def delete(url, **kwargs):
     :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
-    return request('delete', url, **kwargs)
+    return request("delete", url, **kwargs)

src/requests/auth.py

@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+"""
+requests.auth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the authentication handlers for Requests.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import hashlib
+import os
+import re
+import threading
+import time
+import warnings
+from base64 import b64encode
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Final, cast, overload
+
+from ._internal_utils import to_native_string
+from .compat import basestring, str, urlparse
+from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
+from .utils import parse_dict_header
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
+    from typing import Any
+
+    from .models import PreparedRequest, Response
+
+CONTENT_TYPE_FORM_URLENCODED: Final = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+CONTENT_TYPE_MULTI_PART: Final = "multipart/form-data"
+
+
+def _basic_auth_str(username: bytes | str, password: bytes | str) -> str:
+    """Returns a Basic Auth string."""
+
+    # "I want us to put a big-ol' comment on top of it that
+    # says that this behaviour is dumb but we need to preserve
+    # it because people are relying on it."
+    #    - Lukasa
+    #
+    # These are here solely to maintain backwards compatibility
+    # for things like ints. This will be removed in 3.0.0.
+    if not isinstance(username, basestring):  # runtime guard for non-str/bytes
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Non-string usernames will no longer be supported in Requests "
+            f"3.0.0. Please convert the object you've passed in ({username!r}) to "
+            "a string or bytes object in the near future to avoid "
+            "problems.",
+            category=DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        username = str(username)
+
+    if not isinstance(password, basestring):  # runtime guard for non-str/bytes
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Non-string passwords will no longer be supported in Requests "
+            f"3.0.0. Please convert the object you've passed in ({type(password)!r}) to "
+            "a string or bytes object in the near future to avoid "
+            "problems.",
+            category=DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        password = str(password)
+    # -- End Removal --
+
+    if isinstance(username, str):
+        username = username.encode("latin1")
+
+    if isinstance(password, str):
+        password = password.encode("latin1")
+
+    authstr = "Basic " + to_native_string(
+        b64encode(b":".join((username, password))).strip()
+    )
+
+    return authstr
+
+
+class AuthBase:
+    """Base class that all auth implementations derive from"""
+
+    def __call__(self, r: PreparedRequest) -> PreparedRequest:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Auth hooks must be callable.")
+
+
+class HTTPBasicAuth(AuthBase):
+    """Attaches HTTP Basic Authentication to the given Request object."""
+
+    username: bytes | str
+    password: bytes | str
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self, username: str, password: str) -> None: ...
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self, username: bytes, password: bytes) -> None: ...
+
+    def __init__(self, username: bytes | str, password: bytes | str) -> None:
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return all(
+            [
+                self.username == getattr(other, "username", None),
+                self.password == getattr(other, "password", None),
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return not self == other
+
+    def __call__(self, r: PreparedRequest) -> PreparedRequest:
+        r.headers["Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
+        return r
+
+
+class HTTPProxyAuth(HTTPBasicAuth):
+    """Attaches HTTP Proxy Authentication to a given Request object."""
+
+    def __call__(self, r: PreparedRequest) -> PreparedRequest:
+        r.headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
+        return r
+
+
+class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
+    """Attaches HTTP Digest Authentication to the given Request object."""
+
+    username: bytes | str
+    password: bytes | str
+    _thread_local: threading.local
+    last_nonce: str
+    nonce_count: int
+    chal: dict[str, str]
+    pos: int | None
+    num_401_calls: int | None
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self, username: str, password: str) -> None: ...
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self, username: bytes, password: bytes) -> None: ...
+
+    def __init__(self, username: bytes | str, password: bytes | str) -> None:
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+        # Keep state in per-thread local storage
+        self._thread_local = threading.local()
+
+    def init_per_thread_state(self) -> None:
+        # Ensure state is initialized just once per-thread
+        if not hasattr(self._thread_local, "init"):
+            self._thread_local.init = True
+            self._thread_local.last_nonce = ""
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 0
+            self._thread_local.chal = {}
+            self._thread_local.pos = None
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = None
+
+    def build_digest_header(self, method: str, url: str) -> str | None:
+        """
+        :rtype: str
+        """
+
+        realm = self._thread_local.chal["realm"]
+        nonce = self._thread_local.chal["nonce"]
+        qop = self._thread_local.chal.get("qop")
+        algorithm = self._thread_local.chal.get("algorithm")
+        opaque = self._thread_local.chal.get("opaque")
+        hash_utf8 = None
+
+        if algorithm is None:
+            _algorithm = "MD5"
+        else:
+            _algorithm = algorithm.upper()
+        # lambdas assume digest modules are imported at the top level
+        if _algorithm == "MD5" or _algorithm == "MD5-SESS":
+
+            def md5_utf8(x: str | bytes) -> str:
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+                return hashlib.md5(x, usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest()
+
+            hash_utf8 = md5_utf8
+        elif _algorithm == "SHA":
+
+            def sha_utf8(x: str | bytes) -> str:
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+                return hashlib.sha1(x, usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest()
+
+            hash_utf8 = sha_utf8
+        elif _algorithm == "SHA-256":
+
+            def sha256_utf8(x: str | bytes) -> str:
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+                return hashlib.sha256(x, usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest()
+
+            hash_utf8 = sha256_utf8
+        elif _algorithm == "SHA-512":
+
+            def sha512_utf8(x: str | bytes) -> str:
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+                return hashlib.sha512(x, usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest()
+
+            hash_utf8 = sha512_utf8
+
+        if hash_utf8 is None:
+            return None
+
+        def KD(s: str, d: str) -> str:
+            return hash_utf8(f"{s}:{d}")
+
+        # XXX not implemented yet
+        entdig = None
+        p_parsed = urlparse(url)
+        #: path is request-uri defined in RFC 2616 which should not be empty
+        path = p_parsed.path or "/"
+        if p_parsed.query:
+            path += f"?{p_parsed.query}"
+
+        A1 = f"{self.username}:{realm}:{self.password}"
+        A2 = f"{method}:{path}"
+
+        HA1 = hash_utf8(A1)
+        HA2 = hash_utf8(A2)
+
+        if nonce == self._thread_local.last_nonce:
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count += 1
+        else:
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 1
+        ncvalue = f"{self._thread_local.nonce_count:08x}"
+        s = str(self._thread_local.nonce_count).encode("utf-8")
+        s += nonce.encode("utf-8")
+        s += time.ctime().encode("utf-8")
+        s += os.urandom(8)
+
+        cnonce = hashlib.sha1(s, usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest()[:16]
+        if _algorithm == "MD5-SESS":
+            HA1 = hash_utf8(f"{HA1}:{nonce}:{cnonce}")  # type: ignore[reportConstantRedefinition]  # RFC 2617 terminology
+
+        if not qop:
+            respdig = KD(HA1, f"{nonce}:{HA2}")
+        elif qop == "auth" or "auth" in qop.split(","):
+            noncebit = f"{nonce}:{ncvalue}:{cnonce}:auth:{HA2}"
+            respdig = KD(HA1, noncebit)
+        else:
+            # XXX handle auth-int.
+            return None
+
+        self._thread_local.last_nonce = nonce
+
+        # XXX should the partial digests be encoded too?
+        base = (
+            f'username="{self.username}", realm="{realm}", nonce="{nonce}", '
+            f'uri="{path}", response="{respdig}"'
+        )
+        if opaque:
+            base += f', opaque="{opaque}"'
+        if algorithm:
+            base += f', algorithm="{algorithm}"'
+        if entdig:
+            base += f', digest="{entdig}"'
+        if qop:
+            base += f', qop="auth", nc={ncvalue}, cnonce="{cnonce}"'
+
+        return f"Digest {base}"
+
+    def handle_redirect(self, r: Response, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Reset num_401_calls counter on redirects."""
+        if r.is_redirect:
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+
+    def handle_401(self, r: Response, **kwargs: Any) -> Response:
+        """
+        Takes the given response and tries digest-auth, if needed.
+
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        # If response is not 4xx, do not auth
+        # See https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/3772
+        if not 400 <= r.status_code < 500:
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+            return r
+
+        if self._thread_local.pos is not None:
+            # Rewind the file position indicator of the body to where
+            # it was to resend the request.
+            if (seek := getattr(r.request.body, "seek", None)) is not None:
+                seek(self._thread_local.pos)
+        s_auth = r.headers.get("www-authenticate", "")
+
+        if "digest" in s_auth.lower() and self._thread_local.num_401_calls < 2:
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls += 1
+            pat = re.compile(r"digest ", flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+            self._thread_local.chal = parse_dict_header(pat.sub("", s_auth, count=1))
+
+            # Consume content and release the original connection
+            # to allow our new request to reuse the same one.
+            r.content
+            r.close()
+            prep = r.request.copy()
+            cookie_jar = cast("CookieJar", prep._cookies)
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(cookie_jar, r.request, r.raw)
+            prep.prepare_cookies(cookie_jar)
+
+            _digest_auth = self.build_digest_header(
+                cast(str, prep.method), cast(str, prep.url)
+            )
+            if _digest_auth:
+                prep.headers["Authorization"] = _digest_auth
+            _r = r.connection.send(prep, **kwargs)
+            _r.history.append(r)
+            _r.request = prep
+
+            return _r
+
+        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+        return r
+
+    def __call__(self, r: PreparedRequest) -> PreparedRequest:
+        # Initialize per-thread state, if needed
+        self.init_per_thread_state()
+        # If we have a saved nonce, skip the 401
+        if self._thread_local.last_nonce:
+            _digest_auth = self.build_digest_header(
+                cast(str, r.method), cast(str, r.url)
+            )
+            if _digest_auth:
+                r.headers["Authorization"] = _digest_auth
+        if (tell := getattr(r.body, "tell", None)) is not None:
+            self._thread_local.pos = tell()
+        else:
+            # In the case of HTTPDigestAuth being reused and the body of
+            # the previous request was a file-like object, pos has the
+            # file position of the previous body. Ensure it's set to
+            # None.
+            self._thread_local.pos = None
+        r.register_hook("response", self.handle_401)
+        r.register_hook("response", self.handle_redirect)
+        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+
+        return r
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return all(
+            [
+                self.username == getattr(other, "username", None),
+                self.password == getattr(other, "password", None),
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return not self == other

src/requests/certs.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
 """
 requests.certs
@@ -12,7 +11,8 @@ If you are packaging Requests, e.g., for a Linux distribution or a managed
 environment, you can change the definition of where() to return a separately
 packaged CA bundle.
 """
+
 from certifi import where
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     print(where())

src/requests/compat.py

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+"""
+requests.compat
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module previously handled import compatibility issues
+between Python 2 and Python 3. It remains for backwards
+compatibility until the next major version.
+"""
+
+# pyright: reportUnusedImport=false
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import importlib
+import sys
+from types import ModuleType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+# -------
+# urllib3
+# -------
+from urllib3 import __version__ as urllib3_version
+
+# Detect which major version of urllib3 is being used.
+try:
+    is_urllib3_1 = int(urllib3_version.split(".")[0]) == 1
+except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+    # If we can't discern a version, prefer old functionality.
+    is_urllib3_1 = True
+
+# -------------------
+# Character Detection
+# -------------------
+
+
+def _resolve_char_detection() -> ModuleType | None:
+    """Find supported character detection libraries."""
+    chardet = None
+    for lib in ("chardet", "charset_normalizer"):
+        if chardet is None:
+            try:
+                chardet = importlib.import_module(lib)
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+    return chardet
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import chardet
+else:
+    chardet = _resolve_char_detection()
+
+# -------
+# Pythons
+# -------
+
+# Syntax sugar.
+_ver = sys.version_info
+
+#: Python 2.x?
+is_py2 = _ver[0] == 2
+
+#: Python 3.x?
+is_py3 = _ver[0] == 3
+
+# json/simplejson module import resolution
+has_simplejson = False
+try:
+    import simplejson as json  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+
+    has_simplejson = True
+except ImportError:
+    import json
+
+if has_simplejson:
+    from simplejson import JSONDecodeError  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+else:
+    from json import JSONDecodeError
+
+# Keep OrderedDict for backwards compatibility.
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping, MutableMapping
+from http import cookiejar as cookielib
+from http.cookies import Morsel
+from io import StringIO
+
+# --------------
+# Legacy Imports
+# --------------
+from urllib.parse import (
+    quote,
+    quote_plus,
+    unquote,
+    unquote_plus,
+    urldefrag,
+    urlencode,
+    urljoin,
+    urlparse,
+    urlsplit,
+    urlunparse,
+)
+from urllib.request import (
+    getproxies,
+    getproxies_environment,
+    parse_http_list,
+    proxy_bypass,
+    proxy_bypass_environment,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]  # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/145331
+)
+
+builtin_str = str
+str = str
+bytes = bytes
+basestring = (str, bytes)
+numeric_types = (int, float)
+integer_types = (int,)

src/requests/cookies.py

@@ -1,32 +1,37 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """
 requests.cookies
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-Compatibility code to be able to use `cookielib.CookieJar` with requests.
+Compatibility code to be able to use `http.cookiejar.CookieJar` with requests.
 
 requests.utils imports from here, so be careful with imports.
 """
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import calendar
 import copy
 import time
-import calendar
-import collections
+from collections.abc import Iterator, MutableMapping
+from http.cookiejar import Cookie, CookieJar, CookiePolicy
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypeVar, overload
 
 from ._internal_utils import to_native_string
-from .compat import cookielib, urlparse, urlunparse, Morsel
+from ._types import is_prepared as _is_prepared
+from .compat import Morsel, cookielib, urlparse, urlunparse
 
-try:
-    import threading
-except ImportError:
-    import dummy_threading as threading
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from _typeshed import SupportsKeysAndGetItem
+
+    from .models import PreparedRequest
+
+import threading
 
 
-class MockRequest(object):
-    """Wraps a `requests.Request` to mimic a `urllib2.Request`.
+class MockRequest:
+    """Wraps a `requests.PreparedRequest` to mimic a `urllib2.Request`.
 
-    The code in `cookielib.CookieJar` expects this interface in order to correctly
+    The code in `http.cookiejar.CookieJar` expects this interface in order to correctly
     manage cookie policies, i.e., determine whether a cookie can be set, given the
     domains of the request and the cookie.
 
@@ -35,121 +40,135 @@ class MockRequest(object):
     probably want `get_cookie_header`, defined below.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, request):
+    type: str
+
+    def __init__(self, request: PreparedRequest) -> None:
+        assert _is_prepared(request)
         self._r = request
-        self._new_headers = {}
+        self._new_headers: dict[str, str] = {}
         self.type = urlparse(self._r.url).scheme
 
-    def get_type(self):
+    def get_type(self) -> str:
         return self.type
 
-    def get_host(self):
+    def get_host(self) -> str:
         return urlparse(self._r.url).netloc
 
-    def get_origin_req_host(self):
+    def get_origin_req_host(self) -> str:
         return self.get_host()
 
-    def get_full_url(self):
+    def get_full_url(self) -> str:
         # Only return the response's URL if the user hadn't set the Host
         # header
-        if not self._r.headers.get('Host'):
+        if not self._r.headers.get("Host"):
             return self._r.url
         # If they did set it, retrieve it and reconstruct the expected domain
-        host = to_native_string(self._r.headers['Host'], encoding='utf-8')
+        host = to_native_string(self._r.headers["Host"], encoding="utf-8")
         parsed = urlparse(self._r.url)
         # Reconstruct the URL as we expect it
-        return urlunparse([
-            parsed.scheme, host, parsed.path, parsed.params, parsed.query,
-            parsed.fragment
-        ])
+        return urlunparse(
+            [
+                parsed.scheme,
+                host,
+                parsed.path,
+                parsed.params,
+                parsed.query,
+                parsed.fragment,
+            ]
+        )
 
-    def is_unverifiable(self):
+    def is_unverifiable(self) -> bool:
         return True
 
-    def has_header(self, name):
+    def has_header(self, name: str) -> bool:
         return name in self._r.headers or name in self._new_headers
 
-    def get_header(self, name, default=None):
-        return self._r.headers.get(name, self._new_headers.get(name, default))
+    def get_header(self, name: str, default: str | None = None) -> str | None:
+        return self._r.headers.get(name, self._new_headers.get(name, default))  # type: ignore[return-value]
 
-    def add_header(self, key, val):
-        """cookielib has no legitimate use for this method; add it back if you find one."""
-        raise NotImplementedError("Cookie headers should be added with add_unredirected_header()")
+    def add_header(self, key: str, val: str) -> None:
+        """cookiejar has no legitimate use for this method; add it back if you find one."""
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Cookie headers should be added with add_unredirected_header()"
+        )
 
-    def add_unredirected_header(self, name, value):
+    def add_unredirected_header(self, name: str, value: str) -> None:
         self._new_headers[name] = value
 
-    def get_new_headers(self):
+    def get_new_headers(self) -> dict[str, str]:
         return self._new_headers
 
     @property
-    def unverifiable(self):
+    def unverifiable(self) -> bool:
         return self.is_unverifiable()
 
     @property
-    def origin_req_host(self):
+    def origin_req_host(self) -> str:
         return self.get_origin_req_host()
 
     @property
-    def host(self):
+    def host(self) -> str:
         return self.get_host()
 
 
-class MockResponse(object):
+class MockResponse:
     """Wraps a `httplib.HTTPMessage` to mimic a `urllib.addinfourl`.
 
     ...what? Basically, expose the parsed HTTP headers from the server response
-    the way `cookielib` expects to see them.
+    the way `http.cookiejar` expects to see them.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, headers):
-        """Make a MockResponse for `cookielib` to read.
+    def __init__(self, headers: Any) -> None:
+        """Make a MockResponse for `cookiejar` to read.
 
         :param headers: a httplib.HTTPMessage or analogous carrying the headers
         """
         self._headers = headers
 
-    def info(self):
+    def info(self) -> Any:
         return self._headers
 
-    def getheaders(self, name):
+    def getheaders(self, name: str) -> Any:
         self._headers.getheaders(name)
 
 
-def extract_cookies_to_jar(jar, request, response):
+def extract_cookies_to_jar(
+    jar: CookieJar, request: PreparedRequest, response: Any
+) -> None:
     """Extract the cookies from the response into a CookieJar.
 
-    :param jar: cookielib.CookieJar (not necessarily a RequestsCookieJar)
+    :param jar: http.cookiejar.CookieJar (not necessarily a RequestsCookieJar)
     :param request: our own requests.Request object
     :param response: urllib3.HTTPResponse object
     """
-    if not (hasattr(response, '_original_response') and
-            response._original_response):
+    if not (hasattr(response, "_original_response") and response._original_response):
         return
     # the _original_response field is the wrapped httplib.HTTPResponse object,
     req = MockRequest(request)
     # pull out the HTTPMessage with the headers and put it in the mock:
     res = MockResponse(response._original_response.msg)
-    jar.extract_cookies(res, req)
+    jar.extract_cookies(res, req)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
 
-def get_cookie_header(jar, request):
+def get_cookie_header(jar: CookieJar, request: PreparedRequest) -> str | None:
     """
     Produce an appropriate Cookie header string to be sent with `request`, or None.
 
     :rtype: str
     """
     r = MockRequest(request)
-    jar.add_cookie_header(r)
-    return r.get_new_headers().get('Cookie')
+    jar.add_cookie_header(r)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    return r.get_new_headers().get("Cookie")
 
 
-def remove_cookie_by_name(cookiejar, name, domain=None, path=None):
+def remove_cookie_by_name(
+    cookiejar: CookieJar, name: str, domain: str | None = None, path: str | None = None
+) -> None:
     """Unsets a cookie by name, by default over all domains and paths.
 
     Wraps CookieJar.clear(), is O(n).
     """
-    clearables = []
+    clearables: list[tuple[str, str, str]] = []
     for cookie in cookiejar:
         if cookie.name != name:
             continue
@@ -169,8 +188,8 @@ class CookieConflictError(RuntimeError):
     """
 
 
-class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
-    """Compatibility class; is a cookielib.CookieJar, but exposes a dict
+class RequestsCookieJar(CookieJar, MutableMapping[str, str | None]):  # type: ignore[misc]
+    """Compatibility class; is a http.cookiejar.CookieJar, but exposes a dict
     interface.
 
     This is the CookieJar we create by default for requests and sessions that
@@ -187,7 +206,15 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
     .. warning:: dictionary operations that are normally O(1) may be O(n).
     """
 
-    def get(self, name, default=None, domain=None, path=None):
+    _policy: CookiePolicy
+
+    def get(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        default: str | None = None,
+        domain: str | None = None,
+        path: str | None = None,
+    ) -> str | None:
         """Dict-like get() that also supports optional domain and path args in
         order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
         multiple domains.
@@ -199,14 +226,18 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         except KeyError:
             return default
 
-    def set(self, name, value, **kwargs):
+    def set(
+        self, name: str, value: str | Morsel[dict[str, str]] | None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Cookie | None:
         """Dict-like set() that also supports optional domain and path args in
         order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
         multiple domains.
         """
         # support client code that unsets cookies by assignment of a None value:
         if value is None:
-            remove_cookie_by_name(self, name, domain=kwargs.get('domain'), path=kwargs.get('path'))
+            remove_cookie_by_name(
+                self, name, domain=kwargs.get("domain"), path=kwargs.get("path")
+            )
             return
 
         if isinstance(value, Morsel):
@@ -216,7 +247,7 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         self.set_cookie(c)
         return c
 
-    def iterkeys(self):
+    def iterkeys(self) -> Iterator[str]:
         """Dict-like iterkeys() that returns an iterator of names of cookies
         from the jar.
 
@@ -225,7 +256,7 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         for cookie in iter(self):
             yield cookie.name
 
-    def keys(self):
+    def keys(self) -> list[str]:  # type: ignore[override]
         """Dict-like keys() that returns a list of names of cookies from the
         jar.
 
@@ -233,7 +264,7 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         """
         return list(self.iterkeys())
 
-    def itervalues(self):
+    def itervalues(self) -> Iterator[str | None]:
         """Dict-like itervalues() that returns an iterator of values of cookies
         from the jar.
 
@@ -242,7 +273,7 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         for cookie in iter(self):
             yield cookie.value
 
-    def values(self):
+    def values(self) -> list[str | None]:  # type: ignore[override]
         """Dict-like values() that returns a list of values of cookies from the
         jar.
 
@@ -250,7 +281,7 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         """
         return list(self.itervalues())
 
-    def iteritems(self):
+    def iteritems(self) -> Iterator[tuple[str, str | None]]:
         """Dict-like iteritems() that returns an iterator of name-value tuples
         from the jar.
 
@@ -259,7 +290,7 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         for cookie in iter(self):
             yield cookie.name, cookie.value
 
-    def items(self):
+    def items(self) -> list[tuple[str, str | None]]:  # type: ignore[override]
         """Dict-like items() that returns a list of name-value tuples from the
         jar. Allows client-code to call ``dict(RequestsCookieJar)`` and get a
         vanilla python dict of key value pairs.
@@ -268,58 +299,63 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         """
         return list(self.iteritems())
 
-    def list_domains(self):
+    def list_domains(self) -> list[str]:
         """Utility method to list all the domains in the jar."""
-        domains = []
+        domains: list[str] = []
         for cookie in iter(self):
             if cookie.domain not in domains:
                 domains.append(cookie.domain)
         return domains
 
-    def list_paths(self):
+    def list_paths(self) -> list[str]:
         """Utility method to list all the paths in the jar."""
-        paths = []
+        paths: list[str] = []
         for cookie in iter(self):
             if cookie.path not in paths:
                 paths.append(cookie.path)
         return paths
 
-    def multiple_domains(self):
+    def multiple_domains(self) -> bool:
         """Returns True if there are multiple domains in the jar.
         Returns False otherwise.
 
         :rtype: bool
         """
-        domains = []
+        domains: list[str] = []
         for cookie in iter(self):
-            if cookie.domain is not None and cookie.domain in domains:
+            if cookie.domain is not None and cookie.domain in domains:  # type: ignore[reportUnnecessaryComparison]  # defensive check
                 return True
             domains.append(cookie.domain)
         return False  # there is only one domain in jar
 
-    def get_dict(self, domain=None, path=None):
+    def get_dict(
+        self, domain: str | None = None, path: str | None = None
+    ) -> dict[str, str | None]:
         """Takes as an argument an optional domain and path and returns a plain
         old Python dict of name-value pairs of cookies that meet the
         requirements.
 
         :rtype: dict
         """
-        dictionary = {}
+        dictionary: dict[str, str | None] = {}
         for cookie in iter(self):
-            if (
-                (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain) and
-                (path is None or cookie.path == path)
+            if (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain) and (
+                path is None or cookie.path == path
             ):
                 dictionary[cookie.name] = cookie.value
         return dictionary
 
-    def __contains__(self, name):
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Cookie]:  # type: ignore[override]
+        """RequestCookieJar's __iter__ comes from CookieJar not MutableMapping."""
+        return super().__iter__()
+
+    def __contains__(self, name: object) -> bool:
         try:
-            return super(RequestsCookieJar, self).__contains__(name)
+            return super().__contains__(name)
         except CookieConflictError:
             return True
 
-    def __getitem__(self, name):
+    def __getitem__(self, name: str) -> str | None:
         """Dict-like __getitem__() for compatibility with client code. Throws
         exception if there are more than one cookie with name. In that case,
         use the more explicit get() method instead.
@@ -328,33 +364,43 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         """
         return self._find_no_duplicates(name)
 
-    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+    def __setitem__(
+        self, name: str, value: str | Morsel[dict[str, str]] | None
+    ) -> None:
         """Dict-like __setitem__ for compatibility with client code. Throws
         exception if there is already a cookie of that name in the jar. In that
         case, use the more explicit set() method instead.
         """
         self.set(name, value)
 
-    def __delitem__(self, name):
-        """Deletes a cookie given a name. Wraps ``cookielib.CookieJar``'s
+    def __delitem__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        """Deletes a cookie given a name. Wraps ``http.cookiejar.CookieJar``'s
         ``remove_cookie_by_name()``.
         """
         remove_cookie_by_name(self, name)
 
-    def set_cookie(self, cookie, *args, **kwargs):
-        if hasattr(cookie.value, 'startswith') and cookie.value.startswith('"') and cookie.value.endswith('"'):
-            cookie.value = cookie.value.replace('\\"', '')
-        return super(RequestsCookieJar, self).set_cookie(cookie, *args, **kwargs)
+    def set_cookie(self, cookie: Cookie, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        if (
+            (value := cookie.value) is not None
+            and value.startswith('"')
+            and value.endswith('"')
+        ):
+            cookie.value = value.replace('\\"', "")
+        return super().set_cookie(cookie, *args, **kwargs)
 
-    def update(self, other):
+    def update(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, other: CookieJar | SupportsKeysAndGetItem[str, str]
+    ) -> None:
         """Updates this jar with cookies from another CookieJar or dict-like"""
         if isinstance(other, cookielib.CookieJar):
             for cookie in other:
                 self.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
         else:
-            super(RequestsCookieJar, self).update(other)
+            super().update(other)
 
-    def _find(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
+    def _find(
+        self, name: str, domain: str | None = None, path: str | None = None
+    ) -> str | None:
         """Requests uses this method internally to get cookie values.
 
         If there are conflicting cookies, _find arbitrarily chooses one.
@@ -372,9 +418,11 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
                     if path is None or cookie.path == path:
                         return cookie.value
 
-        raise KeyError('name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r' % (name, domain, path))
+        raise KeyError(f"name={name!r}, domain={domain!r}, path={path!r}")
 
-    def _find_no_duplicates(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
+    def _find_no_duplicates(
+        self, name: str, domain: str | None = None, path: str | None = None
+    ) -> str:
         """Both ``__get_item__`` and ``get`` call this function: it's never
         used elsewhere in Requests.
 
@@ -391,41 +439,50 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
             if cookie.name == name:
                 if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
                     if path is None or cookie.path == path:
-                        if toReturn is not None:  # if there are multiple cookies that meet passed in criteria
-                            raise CookieConflictError('There are multiple cookies with name, %r' % (name))
-                        toReturn = cookie.value  # we will eventually return this as long as no cookie conflict
+                        if toReturn is not None:
+                            # if there are multiple cookies that meet passed in criteria
+                            raise CookieConflictError(
+                                f"There are multiple cookies with name, {name!r}"
+                            )
+                        # we will eventually return this as long as no cookie conflict
+                        toReturn = cookie.value
 
-        if toReturn:
+        if toReturn is not None:
             return toReturn
-        raise KeyError('name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r' % (name, domain, path))
+        raise KeyError(f"name={name!r}, domain={domain!r}, path={path!r}")
 
-    def __getstate__(self):
+    def __getstate__(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
         state = self.__dict__.copy()
         # remove the unpickleable RLock object
-        state.pop('_cookies_lock')
+        state.pop("_cookies_lock")
         return state
 
-    def __setstate__(self, state):
+    def __setstate__(self, state: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
         self.__dict__.update(state)
-        if '_cookies_lock' not in self.__dict__:
+        if "_cookies_lock" not in self.__dict__:
             self._cookies_lock = threading.RLock()
 
-    def copy(self):
+    def copy(self) -> RequestsCookieJar:
         """Return a copy of this RequestsCookieJar."""
         new_cj = RequestsCookieJar()
+        new_cj.set_policy(self.get_policy())
         new_cj.update(self)
         return new_cj
 
+    def get_policy(self) -> CookiePolicy:
+        """Return the CookiePolicy instance used."""
+        return self._policy
 
-def _copy_cookie_jar(jar):
+
+def _copy_cookie_jar(jar: CookieJar | None) -> CookieJar | None:  # type: ignore[reportUnusedFunction]  # cross-module usage in models.py
     if jar is None:
         return None
 
-    if hasattr(jar, 'copy'):
+    if copy_method := getattr(jar, "copy", None):
         # We're dealing with an instance of RequestsCookieJar
-        return jar.copy()
+        return copy_method()
     # We're dealing with a generic CookieJar instance
     new_jar = copy.copy(jar)
     new_jar.clear()
@@ -434,79 +491,103 @@ def _copy_cookie_jar(jar):
     return new_jar
 
 
-def create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs):
+def create_cookie(name: str, value: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Cookie:
     """Make a cookie from underspecified parameters.
 
     By default, the pair of `name` and `value` will be set for the domain ''
     and sent on every request (this is sometimes called a "supercookie").
     """
-    result = dict(
-        version=0,
-        name=name,
-        value=value,
-        port=None,
-        domain='',
-        path='/',
-        secure=False,
-        expires=None,
-        discard=True,
-        comment=None,
-        comment_url=None,
-        rest={'HttpOnly': None},
-        rfc2109=False,)
+    result: dict[str, Any] = {
+        "version": 0,
+        "name": name,
+        "value": value,
+        "port": None,
+        "domain": "",
+        "path": "/",
+        "secure": False,
+        "expires": None,
+        "discard": True,
+        "comment": None,
+        "comment_url": None,
+        "rest": {"HttpOnly": None},
+        "rfc2109": False,
+    }
 
     badargs = set(kwargs) - set(result)
     if badargs:
-        err = 'create_cookie() got unexpected keyword arguments: %s'
-        raise TypeError(err % list(badargs))
+        raise TypeError(
+            f"create_cookie() got unexpected keyword arguments: {list(badargs)}"
+        )
 
     result.update(kwargs)
-    result['port_specified'] = bool(result['port'])
-    result['domain_specified'] = bool(result['domain'])
-    result['domain_initial_dot'] = result['domain'].startswith('.')
-    result['path_specified'] = bool(result['path'])
+    result["port_specified"] = bool(result["port"])
+    result["domain_specified"] = bool(result["domain"])
+    result["domain_initial_dot"] = result["domain"].startswith(".")
+    result["path_specified"] = bool(result["path"])
 
     return cookielib.Cookie(**result)
 
 
-def morsel_to_cookie(morsel):
+def morsel_to_cookie(morsel: Morsel[Any]) -> Cookie:
     """Convert a Morsel object into a Cookie containing the one k/v pair."""
 
-    expires = None
-    if morsel['max-age']:
+    expires: int | None = None
+    if morsel["max-age"]:
         try:
-            expires = int(time.time() + int(morsel['max-age']))
+            expires = int(time.time() + int(morsel["max-age"]))
         except ValueError:
-            raise TypeError('max-age: %s must be integer' % morsel['max-age'])
-    elif morsel['expires']:
-        time_template = '%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT'
-        expires = calendar.timegm(
-            time.strptime(morsel['expires'], time_template)
-        )
+            raise TypeError(f"max-age: {morsel['max-age']} must be integer")
+    elif morsel["expires"]:
+        time_template = "%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT"
+        expires = calendar.timegm(time.strptime(morsel["expires"], time_template))
     return create_cookie(
-        comment=morsel['comment'],
-        comment_url=bool(morsel['comment']),
+        comment=morsel["comment"],
+        comment_url=bool(morsel["comment"]),
         discard=False,
-        domain=morsel['domain'],
+        domain=morsel["domain"],
         expires=expires,
         name=morsel.key,
-        path=morsel['path'],
+        path=morsel["path"],
         port=None,
-        rest={'HttpOnly': morsel['httponly']},
+        rest={"HttpOnly": morsel["httponly"]},
         rfc2109=False,
-        secure=bool(morsel['secure']),
+        secure=bool(morsel["secure"]),
         value=morsel.value,
-        version=morsel['version'] or 0,
+        version=morsel["version"] or 0,
     )
 
 
-def cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cookiejar=None, overwrite=True):
+_CookieJarT = TypeVar("_CookieJarT", bound=CookieJar)
+
+
+@overload
+def cookiejar_from_dict(
+    cookie_dict: dict[str, str] | None,
+    cookiejar: None = None,
+    overwrite: bool = True,
+) -> RequestsCookieJar: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def cookiejar_from_dict(
+    cookie_dict: dict[str, str] | None,
+    cookiejar: _CookieJarT,
+    overwrite: bool = True,
+) -> _CookieJarT: ...
+
+
+def cookiejar_from_dict(
+    cookie_dict: dict[str, str] | None,
+    cookiejar: CookieJar | None = None,
+    overwrite: bool = True,
+) -> CookieJar:
     """Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.
 
     :param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.
     :param cookiejar: (optional) A cookiejar to add the cookies to.
     :param overwrite: (optional) If False, will not replace cookies
         already in the jar with new ones.
+    :rtype: CookieJar
     """
     if cookiejar is None:
         cookiejar = RequestsCookieJar()
@@ -520,22 +601,24 @@ def cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cookiejar=None, overwrite=True):
     return cookiejar
 
 
-def merge_cookies(cookiejar, cookies):
+def merge_cookies(
+    cookiejar: CookieJar, cookies: dict[str, str] | CookieJar | None
+) -> CookieJar:
     """Add cookies to cookiejar and returns a merged CookieJar.
 
     :param cookiejar: CookieJar object to add the cookies to.
     :param cookies: Dictionary or CookieJar object to be added.
+    :rtype: CookieJar
     """
-    if not isinstance(cookiejar, cookielib.CookieJar):
-        raise ValueError('You can only merge into CookieJar')
+    if not isinstance(cookiejar, cookielib.CookieJar):  # runtime guard
+        raise ValueError("You can only merge into CookieJar")
 
     if isinstance(cookies, dict):
-        cookiejar = cookiejar_from_dict(
-            cookies, cookiejar=cookiejar, overwrite=False)
+        cookiejar = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies, cookiejar=cookiejar, overwrite=False)
     elif isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
-        try:
-            cookiejar.update(cookies)
-        except AttributeError:
+        if update_method := getattr(cookiejar, "update", None):
+            update_method(cookies)
+        else:
             for cookie_in_jar in cookies:
                 cookiejar.set_cookie(cookie_in_jar)
 

src/requests/exceptions.py

@@ -1,28 +1,66 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """
 requests.exceptions
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 This module contains the set of Requests' exceptions.
 """
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
 from urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as BaseHTTPError
 
+from .compat import JSONDecodeError as CompatJSONDecodeError
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .models import PreparedRequest, Request, Response
+
 
 class RequestException(IOError):
     """There was an ambiguous exception that occurred while handling your
     request.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    response: Response | None
+    request: Request | PreparedRequest | None
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         """Initialize RequestException with `request` and `response` objects."""
-        response = kwargs.pop('response', None)
+        response: Response | None = kwargs.pop("response", None)
         self.response = response
-        self.request = kwargs.pop('request', None)
-        if (response is not None and not self.request and
-                hasattr(response, 'request')):
-            self.request = self.response.request
-        super(RequestException, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.request = kwargs.pop("request", None)
+        if response is not None and not self.request and hasattr(response, "request"):
+            self.request = response.request
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class InvalidJSONError(RequestException):
+    """A JSON error occurred."""
+
+
+class JSONDecodeError(InvalidJSONError, CompatJSONDecodeError):
+    """Couldn't decode the text into json"""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """
+        Construct the JSONDecodeError instance first with all
+        args. Then use it's args to construct the IOError so that
+        the json specific args aren't used as IOError specific args
+        and the error message from JSONDecodeError is preserved.
+        """
+        CompatJSONDecodeError.__init__(self, *args)
+        InvalidJSONError.__init__(self, *self.args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> tuple[Any, ...] | str:
+        """
+        The __reduce__ method called when pickling the object must
+        be the one from the JSONDecodeError (be it json/simplejson)
+        as it expects all the arguments for instantiation, not just
+        one like the IOError, and the MRO would by default call the
+        __reduce__ method from the IOError due to the inheritance order.
+        """
+        return CompatJSONDecodeError.__reduce__(self)
 
 
 class HTTPError(RequestException):
@@ -70,11 +108,11 @@ class TooManyRedirects(RequestException):
 
 
 class MissingSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
-    """The URL schema (e.g. http or https) is missing."""
+    """The URL scheme (e.g. http or https) is missing."""
 
 
 class InvalidSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
-    """See defaults.py for valid schemas."""
+    """The URL scheme provided is either invalid or unsupported."""
 
 
 class InvalidURL(RequestException, ValueError):
@@ -85,16 +123,20 @@ class InvalidHeader(RequestException, ValueError):
     """The header value provided was somehow invalid."""
 
 
+class InvalidProxyURL(InvalidURL):
+    """The proxy URL provided is invalid."""
+
+
 class ChunkedEncodingError(RequestException):
     """The server declared chunked encoding but sent an invalid chunk."""
 
 
 class ContentDecodingError(RequestException, BaseHTTPError):
-    """Failed to decode response content"""
+    """Failed to decode response content."""
 
 
 class StreamConsumedError(RequestException, TypeError):
-    """The content for this response was already consumed"""
+    """The content for this response was already consumed."""
 
 
 class RetryError(RequestException):
@@ -102,21 +144,19 @@ class RetryError(RequestException):
 
 
 class UnrewindableBodyError(RequestException):
-    """Requests encountered an error when trying to rewind a body"""
+    """Requests encountered an error when trying to rewind a body."""
+
 
 # Warnings
 
 
 class RequestsWarning(Warning):
     """Base warning for Requests."""
-    pass
 
 
 class FileModeWarning(RequestsWarning, DeprecationWarning):
     """A file was opened in text mode, but Requests determined its binary length."""
-    pass
 
 
 class RequestsDependencyWarning(RequestsWarning):
     """An imported dependency doesn't match the expected version range."""
-    pass