Merge pull request #2556 from sigmavirus24/release/2.6.1

Prepare v2.6.1

.gitignore

@@ -21,3 +21,4 @@ env/
 t.py
 
 t2.py
+dist

AUTHORS.rst

@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 Requests is written and maintained by Kenneth Reitz and
 various contributors:
 
-Development Lead
-````````````````
-
-- Kenneth Reitz <me@kennethreitz.org> `@kennethreitz <https://github.com/kennethreitz>`_
-
-Core Contributors
-`````````````````
+Keepers of the Three Crystals
+`````````````````````````````
 
+- Kenneth Reitz <me@kennethreitz.org> `@kennethreitz <https://github.com/kennethreitz>`_, Keeper of the Master Crystal.
 - Cory Benfield <cory@lukasa.co.uk> `@lukasa <https://github.com/lukasa>`_
 - Ian Cordasco <graffatcolmingov@gmail.com> `@sigmavirus24 <https://github.com/sigmavirus24>`_
 
@@ -46,7 +42,7 @@ Patches and Suggestions
 - Peter Manser
 - Jeremy Selier
 - Jens Diemer
-- Alex <@alopatin>
+- Alex (`@alopatin <https://github.com/alopatin>`_)
 - Tom Hogans <tomhsx@gmail.com>
 - Armin Ronacher
 - Shrikant Sharat Kandula
@@ -83,10 +79,10 @@ Patches and Suggestions
 - Chase Sterling
 - Marty Alchin
 - takluyver
-- Ben Toews (mastahyeti)
+- Ben Toews (`@mastahyeti <https://github.com/mastahyeti>`_)
 - David Kemp
 - Brendon Crawford
-- Denis (Telofy)
+- Denis (`@Telofy <https://github.com/Telofy>`_)
 - Matt Giuca
 - Adam Tauber
 - Honza Javorek
@@ -103,14 +99,14 @@ Patches and Suggestions
 - Jonty Wareing <jonty@jonty.co.uk>
 - Shivaram Lingamneni
 - Miguel Turner
-- Rohan Jain (crodjer)
+- Rohan Jain (`@crodjer <https://github.com/crodjer>`_)
 - Justin Barber <barber.justin@gmail.com>
-- Roman Haritonov <@reclosedev>
+- Roman Haritonov (`@reclosedev <https://github.com/reclosedev>`_)
 - Josh Imhoff <joshimhoff13@gmail.com>
 - Arup Malakar <amalakar@gmail.com>
-- Danilo Bargen (dbrgn)
+- Danilo Bargen (`@dbrgn <https://github.com/dbrgn>`_)
 - Torsten Landschoff
-- Michael Holler (apotheos)
+- Michael Holler (`@apotheos <https://github.com/apotheos>`_)
 - Timnit Gebru
 - Sarah Gonzalez
 - Victoria Mo
@@ -118,37 +114,47 @@ Patches and Suggestions
 - Matthias Rahlf <matthias@webding.de>
 - Jakub Roztocil <jakub@roztocil.name>
 - Rhys Elsmore
-- André Graf (dergraf)
-- Stephen Zhuang (everbird)
+- André Graf (`@dergraf <https://github.com/dergraf>`_)
+- Stephen Zhuang (`@everbird <https://github.com/everbird>`_)
 - Martijn Pieters
 - Jonatan Heyman
-- David Bonner <dbonner@gmail.com> @rascalking
+- David Bonner <dbonner@gmail.com> (`@rascalking <https://github.com/rascalking>`_)
 - Vinod Chandru
 - Johnny Goodnow <j.goodnow29@gmail.com>
 - Denis Ryzhkov <denisr@denisr.com>
-- Wilfred Hughes <me@wilfred.me.uk> @dontYetKnow
+- Wilfred Hughes <me@wilfred.me.uk>
 - Dmitry Medvinsky <me@dmedvinsky.name>
-- Bryce Boe <bbzbryce@gmail.com> @bboe
-- Colin Dunklau <colin.dunklau@gmail.com> @cdunklau
-- Bob Carroll <bob.carroll@alum.rit.edu> @rcarz
-- Hugo Osvaldo Barrera <hugo@osvaldobarrera.com.ar> @hobarrera
-- Łukasz Langa <lukasz@langa.pl> @llanga
+- Bryce Boe <bbzbryce@gmail.com> (`@bboe <https://github.com/bboe>`_)
+- Colin Dunklau <colin.dunklau@gmail.com> (`@cdunklau <https://github.com/cdunklau>`_)
+- Bob Carroll <bob.carroll@alum.rit.edu> (`@rcarz <https://github.com/rcarz>`_)
+- Hugo Osvaldo Barrera <hugo@osvaldobarrera.com.ar> (`@hobarrera <https://github.com/hobarrera>`_)
+- Łukasz Langa <lukasz@langa.pl>
 - Dave Shawley <daveshawley@gmail.com>
-- James Clarke (jam)
+- James Clarke (`@jam <https://github.com/jam>`_)
 - Kevin Burke <kev@inburke.com>
 - Flavio Curella
-- David Pursehouse <david.pursehouse@gmail.com> @dpursehouse
+- David Pursehouse <david.pursehouse@gmail.com> (`@dpursehouse <https://github.com/dpursehouse>`_)
 - Jon Parise
-- Alexander Karpinsky @homm86
-- Marc Schlaich @schlamar
-- Park Ilsu <daftonshady@gmail.com> @daftshady
-- Matt Spitz @mattspitz
-- Vikram Oberoi @voberoi
-- Can Ibanoglu <can.ibanoglu@gmail.com> @canibanoglu
-- Thomas Weißschuh <thomas@t-8ch.de> @t-8ch
-- Jayson Vantuyl <jayson@aggressive.ly> @kagato
+- Alexander Karpinsky (`@homm86 <https://twitter.com/homm86>`_)
+- Marc Schlaich (`@schlamar <https://github.com/schlamar>`_)
+- Park Ilsu <daftonshady@gmail.com> (`@daftshady <https://github.com/daftshady>`_)
+- Matt Spitz (`@mattspitz <https://github.com/mattspitz>`_)
+- Vikram Oberoi (`@voberoi <https://github.com/voberoi>`_)
+- Can Ibanoglu <can.ibanoglu@gmail.com> (`@canibanoglu <https://github.com/canibanoglu>`_)
+- Thomas Weißschuh <thomas@t-8ch.de> (`@t-8ch <https://github.com/t-8ch>`_)
+- Jayson Vantuyl <jayson@aggressive.ly>
 - Pengfei.X <pengphy@gmail.com>
 - Kamil Madac <kamil.madac@gmail.com>
-- Michael Becker <mike@beckerfuffle.com> @beckerfuffle
-- Erik Wickstrom <erik@erikwickstrom.com> @erikwickstrom
-- Константин Подшумок @podshumok
+- Michael Becker <mike@beckerfuffle.com> (`@beckerfuffle <https://twitter.com/beckerfuffle>`_)
+- Erik Wickstrom <erik@erikwickstrom.com> (`@erikwickstrom <https://github.com/erikwickstrom>`_)
+- Константин Подшумок (`@podshumok <https://github.com/podshumok>`_)
+- Ben Bass (`@codedstructure <https://github.com/codedstructure>`_)
+- Jonathan Wong <evolutionace@gmail.com> (`@ContinuousFunction <https://github.com/ContinuousFunction>`_)
+- Martin Jul (`@mjul <https://github.com/mjul>`_)
+- Joe Alcorn (`@buttscicles <https://github.com/buttscicles>`_)
+- Syed Suhail Ahmed <ssuhail.ahmed93@gmail.com> (`@syedsuhail <https://github.com/syedsuhail>`_)
+- Scott Sadler (`@ssadler <https://github.com/ssadler>`_)
+- Arthur Darcet (`@arthurdarcet <https://github.com/arthurdarcet>`_)
+- Ulrich Petri (`@ulope <https://github.com/ulope>`_)
+- Muhammad Yasoob Ullah Khalid <yasoob.khld@gmail.com> (`@yasoob <https://github.com/yasoob>`_)
+- Paul van der Linden (`@pvanderlinden <https://github.com/pvanderlinden>`_)

HISTORY.rst

@@ -3,6 +3,217 @@
 Release History
 ---------------
 
+2.6.1 (2015-04-22)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Remove VendorAlias import machinery introduced in v2.5.2.
+
+- Simplify the PreparedRequest.prepare API: We no longer require the user to
+  pass an empty list to the hooks keyword argument. (c.f. #2552)
+
+- Resolve redirects now receives and forwards all of the original arguments to
+  the adapter. (#2503)
+
+- Handle UnicodeDecodeErrors when trying to deal with a unicode URL that
+  cannot be encoded in ASCII. (#2540)
+
+- Populate the parsed path of the URI field when performing Digest
+  Authentication. (#2426)
+
+- Copy a PreparedRequest's CookieJar more reliably when it is not an instance
+  of RequestsCookieJar. (#2527)
+
+2.6.0 (2015-03-14)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- CVE-2015-2296: Fix handling of cookies on redirect. Previously a cookie
+  without a host value set would use the hostname for the redirected URL
+  exposing requests users to session fixation attacks and potentially cookie
+  stealing. This was disclosed privately by Matthew Daley of
+  `BugFuzz <https://bugfuzz.com>`_. This affects all versions of requests from
+  v2.1.0 to v2.5.3 (inclusive on both ends).
+
+- Fix error when requests is an ``install_requires`` dependency and ``python
+  setup.py test`` is run. (#2462)
+
+- Fix error when urllib3 is unbundled and requests continues to use the
+  vendored import location.
+
+- Include fixes to ``urllib3``'s header handling.
+
+- Requests' handling of unvendored dependencies is now more restrictive.
+
+**Features and Improvements**
+
+- Support bytearrays when passed as parameters in the ``files`` argument.
+  (#2468)
+
+- Avoid data duplication when creating a request with ``str``, ``bytes``, or
+  ``bytearray`` input to the ``files`` argument.
+
+2.5.3 (2015-02-24)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Revert changes to our vendored certificate bundle. For more context see
+  (#2455, #2456, and http://bugs.python.org/issue23476)
+
+2.5.2 (2015-02-23)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Features and Improvements**
+
+- Add sha256 fingerprint support. (`shazow/urllib3#540`_)
+
+- Improve the performance of headers. (`shazow/urllib3#544`_)
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Copy pip's import machinery. When downstream redistributors remove
+  requests.packages.urllib3 the import machinery will continue to let those
+  same symbols work. Example usage in requests' documentation and 3rd-party
+  libraries relying on the vendored copies of urllib3 will work without having
+  to fallback to the system urllib3.
+
+- Attempt to quote parts of the URL on redirect if unquoting and then quoting
+  fails. (#2356)
+
+- Fix filename type check for multipart form-data uploads. (#2411)
+
+- Properly handle the case where a server issuing digest authentication
+  challenges provides both auth and auth-int qop-values. (#2408)
+
+- Fix a socket leak. (`shazow/urllib3#549`_)
+
+- Fix multiple ``Set-Cookie`` headers properly. (`shazow/urllib3#534`_)
+
+- Disable the built-in hostname verification. (`shazow/urllib3#526`_)
+
+- Fix the behaviour of decoding an exhausted stream. (`shazow/urllib3#535`_)
+
+**Security**
+
+- Pulled in an updated ``cacert.pem``.
+
+- Drop RC4 from the default cipher list. (`shazow/urllib3#551`_)
+
+.. _shazow/urllib3#551: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/551
+.. _shazow/urllib3#549: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/549
+.. _shazow/urllib3#544: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/544
+.. _shazow/urllib3#540: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/540
+.. _shazow/urllib3#535: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/535
+.. _shazow/urllib3#534: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/534
+.. _shazow/urllib3#526: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/526
+
+2.5.1 (2014-12-23)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Behavioural Changes**
+
+- Only catch HTTPErrors in raise_for_status (#2382)
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Handle LocationParseError from urllib3 (#2344)
+- Handle file-like object filenames that are not strings (#2379)
+- Unbreak HTTPDigestAuth handler. Allow new nonces to be negotiated (#2389)
+
+2.5.0 (2014-12-01)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Improvements**
+
+- Allow usage of urllib3's Retry object with HTTPAdapters (#2216)
+- The ``iter_lines`` method on a response now accepts a delimiter with which
+  to split the content (#2295)
+
+**Behavioural Changes**
+
+- Add deprecation warnings to functions in requests.utils that will be removed
+  in 3.0 (#2309)
+- Sessions used by the functional API are always closed (#2326)
+- Restrict requests to HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/1.0 (stop accepting HTTP/0.9) (#2323)
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Only parse the URL once (#2353)
+- Allow Content-Length header to always be overriden (#2332)
+- Properly handle files in HTTPDigestAuth (#2333)
+- Cap redirect_cache size to prevent memory abuse (#2299)
+- Fix HTTPDigestAuth handling of redirects after authenticating successfully
+  (#2253)
+- Fix crash with custom method parameter to Session.request (#2317)
+- Fix how Link headers are parsed using the regular expression library (#2271)
+
+**Documentation**
+
+- Add more references for interlinking (#2348)
+- Update CSS for theme (#2290)
+- Update width of buttons and sidebar (#2289)
+- Replace references of Gittip with Gratipay (#2282)
+- Add link to changelog in sidebar (#2273)
+
+2.4.3 (2014-10-06)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Unicode URL improvements for Python 2.
+- Re-order JSON param for backwards compat.
+- Automatically defrag authentication schemes from host/pass URIs. (`#2249 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2249>`_)
+
+
+2.4.2 (2014-10-05)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Improvements**
+
+- FINALLY! Add json parameter for uploads! (`#2258 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2258>`_)
+- Support for bytestring URLs on Python 3.x (`#2238 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2238>`_)
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Avoid getting stuck in a loop (`#2244 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2244>`_)
+- Multiple calls to iter* fail with unhelpful error. (`#2240 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2240>`_, `#2241 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2241>`_)
+
+**Documentation**
+
+- Correct redirection introduction (`#2245 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2245/>`_)
+- Added example of how to send multiple files in one request. (`#2227 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2227/>`_)
+- Clarify how to pass a custom set of CAs (`#2248 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2248/>`_)
+
+
+
+2.4.1 (2014-09-09)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Now has a "security" package extras set, ``$ pip install requests[security]``
+- Requests will now use Certifi if it is available.
+- Capture and re-raise urllib3 ProtocolError
+- Bugfix for responses that attempt to redirect to themselves forever (wtf?).
+
+
+2.4.0 (2014-08-29)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Behavioral Changes**
+
+- ``Connection: keep-alive`` header is now sent automatically.
+
+**Improvements**
+
+- Support for connect timeouts! Timeout now accepts a tuple (connect, read) which is used to set individual connect and read timeouts.
+- Allow copying of PreparedRequests without headers/cookies.
+- Updated bundled urllib3 version.
+- Refactored settings loading from environment -- new `Session.merge_environment_settings`.
+- Handle socket errors in iter_content.
+
+
 2.3.0 (2014-05-16)
 ++++++++++++++++++
 
@@ -16,7 +227,7 @@ Release History
 - The change in v2.0.0 to mandate explicit proxy schemes has been reverted.
   Proxy schemes now default to ``http://``.
 - The ``CaseInsensitiveDict`` used for HTTP headers now behaves like a normal
-  dictionary when references as string or viewd in the interpreter.
+  dictionary when references as string or viewed in the interpreter.
 
 **Bugfixes**
 

LICENSE

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright 2014 Kenneth Reitz
+Copyright 2015 Kenneth Reitz
 
    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.

Makefile

@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ init:
 	pip install -r requirements.txt
 
 test:
-	py.test
+	# This runs all of the tests. To run an individual test, run py.test with
+	# the -k flag, like "py.test -k test_path_is_not_double_encoded"
+	py.test test_requests.py
 
 coverage:
 	py.test --verbose --cov-report term --cov=requests test_requests.py
@@ -18,16 +20,10 @@ certs:
 deps: urllib3 chardet
 
 urllib3:
-	rm -fr requests/packages/urllib3
-	git clone https://github.com/shazow/urllib3.git
-	mv urllib3/urllib3 requests/packages/
-	rm -fr urllib3
+	git clone https://github.com/shazow/urllib3.git && rm -fr requests/packages/urllib3 && 	mv urllib3/urllib3 requests/packages/ && rm -fr urllib3
 
 chardet:
-	rm -fr requests/packages/chardet
-	git clone https://github.com/chardet/chardet.git
-	mv chardet/chardet requests/packages/
-	rm -fr chardet
+	git clone https://github.com/chardet/chardet.git && rm -fr requests/packages/chardet &&	mv chardet/chardet requests/packages/ && rm -fr chardet
 
 publish:
 	python setup.py register

NOTICE

@@ -8,21 +8,24 @@ This is the MIT license: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
 Copyright 2008-2011 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt),
 Modifications copyright 2012 Kenneth Reitz.
 
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this
-software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software
-without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
-publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons
-to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
 
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or
-substantial portions of the Software.
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
-INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
-PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE
-FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
-OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
-DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
 Chardet License
 ===============

README.rst

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 Requests: HTTP for Humans
 =========================
 
-.. image:: https://badge.fury.io/py/requests.png
-    :target: http://badge.fury.io/py/requests
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/requests.svg
+    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/requests.svg
+        :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
+
 
-.. image:: https://pypip.in/d/requests/badge.png
-        :target: https://crate.io/packages/requests/
 
 
 Requests is an Apache2 Licensed HTTP library, written in Python, for human
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ perform the simplest of tasks.
 
 Things shouldn't be this way. Not in Python.
 
-.. code-block:: pycon
+.. code-block:: python
 
     >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com', auth=('user', 'pass'))
     >>> r.status_code

docs/_templates/sidebarintro.html

@@ -15,15 +15,9 @@
 </p>
 
 
-<h3>Donate</h3>
- <p>
-     If you love Requests, consider supporting the author <a href="https://www.gittip.com/kennethreitz/">on Gittip</a>:
- </p>
- <p>
-   <iframe style="border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;"
-       src="https://www.gittip.com/kennethreitz/widget.html"
-       width="48pt" height="20pt"></iframe>
- </p>
+<p>
+  <a href="https://gumroad.com/l/RRZc" class="gumroad-button">Buy Requests Pro</a>
+</p>
 
 
 <h3>Get Updates</h3>
@@ -46,7 +40,12 @@
 
 <h3>Useful Links</h3>
 <ul>
+  <li><a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/community/recommended/">Recomended Packages and Extensions</a></li>
+
+  <p></p>
+
   <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/requests">Requests @ GitHub</a></li>
   <li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests">Requests @ PyPI</a></li>
   <li><a href="http://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
+  <li><a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/community/updates/#software-updates">Release History</a></li>
 </ul>

docs/_templates/sidebarlogo.html

@@ -14,16 +14,9 @@
   development release.
 </p>
 
-
-<h3>Donate</h3>
- <p>
-     If you love Requests, consider supporting the author <a href="https://www.gittip.com/kennethreitz/">on Gittip</a>:
- </p>
- <p>
-   <iframe style="border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;"
-       src="https://www.gittip.com/kennethreitz/widget.html"
-       width="48pt" height="20pt"></iframe>
- </p>
+<p>
+  <a href="https://gumroad.com/l/RRZc" class="gumroad-button">Buy Requests Pro</a>
+</p>
 
 <h3>Get Updates</h3>
 <p>Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.</p>

docs/_themes/kr/layout.html

@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@
     <a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests" class="github">
         <img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png" alt="Fork me on GitHub"  class="github"/>
     </a>
+
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="https://gumroad.com/js/gumroad.js"></script>
+
     <script type="text/javascript">
     /* <![CDATA[ */
         (function() {
@@ -68,5 +71,15 @@
       })();
     </script>
 
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+  (function() {
+    window._pa = window._pa || {};
+    _pa.productId = "requests-docs";
+    var pa = document.createElement('script'); pa.type = 'text/javascript'; pa.async = true;
+    pa.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https:' : 'http:') + "//tag.perfectaudience.com/serve/5226171f87bc6890da0000a0.js";
+    var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(pa, s);
+  })();
+</script>
+
 
 {%- endblock %}

docs/api.rst

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Developer Interface
 
 .. module:: requests
 
-This part of the documentation covers all the interfaces of Requests.  For
+This part of the documentation covers all the interfaces of Requests. For
 parts where Requests depends on external libraries, we document the most
 important right here and provide links to the canonical documentation.
 
@@ -44,6 +44,13 @@ Request Sessions
 .. autoclass:: requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter
    :inherited-members:
 
+Authentication
+--------------
+
+.. autoclass:: requests.auth.AuthBase
+.. autoclass:: requests.auth.HTTPBasicAuth
+.. autoclass:: requests.auth.HTTPProxyAuth
+.. autoclass:: requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth
 
 Exceptions
 ~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -53,6 +60,9 @@ Exceptions
 .. autoexception:: requests.exceptions.HTTPError
 .. autoexception:: requests.exceptions.URLRequired
 .. autoexception:: requests.exceptions.TooManyRedirects
+.. autoexception:: requests.exceptions.ConnectTimeout
+.. autoexception:: requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout
+.. autoexception:: requests.exceptions.Timeout
 
 
 Status Code Lookup
@@ -78,6 +88,12 @@ Cookies
 .. autofunction:: requests.utils.cookiejar_from_dict
 .. autofunction:: requests.utils.add_dict_to_cookiejar
 
+.. autoclass:: requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar
+   :inherited-members:
+
+.. autoclass:: requests.cookies.CookieConflictError
+   :inherited-members:
+
 
 Encodings
 ~~~~~~~~~
@@ -239,29 +255,11 @@ API Changes
       requests.get("http://example.org", proxies=proxies)
 
 
-Behavioral Changes
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Behavioural Changes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 * Keys in the ``headers`` dictionary are now native strings on all Python
   versions, i.e. bytestrings on Python 2 and unicode on Python 3. If the
   keys are not native strings (unicode on Python2 or bytestrings on Python 3)
   they will be converted to the native string type assuming UTF-8 encoding.
 
-* Timeouts behave slightly differently. On streaming requests, the timeout
-  only applies to the connection attempt. On regular requests, the timeout
-  is applied to the connection process and on to all attempts to read data from
-  the underlying socket. It does *not* apply to the total download time for the
-  request.
-
-  ::
-
-      tarball_url = 'https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/tarball/master'
-
-      # One second timeout for the connection attempt
-      # Unlimited time to download the tarball
-      r = requests.get(tarball_url, stream=True, timeout=1)
-
-      # One second timeout for the connection attempt
-      # Another full second timeout to download the tarball
-      r = requests.get(tarball_url, timeout=1)
-

docs/community/faq.rst

@@ -59,7 +59,9 @@ supported:
 * Python 3.1
 * Python 3.2
 * Python 3.3
+* Python 3.4
 * PyPy 1.9
+* PyPy 2.2
 
 What are "hostname doesn't match" errors?
 -----------------------------------------
@@ -72,9 +74,10 @@ you're using Python 2.6 or 2.7, a possible explanation is that you need
 Server-Name-Indication.
 
 `Server-Name-Indication`_, or SNI, is an official extension to SSL where the
-client tells the server what hostname it is contacting. This enables `virtual
-hosting`_ on SSL protected sites, the server being to able to respond with a
-certificate appropriate for the hostname the client is contacting.
+client tells the server what hostname it is contacting. This is important
+when servers are using `Virtual Hosting`_. When such servers are hosting
+more than one SSL site they need to be able to return the appropriate
+certificate based on the hostname the client is connecting to.
 
 Python3's SSL module includes native support for SNI. This support has not been
 back ported to Python2. For information on using SNI with Requests on Python2

docs/community/out-there.rst

@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ To give it a try, simply::
 Articles & Talks
 ================
 - `Python for the Web <http://gun.io/blog/python-for-the-web/>`_ teaches how to use Python to interact with the web, using Requests.
-- `Daniel Greenfield's Review of Requests <http://pydanny.blogspot.com/2011/05/python-http-requests-for-humans.html>`_
+- `Daniel Greenfeld's Review of Requests <http://pydanny.blogspot.com/2011/05/python-http-requests-for-humans.html>`_
 - `My 'Python for Humans' talk <http://python-for-humans.heroku.com>`_ ( `audio <http://codeconf.s3.amazonaws.com/2011/pycodeconf/talks/PyCodeConf2011%20-%20Kenneth%20Reitz.m4a>`_ )
 - `Issac Kelly's 'Consuming Web APIs' talk <http://issackelly.github.com/Consuming-Web-APIs-with-Python-Talk/slides/slides.html>`_
 - `Blog post about Requests via Yum <http://arunsag.wordpress.com/2011/08/17/new-package-python-requests-http-for-humans/>`_
 - `Russian blog post introducing Requests <http://habrahabr.ru/blogs/python/126262/>`_
-- `French blog post introducing Requests <http://www.nicosphere.net/requests-urllib2-de-python-simplifie-2432/>`_
+- `Sending JSON in Requests <http://www.coglib.com/~icordasc/blog/2014/11/sending-json-in-requests.html>`_

docs/community/recommended.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+.. _recommended:
+
+Recommended Packages and Extensions
+===================================
+
+Requests has a great variety of powerful and useful third-party extensions.
+This page provides an overview of some of the best of them.
+
+Certifi CA Bundle
+-----------------
+
+`Certifi`_ is a carefully curated collection of Root Certificates for
+validating the trustworthiness of SSL certificates while verifying the
+identity of TLS hosts. It has been extracted from the Requests project.
+
+.. _Certifi: http://certifi.io/en/latest/
+
+CacheControl
+------------
+
+`CacheControl`_ is an extension that adds a full HTTP cache to Requests. This
+makes your web requests substantially more efficient, and should be used
+whenever you're making a lot of web requests.
+
+.. _CacheControl: https://cachecontrol.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
+
+Requests-Toolbelt
+-----------------
+
+`Requests-Toolbelt`_ is a collection of utilities that some users of Requests may desire,
+but do not belong in Requests proper. This library is actively maintained
+by members of the Requests core team, and reflects the functionality most
+requested by users within the community.
+
+.. _Requests-Toolbelt: http://toolbelt.readthedocs.org/en/latest/index.html
+
+Requests-OAuthlib
+-----------------
+
+`requests-oauthlib`_ makes it possible to do the OAuth dance from Requests
+automatically. This is useful for the large number of websites that use OAuth
+to provide authentication. It also provides a lot of tweaks that handle ways
+that specific OAuth providers differ from the standard specifications.
+
+.. _requests-oauthlib: https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
+
+
+Betamax
+-------
+
+`Betamax`_ records your HTTP interactions so the NSA does not have to.
+A VCR imitation designed only for Python-Requests.
+
+.. _betamax: https://github.com/sigmavirus24/betamax
+
+
+

docs/community/support.rst

@@ -5,17 +5,26 @@ Support
 
 If you have questions or issues about Requests, there are several options:
 
+StackOverflow
+-------------
+
+If your question does not contain sensitive (possibly proprietary)
+information or can be properly anonymized, please ask a question on
+`StackOverflow <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/python-requests>`_
+and use the tag ``python-requests``.
+
 Send a Tweet
 ------------
 
 If your question is less than 140 characters, feel free to send a tweet to
-`@kennethreitz <http://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_.
-
+`@kennethreitz <https://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_,
+`@sigmavirus24 <https://twitter.com/sigmavirus24>`_, or
+`@lukasaoz <https://twitter.com/lukasaoz>`_.
 
 File an Issue
 -------------
 
-If you notice some unexpected behavior in Requests, or want to see support
+If you notice some unexpected behaviour in Requests, or want to see support
 for a new feature,
 `file an issue on GitHub <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues>`_.
 
@@ -34,4 +43,9 @@ IRC
 The official Freenode channel for Requests is
 `#python-requests <irc://irc.freenode.net/python-requests>`_
 
-I'm also available as **kennethreitz** on Freenode.
+The core developers of requests are on IRC throughout the day.
+You can find them in ``#python-requests`` as:
+
+- kennethreitz
+- lukasa
+- sigmavirus24

docs/community/vulnerabilities.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+Vulnerability Disclosure
+========================
+
+If you think you have found a potential security vulnerability in requests,
+please email `sigmavirus24 <mailto:graffatcolmingov@gmail.com>`_ and
+`Lukasa <mailto:cory@lukasa.co.uk>`_ directly. **Do not file a public issue.**
+
+Our PGP Key fingerprints are:
+
+- 0161 BB7E B208 B5E0 4FDC  9F81 D9DA 0A04 9113 F853 (@sigmavirus24)
+
+- 90DC AE40 FEA7 4B14 9B70  662D F25F 2144 EEC1 373D (@lukasa)
+
+If English is not your first language, please try to describe the problem and
+its impact to the best of your ability. For greater detail, please use your
+native language and we will try our best to translate it using online services.
+
+Please also include the code you used to find the problem and the shortest
+amount of code necessary to reproduce it.
+
+Please do not disclose this to anyone else. We will retrieve a CVE identifier
+if necessary and give you full credit under whatever name or alias you provide.
+We will only request an identifier when we have a fix and can publish it in a
+release.
+
+We will respect your privacy and will only publicize your involvement if you
+grant us permission.
+
+Process
+-------
+
+This following information discusses the process the requests project follows
+in response to vulnerability disclosures. If you are disclosing a
+vulnerability, this section of the documentation lets you know how we will
+respond to your disclosure.
+
+Timeline
+~~~~~~~~
+
+When you report an issue, one of the project members will respond to you within
+two days *at the outside*. In most cases responses will be faster, usually
+within 12 hours. This initial response will at the very least confirm receipt
+of the report.
+
+If we were able to rapidly reproduce the issue, the initial response will also
+contain confirmation of the issue. If we are not, we will often ask for more
+information about the reproduction scenario.
+
+Our goal is to have a fix for any vulnerability released within two weeks of
+the initial disclosure. This may potentially involve shipping an interim
+release that simply disables function while a more mature fix can be prepared,
+but will in the vast majority of cases mean shipping a complete release as soon
+as possible.
+
+Throughout the fix process we will keep you up to speed with how the fix is
+progressing. Once the fix is prepared, we will notify you that we believe we
+have a fix. Often we will ask you to confirm the fix resolves the problem in
+your environment, especially if we are not confident of our reproduction
+scenario.
+
+At this point, we will prepare for the release. We will obtain a CVE number
+if one is required, providing you with full credit for the discovery. We will
+also decide on a planned release date, and let you know when it is. This
+release date will *always* be on a weekday.
+
+At this point we will reach out to our major downstream packagers to notify
+them of an impending security-related patch so they can make arrangements. In
+addition, these packagers will be provided with the intended patch ahead of
+time, to ensure that they are able to promptly release their downstream
+packages. Currently the list of people we actively contact *ahead of a public
+release* is:
+
+- Ralph Bean, Red Hat (@ralphbean)
+- Daniele Tricoli, Debian (@eriol)
+
+We will notify these individuals at least a week ahead of our planned release
+date to ensure that they have sufficient time to prepare. If you believe you
+should be on this list, please let one of the maintainers know at one of the
+email addresses at the top of this article.
+
+On release day, we will push the patch to our public repository, along with an
+updated changelog that describes the issue and credits you. We will then issue
+a PyPI release containing the patch.
+
+At this point, we will publicise the release. This will involve mails to
+mailing lists, Tweets, and all other communication mechanisms available to the
+core team.
+
+We will also explicitly mention which commits contain the fix to make it easier
+for other distributors and users to easily patch their own versions of requests
+if upgrading is not an option.
+
+Previous CVEs
+-------------
+
+- Fixed in 2.6.0
+
+  - `CVE 2015-2296 <http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2015-2296>`_,
+    reported by Matthew Daley of `BugFuzz <https://bugfuzz.com/>`_.
+
+- Fixed in 2.3.0
+
+  - `CVE 2014-1829 <http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2014-1829>`_
+
+  - `CVE 2014-1830 <http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2014-1830>`_

docs/conf.py

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ master_doc = 'index'
 
 # General information about the project.
 project = u'Requests'
-copyright = u'2014. A <a href="http://kennethreitz.com/pages/open-projects.html">Kenneth Reitz</a> Project'
+copyright = u'2015. A <a href="http://kennethreitz.com/pages/open-projects.html">Kenneth Reitz</a> Project'
 
 # The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
 # |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the

docs/dev/todo.rst

@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@ Development Dependencies
 You'll need to install py.test in order to run the Requests' test suite::
 
     $ pip install -r requirements.txt
-    $ invoke test
-    py.test
+    $ py.test
     platform darwin -- Python 2.7.3 -- pytest-2.3.4
     collected 25 items
 

docs/index.rst

@@ -8,11 +8,14 @@ Requests: HTTP for Humans
 
 Release v\ |version|. (:ref:`Installation <install>`)
 
-Requests is an :ref:`Apache2 Licensed <apache2>` HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings.
+Requests is an :ref:`Apache2 Licensed <apache2>` HTTP library, written in
+Python, for human beings.
 
 Python's standard **urllib2** module provides most of
 the HTTP capabilities you need, but the API is thoroughly **broken**.
-It was built for a different time — and a different web. It requires an *enormous* amount of work (even method overrides) to perform the simplest of tasks.
+It was built for a different time — and a different web. It requires an
+*enormous* amount of work (even method overrides) to perform the simplest of
+tasks.
 
 Things shouldn’t be this way. Not in Python.
 
@@ -32,13 +35,20 @@ Things shouldn’t be this way. Not in Python.
 
 See `similar code, without Requests <https://gist.github.com/973705>`_.
 
-Requests takes all of the work out of Python HTTP/1.1 — making your integration with web services seamless. There's no need to manually add query strings to your URLs, or to form-encode your POST data. Keep-alive and HTTP connection pooling are 100%  automatic, powered by `urllib3 <https://github.com/shazow/urllib3>`_, which is embedded within Requests.
+Requests takes all of the work out of Python HTTP/1.1 — making your integration
+with web services seamless. There's no need to manually add query strings to
+your URLs, or to form-encode your POST data. Keep-alive and HTTP connection
+pooling are 100%  automatic, powered by `urllib3 <https://github.com/shazow/urllib3>`_,
+which is embedded within Requests.
 
 
 Testimonials
 ------------
 
-Her Majesty's Government, Amazon, Google, Twilio, Runscope, Mozilla, Heroku, PayPal, NPR, Obama for America, Transifex, Native Instruments, The Washington Post, Twitter, SoundCloud, Kippt, Readability, and Federal US Institutions use Requests internally. It has been downloaded over 12,000,000 times from PyPI.
+Her Majesty's Government, Amazon, Google, Twilio, Runscope, Mozilla, Heroku,
+PayPal, NPR, Obama for America, Transifex, Native Instruments, The Washington
+Post, Twitter, SoundCloud, Kippt, Readability, Sony, and Federal US Institutions that prefer to be unnamed
+use Requests internally. It has been downloaded over 40,000,000 times from PyPI.
 
 **Armin Ronacher**
     Requests is the perfect example how beautiful an API can be with the
@@ -104,8 +114,10 @@ Requests ecosystem and community.
    :maxdepth: 1
 
    community/faq
+   community/recommended
    community/out-there.rst
    community/support
+   community/vulnerabilities
    community/updates
 
 API Documentation

docs/user/advanced.rst

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Advanced Usage
 
 This document covers some of Requests more advanced features.
 
+.. _session-objects:
 
 Session Objects
 ---------------
@@ -37,13 +38,20 @@ is done by providing data to the properties on a Session object::
     s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test2': 'true'})
 
 
-Any dictionaries that you pass to a request method will be merged with the session-level values that are set. The method-level parameters override session parameters.
+Any dictionaries that you pass to a request method will be merged with the
+session-level values that are set. The method-level parameters override session
+parameters.
 
 .. admonition:: Remove a Value From a Dict Parameter
 
-    Sometimes you'll want to omit session-level keys from a dict parameter. To do this, you simply set that key's value to ``None`` in the method-level parameter. It will automatically be omitted.
+    Sometimes you'll want to omit session-level keys from a dict parameter. To
+    do this, you simply set that key's value to ``None`` in the method-level
+    parameter. It will automatically be omitted.
 
-All values that are contained within a session are directly available to you. See the :ref:`Session API Docs <sessionapi>` to learn more.
+All values that are contained within a session are directly available to you.
+See the :ref:`Session API Docs <sessionapi>` to learn more.
+
+.. _request-and-response-objects:
 
 Request and Response Objects
 ----------------------------
@@ -77,10 +85,12 @@ request, and then the request's headers::
     {'Accept-Encoding': 'identity, deflate, compress, gzip',
     'Accept': '*/*', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/1.2.0'}
 
+.. _prepared-requests:
+
 Prepared Requests
 -----------------
 
-Whenever you receive a :class:`Response <requests.models.Response>` object
+Whenever you receive a :class:`Response <requests.Response>` object
 from an API call or a Session call, the ``request`` attribute is actually the
 ``PreparedRequest`` that was used. In some cases you may wish to do some extra
 work to the body or headers (or anything else really) before sending a
@@ -117,7 +127,7 @@ However, the above code will lose some of the advantages of having a Requests
 :class:`Session <requests.Session>` object. In particular,
 :class:`Session <requests.Session>`-level state such as cookies will
 not get applied to your request. To get a
-:class:`PreparedRequest <requests.models.PreparedRequest>` with that state
+:class:`PreparedRequest <requests.PreparedRequest>` with that state
 applied, replace the call to :meth:`Request.prepare()
 <requests.Request.prepare>` with a call to
 :meth:`Session.prepare_request() <requests.Session.prepare_request>`, like this::
@@ -150,7 +160,8 @@ applied, replace the call to :meth:`Request.prepare()
 SSL Cert Verification
 ---------------------
 
-Requests can verify SSL certificates for HTTPS requests, just like a web browser. To check a host's SSL certificate, you can use the ``verify`` argument::
+Requests can verify SSL certificates for HTTPS requests, just like a web browser.
+To check a host's SSL certificate, you can use the ``verify`` argument::
 
     >>> requests.get('https://kennethreitz.com', verify=True)
     requests.exceptions.SSLError: hostname 'kennethreitz.com' doesn't match either of '*.herokuapp.com', 'herokuapp.com'
@@ -160,7 +171,7 @@ I don't have SSL setup on this domain, so it fails. Excellent. GitHub does thoug
     >>> requests.get('https://github.com', verify=True)
     <Response [200]>
 
-You can also pass ``verify`` the path to a CA_BUNDLE file for private certs. You can also set the ``REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE`` environment variable.
+You can pass ``verify`` the path to a CA_BUNDLE file with certificates of trusted CAs. This list of trusted CAs can also be specified through the ``REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE`` environment variable.
 
 Requests can also ignore verifying the SSL certificate if you set ``verify`` to False.
 
@@ -171,7 +182,9 @@ Requests can also ignore verifying the SSL certificate if you set ``verify`` to
 
 By default, ``verify`` is set to True. Option ``verify`` only applies to host certs.
 
-You can also specify a local cert to use as client side certificate, as a single file (containing the private key and the certificate) or as a tuple of both file's path::
+You can also specify a local cert to use as client side certificate, as a single
+file (containing the private key and the certificate) or as a tuple of both
+file's path::
 
     >>> requests.get('https://kennethreitz.com', cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key'))
     <Response [200]>
@@ -181,25 +194,31 @@ If you specify a wrong path or an invalid cert::
     >>> requests.get('https://kennethreitz.com', cert='/wrong_path/server.pem')
     SSLError: [Errno 336265225] _ssl.c:347: error:140B0009:SSL routines:SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file:PEM lib
 
+.. _body-content-workflow:
 
 Body Content Workflow
 ---------------------
 
 By default, when you make a request, the body of the response is downloaded
-immediately. You can override this behavior and defer downloading the response
+immediately. You can override this behaviour and defer downloading the response
 body until you access the :class:`Response.content <requests.Response.content>`
 attribute with the ``stream`` parameter::
 
     tarball_url = 'https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/tarball/master'
     r = requests.get(tarball_url, stream=True)
 
-At this point only the response headers have been downloaded and the connection remains open, hence allowing us to make content retrieval conditional::
+At this point only the response headers have been downloaded and the connection
+remains open, hence allowing us to make content retrieval conditional::
 
     if int(r.headers['content-length']) < TOO_LONG:
       content = r.content
       ...
 
-You can further control the workflow by use of the :class:`Response.iter_content <requests.Response.iter_content>` and :class:`Response.iter_lines <requests.Response.iter_lines>` methods. Alternatively, you can read the undecoded body from the underlying urllib3 :class:`urllib3.HTTPResponse <urllib3.response.HTTPResponse>` at :class:`Response.raw <requests.Response.raw>`.
+You can further control the workflow by use of the :class:`Response.iter_content <requests.Response.iter_content>`
+and :class:`Response.iter_lines <requests.Response.iter_lines>` methods.
+Alternatively, you can read the undecoded body from the underlying
+urllib3 :class:`urllib3.HTTPResponse <urllib3.response.HTTPResponse>` at
+:class:`Response.raw <requests.Response.raw>`.
 
 If you set ``stream`` to ``True`` when making a request, Requests cannot
 release the connection back to the pool unless you consume all the data or call
@@ -215,28 +234,39 @@ consider using ``contextlib.closing`` (`documented here`_), like this::
 
 .. _`documented here`: http://docs.python.org/2/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.closing
 
+.. _keep-alive:
 
 Keep-Alive
 ----------
 
-Excellent news — thanks to urllib3, keep-alive is 100% automatic within a session! Any requests that you make within a session will automatically reuse the appropriate connection!
+Excellent news — thanks to urllib3, keep-alive is 100% automatic within a session!
+Any requests that you make within a session will automatically reuse the appropriate
+connection!
 
-Note that connections are only released back to the pool for reuse once all body data has been read; be sure to either set ``stream`` to ``False`` or read the ``content`` property of the ``Response`` object.
+Note that connections are only released back to the pool for reuse once all body
+data has been read; be sure to either set ``stream`` to ``False`` or read the
+``content`` property of the ``Response`` object.
 
+.. _streaming-uploads:
 
 Streaming Uploads
 -----------------
 
-Requests supports streaming uploads, which allow you to send large streams or files without reading them into memory. To stream and upload, simply provide a file-like object for your body::
+Requests supports streaming uploads, which allow you to send large streams or
+files without reading them into memory. To stream and upload, simply provide a
+file-like object for your body::
 
-    with open('massive-body') as f:
+    with open('massive-body', 'rb') as f:
         requests.post('http://some.url/streamed', data=f)
 
+.. _chunk-encoding:
 
 Chunk-Encoded Requests
 ----------------------
 
-Requests also supports Chunked transfer encoding for outgoing and incoming requests. To send a chunk-encoded request, simply provide a generator (or any iterator without a length) for your body::
+Requests also supports Chunked transfer encoding for outgoing and incoming requests.
+To send a chunk-encoded request, simply provide a generator (or any iterator without
+a length) for your body::
 
 
     def gen():
@@ -246,6 +276,32 @@ Requests also supports Chunked transfer encoding for outgoing and incoming reque
     requests.post('http://some.url/chunked', data=gen())
 
 
+.. _multipart:
+
+POST Multiple Multipart-Encoded Files
+-------------------------------------
+
+You can send multiple files in one request. For example, suppose you want to
+upload image files to an HTML form with a multiple file field 'images':
+
+    <input type="file" name="images" multiple="true" required="true"/>
+
+To do that, just set files to a list of tuples of (form_field_name, file_info):
+
+    >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
+    >>> multiple_files = [('images', ('foo.png', open('foo.png', 'rb'), 'image/png')),
+                          ('images', ('bar.png', open('bar.png', 'rb'), 'image/png'))]
+    >>> r = requests.post(url, files=multiple_files)
+    >>> r.text
+    {
+      ...
+      'files': {'images': 'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw ....'}
+      'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=3131623adb2043caaeb5538cc7aa0b3a',
+      ...
+    }
+
+.. _event-hooks:
+
 Event Hooks
 -----------
 
@@ -284,6 +340,7 @@ Let's print some request method arguments at runtime::
     http://httpbin.org
     <Response [200]>
 
+.. _custom-auth:
 
 Custom Authentication
 ---------------------
@@ -327,7 +384,7 @@ Streaming Requests
 
 With :class:`requests.Response.iter_lines()` you can easily
 iterate over streaming APIs such as the `Twitter Streaming
-API <https://dev.twitter.com/docs/streaming-api>`_. Simply
+API <https://dev.twitter.com/streaming/overview>`_. Simply
 set ``stream`` to ``True`` and iterate over the response with
 :class:`~requests.Response.iter_lines()`::
 
@@ -340,8 +397,22 @@ set ``stream`` to ``True`` and iterate over the response with
 
         # filter out keep-alive new lines
         if line:
-            print json.loads(line)
+            print(json.loads(line))
 
+.. warning::
+
+    :class:`~requests.Response.iter_lines()` is not reentrant safe.
+    Calling this method multiple times causes some of the received data
+    being lost. In case you need to call it from multiple places, use
+    the resulting iterator object instead::
+
+        lines = r.iter_lines()
+        # Save the first line for later or just skip it
+        first_line = next(lines)
+        for line in lines:
+            print(line)
+
+.. _proxies:
 
 Proxies
 -------
@@ -423,8 +494,8 @@ like so::
 We should confirm that GitHub responded correctly. If it has, we want to work
 out what type of content it is. Do this like so::
 
-    >>> if (r.status_code == requests.codes.ok):
-    ...     print r.headers['content-type']
+    >>> if r.status_code == requests.codes.ok:
+    ...     print(r.headers['content-type'])
     ...
     application/json; charset=utf-8
 
@@ -434,11 +505,11 @@ So, GitHub returns JSON. That's great, we can use the :meth:`r.json
 ::
 
     >>> commit_data = r.json()
-    >>> print commit_data.keys()
+    >>> print(commit_data.keys())
     [u'committer', u'author', u'url', u'tree', u'sha', u'parents', u'message']
-    >>> print commit_data[u'committer']
+    >>> print(commit_data[u'committer'])
     {u'date': u'2012-05-10T11:10:50-07:00', u'email': u'me@kennethreitz.com', u'name': u'Kenneth Reitz'}
-    >>> print commit_data[u'message']
+    >>> print(commit_data[u'message'])
     makin' history
 
 So far, so simple. Well, let's investigate the GitHub API a little bit. Now,
@@ -461,7 +532,7 @@ headers, e.g.
 ::
 
     >>> verbs = requests.options('http://a-good-website.com/api/cats')
-    >>> print verbs.headers['allow']
+    >>> print(verbs.headers['allow'])
     GET,HEAD,POST,OPTIONS
 
 Turning to the documentation, we see that the only other method allowed for
@@ -478,9 +549,9 @@ already exists, we will use it as an example. Let's start by getting it.
     >>> r.status_code
     200
     >>> issue = json.loads(r.text)
-    >>> print issue[u'title']
+    >>> print(issue[u'title'])
     Feature any http verb in docs
-    >>> print issue[u'comments']
+    >>> print(issue[u'comments'])
     3
 
 Cool, we have three comments. Let's take a look at the last of them.
@@ -491,9 +562,9 @@ Cool, we have three comments. Let's take a look at the last of them.
     >>> r.status_code
     200
     >>> comments = r.json()
-    >>> print comments[0].keys()
+    >>> print(comments[0].keys())
     [u'body', u'url', u'created_at', u'updated_at', u'user', u'id']
-    >>> print comments[2][u'body']
+    >>> print(comments[2][u'body'])
     Probably in the "advanced" section
 
 Well, that seems like a silly place. Let's post a comment telling the poster
@@ -501,7 +572,7 @@ that he's silly. Who is the poster, anyway?
 
 ::
 
-    >>> print comments[2][u'user'][u'login']
+    >>> print(comments[2][u'user'][u'login'])
     kennethreitz
 
 OK, so let's tell this Kenneth guy that we think this example should go in the
@@ -528,7 +599,7 @@ the very common Basic Auth.
     >>> r.status_code
     201
     >>> content = r.json()
-    >>> print content[u'body']
+    >>> print(content[u'body'])
     Sounds great! I'll get right on it.
 
 Brilliant. Oh, wait, no! I meant to add that it would take me a while, because
@@ -538,7 +609,7 @@ that.
 
 ::
 
-    >>> print content[u"id"]
+    >>> print(content[u"id"])
     5804413
     >>> body = json.dumps({u"body": u"Sounds great! I'll get right on it once I feed my cat."})
     >>> url = u"https://api.github.com/repos/kennethreitz/requests/issues/comments/5804413"
@@ -567,7 +638,7 @@ headers.
 ::
 
     >>> r = requests.head(url=url, auth=auth)
-    >>> print r.headers
+    >>> print(r.headers)
     ...
     'x-ratelimit-remaining': '4995'
     'x-ratelimit-limit': '5000'
@@ -579,9 +650,11 @@ kinds of exciting ways, 4995 more times.
 Link Headers
 ------------
 
-Many HTTP APIs feature Link headers. They make APIs more self describing and discoverable.
+Many HTTP APIs feature Link headers. They make APIs more self describing and
+discoverable.
 
-GitHub uses these for `pagination <http://developer.github.com/v3/#pagination>`_ in their API, for example::
+GitHub uses these for `pagination <http://developer.github.com/v3/#pagination>`_
+in their API, for example::
 
     >>> url = 'https://api.github.com/users/kennethreitz/repos?page=1&per_page=10'
     >>> r = requests.head(url=url)
@@ -661,7 +734,7 @@ SSLv3:
                                            block=block,
                                            ssl_version=ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3)
 
-.. _`described here`: http://kennethreitz.org/exposures/the-future-of-python-http
+.. _`described here`: http://www.kennethreitz.org/essays/the-future-of-python-http
 .. _`urllib3`: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3
 
 Blocking Or Non-Blocking?
@@ -680,3 +753,59 @@ Two excellent examples are `grequests`_ and `requests-futures`_.
 
 .. _`grequests`: https://github.com/kennethreitz/grequests
 .. _`requests-futures`: https://github.com/ross/requests-futures
+
+Timeouts
+--------
+
+Most requests to external servers should have a timeout attached, in case the
+server is not responding in a timely manner. Without a timeout, your code may
+hang for minutes or more.
+
+The **connect** timeout is the number of seconds Requests will wait for your
+client to establish a connection to a remote machine (corresponding to the
+`connect()`_) call on the socket. It's a good practice to set connect timeouts
+to slightly larger than a multiple of 3, which is the default `TCP packet
+retransmission window <http://www.hjp.at/doc/rfc/rfc2988.txt>`_.
+
+Once your client has connected to the server and sent the HTTP request, the
+**read** timeout is the number of seconds the client will wait for the server
+to send a response. (Specifically, it's the number of seconds that the client
+will wait *between* bytes sent from the server. In 99.9% of cases, this is the
+time before the server sends the first byte).
+
+If you specify a single value for the timeout, like this::
+
+    r = requests.get('https://github.com', timeout=5)
+
+The timeout value will be applied to both the ``connect`` and the ``read``
+timeouts. Specify a tuple if you would like to set the values separately::
+
+    r = requests.get('https://github.com', timeout=(3.05, 27))
+
+If the remote server is very slow, you can tell Requests to wait forever for
+a response, by passing None as a timeout value and then retrieving a cup of
+coffee.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    r = requests.get('https://github.com', timeout=None)
+
+.. _`connect()`: http://linux.die.net/man/2/connect
+
+CA Certificates
+---------------
+
+By default Requests bundles a set of root CAs that it trusts, sourced from the
+`Mozilla trust store`_. However, these are only updated once for each Requests
+version. This means that if you pin a Requests version your certificates can
+become extremely out of date.
+
+From Requests version 2.4.0 onwards, Requests will attempt to use certificates
+from `certifi`_ if it is present on the system. This allows for users to update
+their trusted certificates without having to change the code that runs on their
+system.
+
+For the sake of security we recommend upgrading certifi frequently!
+
+.. _certifi: http://certifi.io/
+.. _Mozilla trust store: https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/raw-file/tip/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt

docs/user/authentication.rst

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ If you can't find a good implementation of the form of authentication you
 want, you can implement it yourself. Requests makes it easy to add your own
 forms of authentication.
 
-To do so, subclass :class:`requests.auth.AuthBase` and implement the
+To do so, subclass :class:`AuthBase <requests.auth.AuthBase>` and implement the
 ``__call__()`` method::
 
     >>> import requests

docs/user/install.rst

@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ The first step to using any software package is getting it properly installed.
 Distribute & Pip
 ----------------
 
-Installing Requests is simple with `pip <http://www.pip-installer.org/>`_, just run this in your terminal::
+Installing Requests is simple with `pip <https://pip.pypa.io>`_, just run
+this in your terminal::
 
     $ pip install requests
 
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ or, with `easy_install <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools>`_::
 
     $ easy_install requests
 
-But, you really `shouldn't do that <http://www.pip-installer.org/en/latest/other-tools.html#pip-compared-to-easy-install>`_.
+But, you really `shouldn't do that <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3220404/why-use-pip-over-easy-install>`_.
 
 
 Get the Code

docs/user/quickstart.rst

@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ Quickstart
 .. module:: requests.models
 
 Eager to get started? This page gives a good introduction in how to get started
-with Requests. This assumes you already have Requests installed. If you do not,
-head over to the :ref:`Installation <install>` section.
+with Requests.
 
 First, make sure that:
 
@@ -30,10 +29,10 @@ Begin by importing the Requests module::
 Now, let's try to get a webpage. For this example, let's get GitHub's public
 timeline ::
 
-    >>> r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')
 
-Now, we have a :class:`Response` object called ``r``. We can get all the
-information we need from this object.
+Now, we have a :class:`Response <requests.Response>` object called ``r``. We can
+get all the information we need from this object.
 
 Requests' simple API means that all forms of HTTP request are as obvious. For
 example, this is how you make an HTTP POST request::
@@ -74,6 +73,13 @@ You can see that the URL has been correctly encoded by printing the URL::
 Note that any dictionary key whose value is ``None`` will not be added to the
 URL's query string.
 
+In order to pass a list of items as a value you must mark the key as
+referring to a list like string by appending ``[]`` to the key::
+
+    >>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2[]': ['value2', 'value3']}
+    >>> r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
+    >>> print(r.url)
+    http://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2%5B%5D=value2&key2%5B%5D=value3
 
 Response Content
 ----------------
@@ -82,7 +88,7 @@ We can read the content of the server's response. Consider the GitHub timeline
 again::
 
     >>> import requests
-    >>> r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')
     >>> r.text
     u'[{"repository":{"open_issues":0,"url":"https://github.com/...
 
@@ -135,7 +141,7 @@ JSON Response Content
 There's also a builtin JSON decoder, in case you're dealing with JSON data::
 
     >>> import requests
-    >>> r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')
     >>> r.json()
     [{u'repository': {u'open_issues': 0, u'url': 'https://github.com/...
 
@@ -151,7 +157,7 @@ In the rare case that you'd like to get the raw socket response from the
 server, you can access ``r.raw``. If you want to do this, make sure you set
 ``stream=True`` in your initial request. Once you do, you can do this::
 
-    >>> r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json', stream=True)
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events', stream=True)
     >>> r.raw
     <requests.packages.urllib3.response.HTTPResponse object at 0x101194810>
     >>> r.raw.read(10)
@@ -180,10 +186,18 @@ For example, we didn't specify our content-type in the previous example::
 
     >>> import json
     >>> url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
-    >>> payload = {'some': 'data'}
-    >>> headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
+    >>> headers = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1'}
 
-    >>> r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
+    >>> r = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
+
+Note: Custom headers are given less precedence than more specific sources of information. For instance:
+
+* Authorization headers will be overridden if credentials are passed via the ``auth`` parameter or are specified in a ``.netrc`` accessible in the environment.
+* Authorization headers will be removed if you get redirected off-host.
+* Proxy-Authorization headers will be overridden by proxy credentials provided in the URL.
+* Content-Length headers will be overridden when we can determine the length of the content.
+
+Furthermore, Requests does not change its behavior at all based on which custom headers are specified. The headers are simply passed on into the final request.
 
 
 More complicated POST requests
@@ -195,7 +209,7 @@ dictionary of data will automatically be form-encoded when the request is made::
 
     >>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
     >>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
-    >>> print r.text
+    >>> print(r.text)
     {
       ...
       "form": {
@@ -205,7 +219,8 @@ dictionary of data will automatically be form-encoded when the request is made::
       ...
     }
 
-There are many times that you want to send data that is not form-encoded. If you pass in a ``string`` instead of a ``dict``, that data will be posted directly.
+There are many times that you want to send data that is not form-encoded. If
+you pass in a ``string`` instead of a ``dict``, that data will be posted directly.
 
 For example, the GitHub API v3 accepts JSON-Encoded POST/PATCH data::
 
@@ -264,11 +279,14 @@ If you want, you can send strings to be received as files::
       ...
     }
 
-In the event you are posting a very large file as a ``multipart/form-data`` 
-request, you may want to stream the request. By default, ``requests`` does not 
-support this, but there is a separate package which does - 
-``requests-toolbelt``. You should read `the toolbelt's documentation 
-<https://toolbelt.rtfd.org>`_ for more details about how to use it.
+In the event you are posting a very large file as a ``multipart/form-data``
+request, you may want to stream the request. By default, ``requests`` does not
+support this, but there is a separate package which does -
+``requests-toolbelt``. You should read `the toolbelt's documentation
+<https://toolbelt.readthedocs.org>`_ for more details about how to use it.
+
+For sending multiple files in one request refer to the :ref:`advanced <advanced>`
+section.
 
 
 Response Status Codes
@@ -286,8 +304,9 @@ reference::
     >>> r.status_code == requests.codes.ok
     True
 
-If we made a bad request (a 4XX client error or 5XX server error response), we can raise it with
-:class:`Response.raise_for_status()`::
+If we made a bad request (a 4XX client error or 5XX server error response), we
+can raise it with
+:meth:`Response.raise_for_status() <requests.Response.raise_for_status>`::
 
     >>> bad_r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/status/404')
     >>> bad_r.status_code
@@ -325,8 +344,8 @@ We can view the server's response headers using a Python dictionary::
     }
 
 The dictionary is special, though: it's made just for HTTP headers. According to
-`RFC 2616 <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html>`_, HTTP
-Headers are case-insensitive.
+`RFC 7230 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2>`_, HTTP Header names
+are case-insensitive.
 
 So, we can access the headers using any capitalization we want::
 
@@ -336,11 +355,20 @@ So, we can access the headers using any capitalization we want::
     >>> r.headers.get('content-type')
     'application/json'
 
+It is also special in that the server could have sent the same header multiple
+times with different values, but requests combines them so they can be
+represented in the dictionary within a single mapping, as per
+`RFC 7230 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2>`_:
+
+    > A recipient MAY combine multiple header fields with the same field name
+    > into one "field-name: field-value" pair, without changing the semantics
+    > of the message, by appending each subsequent field value to the combined
+    > field value in order, separated by a comma.
 
 Cookies
 -------
 
-If a response contains some Cookies, you can get quick access to them::
+If a response contains some Cookies, you can quickly access them::
 
     >>> url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'
     >>> r = requests.get(url)
@@ -362,11 +390,17 @@ parameter::
 Redirection and History
 -----------------------
 
-Requests will automatically perform location redirection for all verbs except
+By default Requests will perform location redirection for all verbs except
 HEAD.
 
-GitHub redirects all HTTP requests to HTTPS. We can use the ``history`` method
-of the Response object to track redirection. Let's see what GitHub does::
+We can use the ``history`` property of the Response object to track redirection.
+
+The :meth:`Response.history <requests.Response.history>` list contains the
+:class:`Response <requests.Response>` objects that were created in order to
+complete the request. The list is sorted from the oldest to the most recent
+response.
+
+For example, GitHub redirects all HTTP requests to HTTPS::
 
     >>> r = requests.get('http://github.com')
     >>> r.url
@@ -376,9 +410,6 @@ of the Response object to track redirection. Let's see what GitHub does::
     >>> r.history
     [<Response [301]>]
 
-The :class:`Response.history` list contains the :class:`Request` objects that
-were created in order to complete the request. The list is sorted from the
-oldest to the most recent request.
 
 If you're using GET, OPTIONS, POST, PUT, PATCH or DELETE, you can disable
 redirection handling with the ``allow_redirects`` parameter::
@@ -391,7 +422,7 @@ redirection handling with the ``allow_redirects`` parameter::
 
 If you're using HEAD, you can enable redirection as well::
 
-    >>> r = requests.post('http://github.com', allow_redirects=True)
+    >>> r = requests.head('http://github.com', allow_redirects=True)
     >>> r.url
     'https://github.com/'
     >>> r.history
@@ -424,7 +455,7 @@ Errors and Exceptions
 In the event of a network problem (e.g. DNS failure, refused connection, etc),
 Requests will raise a :class:`~requests.exceptions.ConnectionError` exception.
 
-In the event of the rare invalid HTTP response, Requests will raise an
+In the rare event of an invalid HTTP response, Requests will raise an
 :class:`~requests.exceptions.HTTPError` exception.
 
 If a request times out, a :class:`~requests.exceptions.Timeout` exception is

requests/__init__.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings. Basic GET
 usage:
 
    >>> import requests
-   >>> r = requests.get('http://python.org')
+   >>> r = requests.get('https://www.python.org')
    >>> r.status_code
    200
    >>> 'Python is a programming language' in r.content
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ usage:
 ... or POST:
 
    >>> payload = dict(key1='value1', key2='value2')
-   >>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
+   >>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
    >>> print(r.text)
    {
      ...
@@ -36,17 +36,17 @@ usage:
 The other HTTP methods are supported - see `requests.api`. Full documentation
 is at <http://python-requests.org>.
 
-:copyright: (c) 2014 by Kenneth Reitz.
+:copyright: (c) 2015 by Kenneth Reitz.
 :license: Apache 2.0, see LICENSE for more details.
 
 """
 
 __title__ = 'requests'
-__version__ = '2.3.0'
-__build__ = 0x020300
+__version__ = '2.6.1'
+__build__ = 0x020601
 __author__ = 'Kenneth Reitz'
 __license__ = 'Apache 2.0'
-__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2014 Kenneth Reitz'
+__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2015 Kenneth Reitz'
 
 # Attempt to enable urllib3's SNI support, if possible
 try:

requests/adapters.py

@@ -14,17 +14,22 @@ from .models import Response
 from .packages.urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager, proxy_from_url
 from .packages.urllib3.response import HTTPResponse
 from .packages.urllib3.util import Timeout as TimeoutSauce
-from .compat import urlparse, basestring, urldefrag, unquote
+from .packages.urllib3.util.retry import Retry
+from .compat import urlparse, basestring
 from .utils import (DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH, get_encoding_from_headers,
-                    prepend_scheme_if_needed, get_auth_from_url)
+                    prepend_scheme_if_needed, get_auth_from_url, urldefragauth)
 from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
-from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import MaxRetryError
-from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import TimeoutError
-from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import SSLError as _SSLError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ConnectTimeoutError
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as _HTTPError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import MaxRetryError
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ProxyError as _ProxyError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ProtocolError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ReadTimeoutError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import SSLError as _SSLError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ResponseError
 from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
-from .exceptions import ConnectionError, Timeout, SSLError, ProxyError
+from .exceptions import (ConnectionError, ConnectTimeout, ReadTimeout, SSLError,
+                         ProxyError, RetryError)
 from .auth import _basic_auth_str
 
 DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK = False
@@ -56,8 +61,12 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
     :param pool_connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
     :param pool_maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
     :param int max_retries: The maximum number of retries each connection
-        should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed connections and
-        timeouts, never to requests where the server returns a response.
+        should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed DNS lookups, socket
+        connections and connection timeouts, never to requests where data has
+        made it to the server. By default, Requests does not retry failed
+        connections. If you need granular control over the conditions under
+        which we retry a request, import urllib3's ``Retry`` class and pass
+        that instead.
     :param pool_block: Whether the connection pool should block for connections.
 
     Usage::
@@ -73,7 +82,10 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
     def __init__(self, pool_connections=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
                  pool_maxsize=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE, max_retries=DEFAULT_RETRIES,
                  pool_block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK):
-        self.max_retries = max_retries
+        if max_retries == DEFAULT_RETRIES:
+            self.max_retries = Retry(0, read=False)
+        else:
+            self.max_retries = Retry.from_int(max_retries)
         self.config = {}
         self.proxy_manager = {}
 
@@ -101,14 +113,17 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         self.init_poolmanager(self._pool_connections, self._pool_maxsize,
                               block=self._pool_block)
 
-    def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK):
-        """Initializes a urllib3 PoolManager. This method should not be called
-        from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
+    def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK, **pool_kwargs):
+        """Initializes a urllib3 PoolManager.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
         :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
 
         :param connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
         :param maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
         :param block: Block when no free connections are available.
+        :param pool_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to initialize the Pool Manager.
         """
         # save these values for pickling
         self._pool_connections = connections
@@ -116,7 +131,30 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         self._pool_block = block
 
         self.poolmanager = PoolManager(num_pools=connections, maxsize=maxsize,
-                                       block=block)
+                                       block=block, strict=True, **pool_kwargs)
+
+    def proxy_manager_for(self, proxy, **proxy_kwargs):
+        """Return urllib3 ProxyManager for the given proxy.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param proxy: The proxy to return a urllib3 ProxyManager for.
+        :param proxy_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to configure the Proxy Manager.
+        :returns: ProxyManager
+        """
+        if not proxy in self.proxy_manager:
+            proxy_headers = self.proxy_headers(proxy)
+            self.proxy_manager[proxy] = proxy_from_url(
+                proxy,
+                proxy_headers=proxy_headers,
+                num_pools=self._pool_connections,
+                maxsize=self._pool_maxsize,
+                block=self._pool_block,
+                **proxy_kwargs)
+
+        return self.proxy_manager[proxy]
 
     def cert_verify(self, conn, url, verify, cert):
         """Verify a SSL certificate. This method should not be called from user
@@ -204,17 +242,8 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
 
         if proxy:
             proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, 'http')
-            proxy_headers = self.proxy_headers(proxy)
-
-            if not proxy in self.proxy_manager:
-                self.proxy_manager[proxy] = proxy_from_url(
-                                                proxy,
-                                                proxy_headers=proxy_headers,
-                                                num_pools=self._pool_connections,
-                                                maxsize=self._pool_maxsize,
-                                                block=self._pool_block)
-
-            conn = self.proxy_manager[proxy].connection_from_url(url)
+            proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
+            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(url)
         else:
             # Only scheme should be lower case
             parsed = urlparse(url)
@@ -249,7 +278,7 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         proxy = proxies.get(scheme)
 
         if proxy and scheme != 'https':
-            url, _ = urldefrag(request.url)
+            url = urldefragauth(request.url)
         else:
             url = request.path_url
 
@@ -296,7 +325,10 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
 
         :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
         :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
-        :param timeout: (optional) The timeout on the request.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a (`connect timeout, read
+            timeout <user/advanced.html#timeouts>`_) tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple
         :param verify: (optional) Whether to verify SSL certificates.
         :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
         :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
@@ -310,7 +342,18 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
 
         chunked = not (request.body is None or 'Content-Length' in request.headers)
 
-        timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
+        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
+            try:
+                connect, read = timeout
+                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
+            except ValueError as e:
+                # this may raise a string formatting error.
+                err = ("Invalid timeout {0}. Pass a (connect, read) "
+                       "timeout tuple, or a single float to set "
+                       "both timeouts to the same value".format(timeout))
+                raise ValueError(err)
+        else:
+            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
 
         try:
             if not chunked:
@@ -368,10 +411,16 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
                     # All is well, return the connection to the pool.
                     conn._put_conn(low_conn)
 
-        except socket.error as sockerr:
-            raise ConnectionError(sockerr, request=request)
+        except (ProtocolError, socket.error) as err:
+            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
 
         except MaxRetryError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
+                raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
+
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
+                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
+
             raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
 
         except _ProxyError as e:
@@ -380,8 +429,8 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         except (_SSLError, _HTTPError) as e:
             if isinstance(e, _SSLError):
                 raise SSLError(e, request=request)
-            elif isinstance(e, TimeoutError):
-                raise Timeout(e, request=request)
+            elif isinstance(e, ReadTimeoutError):
+                raise ReadTimeout(e, request=request)
             else:
                 raise
 

requests/api.py

@@ -16,22 +16,28 @@ from . import sessions
 
 def request(method, url, **kwargs):
     """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
-    Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object.
 
     :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
     :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
-    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of 'name': file-like-objects (or {'name': ('filename', fileobj)}) for multipart encoding upload.
+    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': ('filename', fileobj)}``) for multipart encoding upload.
     :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
-    :param timeout: (optional) Float describing the timeout of the request in seconds.
+    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
+        before giving up, as a float, or a (`connect timeout, read timeout
+        <user/advanced.html#timeouts>`_) tuple.
+    :type timeout: float or tuple
     :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
+    :type allow_redirects: bool
     :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
     :param verify: (optional) if ``True``, the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided.
     :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
     :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
 
     Usage::
 
@@ -41,14 +47,21 @@ def request(method, url, **kwargs):
     """
 
     session = sessions.Session()
-    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
+    response = session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
+    # By explicitly closing the session, we avoid leaving sockets open which
+    # can trigger a ResourceWarning in some cases, and look like a memory leak
+    # in others.
+    session.close()
+    return response
 
 
 def get(url, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a GET request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a GET request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
@@ -56,10 +69,12 @@ def get(url, **kwargs):
 
 
 def options(url, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a OPTIONS request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a OPTIONS request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
@@ -67,54 +82,65 @@ def options(url, **kwargs):
 
 
 def head(url, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a HEAD request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a HEAD request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', False)
     return request('head', url, **kwargs)
 
 
-def post(url, data=None, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a POST request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
-    return request('post', url, data=data, **kwargs)
+    return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
 
 
 def put(url, data=None, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a PUT request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a PUT request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     return request('put', url, data=data, **kwargs)
 
 
 def patch(url, data=None, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a PATCH request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a PATCH request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     return request('patch', url,  data=data, **kwargs)
 
 
 def delete(url, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a DELETE request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a DELETE request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     return request('delete', url, **kwargs)

requests/auth.py

@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ from base64 import b64encode
 
 from .compat import urlparse, str
 from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
-from .utils import parse_dict_header
+from .utils import parse_dict_header, to_native_string
+from .status_codes import codes
 
 CONTENT_TYPE_FORM_URLENCODED = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
 CONTENT_TYPE_MULTI_PART = 'multipart/form-data'
@@ -25,7 +26,11 @@ CONTENT_TYPE_MULTI_PART = 'multipart/form-data'
 def _basic_auth_str(username, password):
     """Returns a Basic Auth string."""
 
-    return 'Basic ' + b64encode(('%s:%s' % (username, password)).encode('latin1')).strip().decode('latin1')
+    authstr = 'Basic ' + to_native_string(
+        b64encode(('%s:%s' % (username, password)).encode('latin1')).strip()
+    )
+
+    return authstr
 
 
 class AuthBase(object):
@@ -62,6 +67,7 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
         self.nonce_count = 0
         self.chal = {}
         self.pos = None
+        self.num_401_calls = 1
 
     def build_digest_header(self, method, url):
 
@@ -97,7 +103,8 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
         # XXX not implemented yet
         entdig = None
         p_parsed = urlparse(url)
-        path = p_parsed.path
+        #: path is request-uri defined in RFC 2616 which should not be empty
+        path = p_parsed.path or "/"
         if p_parsed.query:
             path += '?' + p_parsed.query
 
@@ -118,13 +125,15 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
         s += os.urandom(8)
 
         cnonce = (hashlib.sha1(s).hexdigest()[:16])
-        noncebit = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (nonce, ncvalue, cnonce, qop, HA2)
         if _algorithm == 'MD5-SESS':
             HA1 = hash_utf8('%s:%s:%s' % (HA1, nonce, cnonce))
 
         if qop is None:
             respdig = KD(HA1, "%s:%s" % (nonce, HA2))
         elif qop == 'auth' or 'auth' in qop.split(','):
+            noncebit = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (
+                nonce, ncvalue, cnonce, 'auth', HA2
+                )
             respdig = KD(HA1, noncebit)
         else:
             # XXX handle auth-int.
@@ -146,6 +155,11 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
 
         return 'Digest %s' % (base)
 
+    def handle_redirect(self, r, **kwargs):
+        """Reset num_401_calls counter on redirects."""
+        if r.is_redirect:
+            self.num_401_calls = 1
+
     def handle_401(self, r, **kwargs):
         """Takes the given response and tries digest-auth, if needed."""
 
@@ -158,7 +172,7 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
 
         if 'digest' in s_auth.lower() and num_401_calls < 2:
 
-            setattr(self, 'num_401_calls', num_401_calls + 1)
+            self.num_401_calls += 1
             pat = re.compile(r'digest ', flags=re.IGNORECASE)
             self.chal = parse_dict_header(pat.sub('', s_auth, count=1))
 
@@ -178,7 +192,7 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
 
             return _r
 
-        setattr(self, 'num_401_calls', 1)
+        self.num_401_calls = 1
         return r
 
     def __call__(self, r):
@@ -188,6 +202,11 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
         try:
             self.pos = r.body.tell()
         except AttributeError:
-            pass
+            # In the case of HTTPDigestAuth being reused and the body of
+            # the previous request was a file-like object, pos has the
+            # file position of the previous body. Ensure it's set to
+            # None.
+            self.pos = None
         r.register_hook('response', self.handle_401)
+        r.register_hook('response', self.handle_redirect)
         return r

requests/certs.py

@@ -11,14 +11,15 @@ If you are packaging Requests, e.g., for a Linux distribution or a managed
 environment, you can change the definition of where() to return a separately
 packaged CA bundle.
 """
-
 import os.path
 
-
-def where():
-    """Return the preferred certificate bundle."""
-    # vendored bundle inside Requests
-    return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'cacert.pem')
+try:
+    from certifi import where
+except ImportError:
+    def where():
+        """Return the preferred certificate bundle."""
+        # vendored bundle inside Requests
+        return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'cacert.pem')
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     print(where())

requests/compat.py

@@ -21,61 +21,11 @@ is_py2 = (_ver[0] == 2)
 #: Python 3.x?
 is_py3 = (_ver[0] == 3)
 
-#: Python 3.0.x
-is_py30 = (is_py3 and _ver[1] == 0)
-
-#: Python 3.1.x
-is_py31 = (is_py3 and _ver[1] == 1)
-
-#: Python 3.2.x
-is_py32 = (is_py3 and _ver[1] == 2)
-
-#: Python 3.3.x
-is_py33 = (is_py3 and _ver[1] == 3)
-
-#: Python 3.4.x
-is_py34 = (is_py3 and _ver[1] == 4)
-
-#: Python 2.7.x
-is_py27 = (is_py2 and _ver[1] == 7)
-
-#: Python 2.6.x
-is_py26 = (is_py2 and _ver[1] == 6)
-
-#: Python 2.5.x
-is_py25 = (is_py2 and _ver[1] == 5)
-
-#: Python 2.4.x
-is_py24 = (is_py2 and _ver[1] == 4)   # I'm assuming this is not by choice.
-
-
-# ---------
-# Platforms
-# ---------
-
-
-# Syntax sugar.
-_ver = sys.version.lower()
-
-is_pypy = ('pypy' in _ver)
-is_jython = ('jython' in _ver)
-is_ironpython = ('iron' in _ver)
-
-# Assume CPython, if nothing else.
-is_cpython = not any((is_pypy, is_jython, is_ironpython))
-
-# Windows-based system.
-is_windows = 'win32' in str(sys.platform).lower()
-
-# Standard Linux 2+ system.
-is_linux = ('linux' in str(sys.platform).lower())
-is_osx = ('darwin' in str(sys.platform).lower())
-is_hpux = ('hpux' in str(sys.platform).lower())   # Complete guess.
-is_solaris = ('solar==' in str(sys.platform).lower())   # Complete guess.
-
 try:
     import simplejson as json
-except ImportError:
+except (ImportError, SyntaxError):
+    # simplejson does not support Python 3.2, it throws a SyntaxError
+    # because of u'...' Unicode literals.
     import json
 
 # ---------
@@ -90,7 +40,6 @@ if is_py2:
     from Cookie import Morsel
     from StringIO import StringIO
     from .packages.urllib3.packages.ordered_dict import OrderedDict
-    from httplib import IncompleteRead
 
     builtin_str = str
     bytes = str
@@ -98,7 +47,6 @@ if is_py2:
     basestring = basestring
     numeric_types = (int, long, float)
 
-
 elif is_py3:
     from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, urlsplit, urlencode, quote, unquote, quote_plus, unquote_plus, urldefrag
     from urllib.request import parse_http_list, getproxies, proxy_bypass
@@ -106,7 +54,6 @@ elif is_py3:
     from http.cookies import Morsel
     from io import StringIO
     from collections import OrderedDict
-    from http.client import IncompleteRead
 
     builtin_str = str
     str = str

requests/cookies.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ Compatibility code to be able to use `cookielib.CookieJar` with requests.
 requests.utils imports from here, so be careful with imports.
 """
 
+import copy
 import time
 import collections
 from .compat import cookielib, urlparse, urlunparse, Morsel
@@ -157,26 +158,28 @@ class CookieConflictError(RuntimeError):
 
 
 class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
-    """Compatibility class; is a cookielib.CookieJar, but exposes a dict interface.
+    """Compatibility class; is a cookielib.CookieJar, but exposes a dict
+    interface.
 
     This is the CookieJar we create by default for requests and sessions that
     don't specify one, since some clients may expect response.cookies and
     session.cookies to support dict operations.
 
-    Don't use the dict interface internally; it's just for compatibility with
-    with external client code. All `requests` code should work out of the box
-    with externally provided instances of CookieJar, e.g., LWPCookieJar and
-    FileCookieJar.
-
-    Caution: dictionary operations that are normally O(1) may be O(n).
+    Requests does not use the dict interface internally; it's just for
+    compatibility with external client code. All requests code should work
+    out of the box with externally provided instances of ``CookieJar``, e.g.
+    ``LWPCookieJar`` and ``FileCookieJar``.
 
     Unlike a regular CookieJar, this class is pickleable.
-    """
 
+    .. warning:: dictionary operations that are normally O(1) may be O(n).
+    """
     def get(self, name, default=None, domain=None, path=None):
         """Dict-like get() that also supports optional domain and path args in
         order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
-        multiple domains. Caution: operation is O(n), not O(1)."""
+        multiple domains.
+
+        .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1)."""
         try:
             return self._find_no_duplicates(name, domain, path)
         except KeyError:
@@ -199,37 +202,38 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         return c
 
     def iterkeys(self):
-        """Dict-like iterkeys() that returns an iterator of names of cookies from the jar.
-        See itervalues() and iteritems()."""
+        """Dict-like iterkeys() that returns an iterator of names of cookies
+        from the jar. See itervalues() and iteritems()."""
         for cookie in iter(self):
             yield cookie.name
 
     def keys(self):
-        """Dict-like keys() that returns a list of names of cookies from the jar.
-        See values() and items()."""
+        """Dict-like keys() that returns a list of names of cookies from the
+        jar. See values() and items()."""
         return list(self.iterkeys())
 
     def itervalues(self):
-        """Dict-like itervalues() that returns an iterator of values of cookies from the jar.
-        See iterkeys() and iteritems()."""
+        """Dict-like itervalues() that returns an iterator of values of cookies
+        from the jar. See iterkeys() and iteritems()."""
         for cookie in iter(self):
             yield cookie.value
 
     def values(self):
-        """Dict-like values() that returns a list of values of cookies from the jar.
-        See keys() and items()."""
+        """Dict-like values() that returns a list of values of cookies from the
+        jar. See keys() and items()."""
         return list(self.itervalues())
 
     def iteritems(self):
-        """Dict-like iteritems() that returns an iterator of name-value tuples from the jar.
-        See iterkeys() and itervalues()."""
+        """Dict-like iteritems() that returns an iterator of name-value tuples
+        from the jar. See iterkeys() and itervalues()."""
         for cookie in iter(self):
             yield cookie.name, cookie.value
 
     def items(self):
-        """Dict-like items() that returns a list of name-value tuples from the jar.
-        See keys() and values(). Allows client-code to call "dict(RequestsCookieJar)
-        and get a vanilla python dict of key value pairs."""
+        """Dict-like items() that returns a list of name-value tuples from the
+        jar. See keys() and values(). Allows client-code to call
+        ``dict(RequestsCookieJar)`` and get a vanilla python dict of key value
+        pairs."""
         return list(self.iteritems())
 
     def list_domains(self):
@@ -259,8 +263,9 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         return False  # there is only one domain in jar
 
     def get_dict(self, domain=None, path=None):
-        """Takes as an argument an optional domain and path and returns a plain old
-        Python dict of name-value pairs of cookies that meet the requirements."""
+        """Takes as an argument an optional domain and path and returns a plain
+        old Python dict of name-value pairs of cookies that meet the
+        requirements."""
         dictionary = {}
         for cookie in iter(self):
             if (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain) and (path is None
@@ -269,21 +274,24 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         return dictionary
 
     def __getitem__(self, name):
-        """Dict-like __getitem__() for compatibility with client code. Throws exception
-        if there are more than one cookie with name. In that case, use the more
-        explicit get() method instead. Caution: operation is O(n), not O(1)."""
+        """Dict-like __getitem__() for compatibility with client code. Throws
+        exception if there are more than one cookie with name. In that case,
+        use the more explicit get() method instead.
+
+        .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1)."""
 
         return self._find_no_duplicates(name)
 
     def __setitem__(self, name, value):
-        """Dict-like __setitem__ for compatibility with client code. Throws exception
-        if there is already a cookie of that name in the jar. In that case, use the more
-        explicit set() method instead."""
+        """Dict-like __setitem__ for compatibility with client code. Throws
+        exception if there is already a cookie of that name in the jar. In that
+        case, use the more explicit set() method instead."""
 
         self.set(name, value)
 
     def __delitem__(self, name):
-        """Deletes a cookie given a name. Wraps cookielib.CookieJar's remove_cookie_by_name()."""
+        """Deletes a cookie given a name. Wraps ``cookielib.CookieJar``'s
+        ``remove_cookie_by_name()``."""
         remove_cookie_by_name(self, name)
 
     def set_cookie(self, cookie, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -295,15 +303,16 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         """Updates this jar with cookies from another CookieJar or dict-like"""
         if isinstance(other, cookielib.CookieJar):
             for cookie in other:
-                self.set_cookie(cookie)
+                self.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
         else:
             super(RequestsCookieJar, self).update(other)
 
     def _find(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
-        """Requests uses this method internally to get cookie values. Takes as args name
-        and optional domain and path. Returns a cookie.value. If there are conflicting cookies,
-        _find arbitrarily chooses one. See _find_no_duplicates if you want an exception thrown
-        if there are conflicting cookies."""
+        """Requests uses this method internally to get cookie values. Takes as
+        args name and optional domain and path. Returns a cookie.value. If
+        there are conflicting cookies, _find arbitrarily chooses one. See
+        _find_no_duplicates if you want an exception thrown if there are
+        conflicting cookies."""
         for cookie in iter(self):
             if cookie.name == name:
                 if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
@@ -313,10 +322,11 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         raise KeyError('name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r' % (name, domain, path))
 
     def _find_no_duplicates(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
-        """__get_item__ and get call _find_no_duplicates -- never used in Requests internally.
-        Takes as args name and optional domain and path. Returns a cookie.value.
-        Throws KeyError if cookie is not found and CookieConflictError if there are
-        multiple cookies that match name and optionally domain and path."""
+        """Both ``__get_item__`` and ``get`` call this function: it's never
+        used elsewhere in Requests. Takes as args name and optional domain and
+        path. Returns a cookie.value. Throws KeyError if cookie is not found
+        and CookieConflictError if there are multiple cookies that match name
+        and optionally domain and path."""
         toReturn = None
         for cookie in iter(self):
             if cookie.name == name:
@@ -350,6 +360,21 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         return new_cj
 
 
+def _copy_cookie_jar(jar):
+    if jar is None:
+        return None
+
+    if hasattr(jar, 'copy'):
+        # We're dealing with an instane of RequestsCookieJar
+        return jar.copy()
+    # We're dealing with a generic CookieJar instance
+    new_jar = copy.copy(jar)
+    new_jar.clear()
+    for cookie in jar:
+        new_jar.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
+    return new_jar
+
+
 def create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs):
     """Make a cookie from underspecified parameters.
 
@@ -440,7 +465,7 @@ def merge_cookies(cookiejar, cookies):
     """
     if not isinstance(cookiejar, cookielib.CookieJar):
         raise ValueError('You can only merge into CookieJar')
-    
+
     if isinstance(cookies, dict):
         cookiejar = cookiejar_from_dict(
             cookies, cookiejar=cookiejar, overwrite=False)

requests/exceptions.py

@@ -44,7 +44,23 @@ class SSLError(ConnectionError):
 
 
 class Timeout(RequestException):
-    """The request timed out."""
+    """The request timed out.
+
+    Catching this error will catch both
+    :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ConnectTimeout` and
+    :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout` errors.
+    """
+
+
+class ConnectTimeout(ConnectionError, Timeout):
+    """The request timed out while trying to connect to the remote server.
+
+    Requests that produced this error are safe to retry.
+    """
+
+
+class ReadTimeout(Timeout):
+    """The server did not send any data in the allotted amount of time."""
 
 
 class URLRequired(RequestException):
@@ -73,3 +89,11 @@ class ChunkedEncodingError(RequestException):
 
 class ContentDecodingError(RequestException, BaseHTTPError):
     """Failed to decode response content"""
+
+
+class StreamConsumedError(RequestException, TypeError):
+    """The content for this response was already consumed"""
+
+
+class RetryError(RequestException):
+    """Custom retries logic failed"""

requests/models.py

@@ -15,35 +15,39 @@ from .hooks import default_hooks
 from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
 
 from .auth import HTTPBasicAuth
-from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, get_cookie_header
+from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, get_cookie_header, _copy_cookie_jar
 from .packages.urllib3.fields import RequestField
 from .packages.urllib3.filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
 from .packages.urllib3.util import parse_url
-from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import DecodeError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import (
+    DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError, LocationParseError)
 from .exceptions import (
-    HTTPError, RequestException, MissingSchema, InvalidURL,
-    ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError)
+    HTTPError, MissingSchema, InvalidURL, ChunkedEncodingError,
+    ContentDecodingError, ConnectionError, StreamConsumedError)
 from .utils import (
     guess_filename, get_auth_from_url, requote_uri,
     stream_decode_response_unicode, to_key_val_list, parse_header_links,
     iter_slices, guess_json_utf, super_len, to_native_string)
 from .compat import (
     cookielib, urlunparse, urlsplit, urlencode, str, bytes, StringIO,
-    is_py2, chardet, json, builtin_str, basestring, IncompleteRead)
+    is_py2, chardet, json, builtin_str, basestring)
 from .status_codes import codes
 
 #: The set of HTTP status codes that indicate an automatically
 #: processable redirect.
 REDIRECT_STATI = (
-    codes.moved,  # 301
-    codes.found,  # 302
-    codes.other,  # 303
-    codes.temporary_moved,  # 307
+    codes.moved,              # 301
+    codes.found,              # 302
+    codes.other,              # 303
+    codes.temporary_redirect, # 307
+    codes.permanent_redirect, # 308
 )
 DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT = 30
 CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE = 10 * 1024
 ITER_CHUNK_SIZE = 512
 
+json_dumps = json.dumps
+
 
 class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
     @property
@@ -139,12 +143,13 @@ class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
             else:
                 fn = guess_filename(v) or k
                 fp = v
-            if isinstance(fp, str):
-                fp = StringIO(fp)
-            if isinstance(fp, bytes):
-                fp = BytesIO(fp)
 
-            rf = RequestField(name=k, data=fp.read(),
+            if isinstance(fp, (str, bytes, bytearray)):
+                fdata = fp
+            else:
+                fdata = fp.read()
+
+            rf = RequestField(name=k, data=fdata,
                               filename=fn, headers=fh)
             rf.make_multipart(content_type=ft)
             new_fields.append(rf)
@@ -187,7 +192,8 @@ class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
     :param url: URL to send.
     :param headers: dictionary of headers to send.
     :param files: dictionary of {filename: fileobject} files to multipart upload.
-    :param data: the body to attach the request. If a dictionary is provided, form-encoding will take place.
+    :param data: the body to attach to the request. If a dictionary is provided, form-encoding will take place.
+    :param json: json for the body to attach to the request (if data is not specified).
     :param params: dictionary of URL parameters to append to the URL.
     :param auth: Auth handler or (user, pass) tuple.
     :param cookies: dictionary or CookieJar of cookies to attach to this request.
@@ -210,7 +216,8 @@ class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
         params=None,
         auth=None,
         cookies=None,
-        hooks=None):
+        hooks=None,
+        json=None):
 
         # Default empty dicts for dict params.
         data = [] if data is None else data
@@ -228,6 +235,7 @@ class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
         self.headers = headers
         self.files = files
         self.data = data
+        self.json = json
         self.params = params
         self.auth = auth
         self.cookies = cookies
@@ -244,6 +252,7 @@ class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
             headers=self.headers,
             files=self.files,
             data=self.data,
+            json=self.json,
             params=self.params,
             auth=self.auth,
             cookies=self.cookies,
@@ -287,14 +296,15 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         self.hooks = default_hooks()
 
     def prepare(self, method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None,
-                data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None):
+                data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None,
+                json=None):
         """Prepares the entire request with the given parameters."""
 
         self.prepare_method(method)
         self.prepare_url(url, params)
         self.prepare_headers(headers)
         self.prepare_cookies(cookies)
-        self.prepare_body(data, files)
+        self.prepare_body(data, files, json)
         self.prepare_auth(auth, url)
         # Note that prepare_auth must be last to enable authentication schemes
         # such as OAuth to work on a fully prepared request.
@@ -309,8 +319,8 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         p = PreparedRequest()
         p.method = self.method
         p.url = self.url
-        p.headers = self.headers.copy()
-        p._cookies = self._cookies.copy()
+        p.headers = self.headers.copy() if self.headers is not None else None
+        p._cookies = _copy_cookie_jar(self._cookies)
         p.body = self.body
         p.hooks = self.hooks
         return p
@@ -324,25 +334,32 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
     def prepare_url(self, url, params):
         """Prepares the given HTTP URL."""
         #: Accept objects that have string representations.
-        try:
-            url = unicode(url)
-        except NameError:
-            # We're on Python 3.
-            url = str(url)
-        except UnicodeDecodeError:
-            pass
+        #: We're unable to blindy call unicode/str functions
+        #: as this will include the bytestring indicator (b'')
+        #: on python 3.x.
+        #: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2238
+        if isinstance(url, bytes):
+            url = url.decode('utf8')
+        else:
+            url = unicode(url) if is_py2 else str(url)
 
-        # Don't do any URL preparation for oddball schemes
+        # Don't do any URL preparation for non-HTTP schemes like `mailto`,
+        # `data` etc to work around exceptions from `url_parse`, which
+        # handles RFC 3986 only.
         if ':' in url and not url.lower().startswith('http'):
             self.url = url
             return
 
         # Support for unicode domain names and paths.
-        scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = parse_url(url)
+        try:
+            scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = parse_url(url)
+        except LocationParseError as e:
+            raise InvalidURL(*e.args)
 
         if not scheme:
             raise MissingSchema("Invalid URL {0!r}: No schema supplied. "
-                                "Perhaps you meant http://{0}?".format(url))
+                                "Perhaps you meant http://{0}?".format(
+                                    to_native_string(url, 'utf8')))
 
         if not host:
             raise InvalidURL("Invalid URL %r: No host supplied" % url)
@@ -395,7 +412,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         else:
             self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
 
-    def prepare_body(self, data, files):
+    def prepare_body(self, data, files, json=None):
         """Prepares the given HTTP body data."""
 
         # Check if file, fo, generator, iterator.
@@ -406,6 +423,10 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         content_type = None
         length = None
 
+        if json is not None:
+            content_type = 'application/json'
+            body = json_dumps(json)
+
         is_stream = all([
             hasattr(data, '__iter__'),
             not isinstance(data, (basestring, list, tuple, dict))
@@ -431,9 +452,9 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             if files:
                 (body, content_type) = self._encode_files(files, data)
             else:
-                if data:
+                if data and json is None:
                     body = self._encode_params(data)
-                    if isinstance(data, str) or isinstance(data, builtin_str) or hasattr(data, 'read'):
+                    if isinstance(data, basestring) or hasattr(data, 'read'):
                         content_type = None
                     else:
                         content_type = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
@@ -441,7 +462,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             self.prepare_content_length(body)
 
             # Add content-type if it wasn't explicitly provided.
-            if (content_type) and (not 'content-type' in self.headers):
+            if content_type and ('content-type' not in self.headers):
                 self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
 
         self.body = body
@@ -455,7 +476,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             l = super_len(body)
             if l:
                 self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(l)
-        elif self.method not in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
+        elif (self.method not in ('GET', 'HEAD')) and (self.headers.get('Content-Length') is None):
             self.headers['Content-Length'] = '0'
 
     def prepare_auth(self, auth, url=''):
@@ -481,7 +502,15 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             self.prepare_content_length(self.body)
 
     def prepare_cookies(self, cookies):
-        """Prepares the given HTTP cookie data."""
+        """Prepares the given HTTP cookie data.
+
+        This function eventually generates a ``Cookie`` header from the
+        given cookies using cookielib. Due to cookielib's design, the header
+        will not be regenerated if it already exists, meaning this function
+        can only be called once for the life of the
+        :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object. Any subsequent calls
+        to ``prepare_cookies`` will have no actual effect, unless the "Cookie"
+        header is removed beforehand."""
 
         if isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
             self._cookies = cookies
@@ -494,6 +523,10 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
 
     def prepare_hooks(self, hooks):
         """Prepares the given hooks."""
+        # hooks can be passed as None to the prepare method and to this
+        # method. To prevent iterating over None, simply use an empty list
+        # if hooks is False-y
+        hooks = hooks or []
         for event in hooks:
             self.register_hook(event, hooks[event])
 
@@ -553,9 +586,17 @@ class Response(object):
         self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({})
 
         #: The amount of time elapsed between sending the request
-        #: and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta)
+        #: and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta).
+        #: This property specifically measures the time taken between sending
+        #: the first byte of the request and finishing parsing the headers. It
+        #: is therefore unaffected by consuming the response content or the
+        #: value of the ``stream`` keyword argument.
         self.elapsed = datetime.timedelta(0)
 
+        #: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object to which this
+        #: is a response.
+        self.request = None
+
     def __getstate__(self):
         # Consume everything; accessing the content attribute makes
         # sure the content has been fully read.
@@ -594,7 +635,7 @@ class Response(object):
     def ok(self):
         try:
             self.raise_for_status()
-        except RequestException:
+        except HTTPError:
             return False
         return True
 
@@ -605,6 +646,11 @@ class Response(object):
         """
         return ('location' in self.headers and self.status_code in REDIRECT_STATI)
 
+    @property
+    def is_permanent_redirect(self):
+        """True if this Response one of the permanant versions of redirect"""
+        return ('location' in self.headers and self.status_code in (codes.moved_permanently, codes.permanent_redirect))
+
     @property
     def apparent_encoding(self):
         """The apparent encoding, provided by the chardet library"""
@@ -626,10 +672,12 @@ class Response(object):
                 try:
                     for chunk in self.raw.stream(chunk_size, decode_content=True):
                         yield chunk
-                except IncompleteRead as e:
+                except ProtocolError as e:
                     raise ChunkedEncodingError(e)
                 except DecodeError as e:
                     raise ContentDecodingError(e)
+                except ReadTimeoutError as e:
+                    raise ConnectionError(e)
             except AttributeError:
                 # Standard file-like object.
                 while True:
@@ -640,6 +688,8 @@ class Response(object):
 
             self._content_consumed = True
 
+        if self._content_consumed and isinstance(self._content, bool):
+            raise StreamConsumedError()
         # simulate reading small chunks of the content
         reused_chunks = iter_slices(self._content, chunk_size)
 
@@ -652,10 +702,12 @@ class Response(object):
 
         return chunks
 
-    def iter_lines(self, chunk_size=ITER_CHUNK_SIZE, decode_unicode=None):
+    def iter_lines(self, chunk_size=ITER_CHUNK_SIZE, decode_unicode=None, delimiter=None):
         """Iterates over the response data, one line at a time.  When
         stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the
         content at once into memory for large responses.
+
+        .. note:: This method is not reentrant safe.
         """
 
         pending = None
@@ -664,7 +716,11 @@ class Response(object):
 
             if pending is not None:
                 chunk = pending + chunk
-            lines = chunk.splitlines()
+
+            if delimiter:
+                lines = chunk.split(delimiter)
+            else:
+                lines = chunk.splitlines()
 
             if lines and lines[-1] and chunk and lines[-1][-1] == chunk[-1]:
                 pending = lines.pop()

requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 # 02110-1301  USA
 ######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
 
-__version__ = "2.2.1"
+__version__ = "2.3.0"
 from sys import version_info
 
 

requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py

@@ -12,34 +12,68 @@ Example::
 If no paths are provided, it takes its input from stdin.
 
 """
-from io import open
-from sys import argv, stdin
 
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import sys
+from io import open
+
+from chardet import __version__
 from chardet.universaldetector import UniversalDetector
 
 
-def description_of(file, name='stdin'):
-    """Return a string describing the probable encoding of a file."""
+def description_of(lines, name='stdin'):
+    """
+    Return a string describing the probable encoding of a file or
+    list of strings.
+
+    :param lines: The lines to get the encoding of.
+    :type lines: Iterable of bytes
+    :param name: Name of file or collection of lines
+    :type name: str
+    """
     u = UniversalDetector()
-    for line in file:
+    for line in lines:
         u.feed(line)
     u.close()
     result = u.result
     if result['encoding']:
-        return '%s: %s with confidence %s' % (name,
-                                              result['encoding'],
-                                              result['confidence'])
+        return '{0}: {1} with confidence {2}'.format(name, result['encoding'],
+                                                     result['confidence'])
     else:
-        return '%s: no result' % name
+        return '{0}: no result'.format(name)
 
 
-def main():
-    if len(argv) <= 1:
-        print(description_of(stdin))
-    else:
-        for path in argv[1:]:
-            with open(path, 'rb') as f:
-                print(description_of(f, path))
+def main(argv=None):
+    '''
+    Handles command line arguments and gets things started.
+
+    :param argv: List of arguments, as if specified on the command-line.
+                 If None, ``sys.argv[1:]`` is used instead.
+    :type argv: list of str
+    '''
+    # Get command line arguments
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Takes one or more file paths and reports their detected \
+                     encodings",
+        formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter,
+        conflict_handler='resolve')
+    parser.add_argument('input',
+                        help='File whose encoding we would like to determine.',
+                        type=argparse.FileType('rb'), nargs='*',
+                        default=[sys.stdin])
+    parser.add_argument('--version', action='version',
+                        version='%(prog)s {0}'.format(__version__))
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+    for f in args.input:
+        if f.isatty():
+            print("You are running chardetect interactively. Press " +
+                  "CTRL-D twice at the start of a blank line to signal the " +
+                  "end of your input. If you want help, run chardetect " +
+                  "--help\n", file=sys.stderr)
+        print(description_of(f, f.name))
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':

requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py

@@ -177,6 +177,12 @@ class JapaneseContextAnalysis:
         return -1, 1
 
 class SJISContextAnalysis(JapaneseContextAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.charset_name = "SHIFT_JIS"
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return self.charset_name
+
     def get_order(self, aBuf):
         if not aBuf:
             return -1, 1
@@ -184,6 +190,8 @@ class SJISContextAnalysis(JapaneseContextAnalysis):
         first_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
         if ((0x81 <= first_char <= 0x9F) or (0xE0 <= first_char <= 0xFC)):
             charLen = 2
+            if (first_char == 0x87) or (0xFA <= first_char <= 0xFC):
+                self.charset_name = "CP932"
         else:
             charLen = 1
 

requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py

@@ -129,11 +129,11 @@ class Latin1Prober(CharSetProber):
         if total < 0.01:
             confidence = 0.0
         else:
-            confidence = ((self._mFreqCounter[3] / total)
-                          - (self._mFreqCounter[1] * 20.0 / total))
+            confidence = ((self._mFreqCounter[3] - self._mFreqCounter[1] * 20.0)
+                          / total)
         if confidence < 0.0:
             confidence = 0.0
         # lower the confidence of latin1 so that other more accurate
         # detector can take priority.
-        confidence = confidence * 0.5
+        confidence = confidence * 0.73
         return confidence

requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py

@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ SJIS_cls = (
     2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 68 - 6f
     2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 70 - 77
     2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,  # 78 - 7f
-    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 80 - 87
+    3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,  # 80 - 87
     3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 88 - 8f
     3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 90 - 97
     3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 98 - 9f
@@ -369,9 +369,8 @@ SJIS_cls = (
     2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
     3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e0 - e7
     3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,  # e8 - ef
-    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # f0 - f7
-    4,4,4,4,4,0,0,0   # f8 - ff
-)
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # f0 - f7
+    3,3,3,3,3,0,0,0)  # f8 - ff
 
 
 SJIS_st = (
@@ -571,5 +570,3 @@ UTF8SMModel = {'classTable': UTF8_cls,
                'stateTable': UTF8_st,
                'charLenTable': UTF8CharLenTable,
                'name': 'UTF-8'}
-
-# flake8: noqa

requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class SJISProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
         self._mContextAnalyzer.reset()
 
     def get_charset_name(self):
-        return "SHIFT_JIS"
+        return self._mContextAnalyzer.get_charset_name()
 
     def feed(self, aBuf):
         aLen = len(aBuf)

requests/packages/chardet/universaldetector.py

@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ class UniversalDetector:
 
         if not self._mGotData:
             # If the data starts with BOM, we know it is UTF
-            if aBuf[:3] == codecs.BOM:
+            if aBuf[:3] == codecs.BOM_UTF8:
                 # EF BB BF  UTF-8 with BOM
-                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-8", 'confidence': 1.0}
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-8-SIG", 'confidence': 1.0}
             elif aBuf[:4] == codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE:
                 # FF FE 00 00  UTF-32, little-endian BOM
                 self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-32LE", 'confidence': 1.0}

requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py

@@ -1,16 +1,10 @@
-# urllib3/__init__.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 """
 urllib3 - Thread-safe connection pooling and re-using.
 """
 
 __author__ = 'Andrey Petrov (andrey.petrov@shazow.net)'
 __license__ = 'MIT'
-__version__ = 'dev'
+__version__ = '1.10.3'
 
 
 from .connectionpool import (
@@ -23,7 +17,10 @@ from . import exceptions
 from .filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
 from .poolmanager import PoolManager, ProxyManager, proxy_from_url
 from .response import HTTPResponse
-from .util import make_headers, get_host, Timeout
+from .util.request import make_headers
+from .util.url import get_host
+from .util.timeout import Timeout
+from .util.retry import Retry
 
 
 # Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
@@ -51,8 +48,21 @@ def add_stderr_logger(level=logging.DEBUG):
     handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s'))
     logger.addHandler(handler)
     logger.setLevel(level)
-    logger.debug('Added an stderr logging handler to logger: %s' % __name__)
+    logger.debug('Added a stderr logging handler to logger: %s' % __name__)
     return handler
 
 # ... Clean up.
 del NullHandler
+
+
+import warnings
+# SecurityWarning's always go off by default.
+warnings.simplefilter('always', exceptions.SecurityWarning)
+# InsecurePlatformWarning's don't vary between requests, so we keep it default.
+warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.InsecurePlatformWarning)
+
+def disable_warnings(category=exceptions.HTTPWarning):
+    """
+    Helper for quickly disabling all urllib3 warnings.
+    """
+    warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category)

requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py

@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
-# urllib3/_collections.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 from collections import Mapping, MutableMapping
 try:
     from threading import RLock
-except ImportError: # Platform-specific: No threads available
+except ImportError:  # Platform-specific: No threads available
     class RLock:
         def __enter__(self):
             pass
@@ -16,11 +10,11 @@ except ImportError: # Platform-specific: No threads available
             pass
 
 
-try: # Python 2.7+
+try:  # Python 2.7+
     from collections import OrderedDict
 except ImportError:
     from .packages.ordered_dict import OrderedDict
-from .packages.six import itervalues
+from .packages.six import iterkeys, itervalues, PY3
 
 
 __all__ = ['RecentlyUsedContainer', 'HTTPHeaderDict']
@@ -91,8 +85,7 @@ class RecentlyUsedContainer(MutableMapping):
     def clear(self):
         with self.lock:
             # Copy pointers to all values, then wipe the mapping
-            # under Python 2, this copies the list of values twice :-|
-            values = list(self._container.values())
+            values = list(itervalues(self._container))
             self._container.clear()
 
         if self.dispose_func:
@@ -101,10 +94,17 @@ class RecentlyUsedContainer(MutableMapping):
 
     def keys(self):
         with self.lock:
-            return self._container.keys()
+            return list(iterkeys(self._container))
 
 
-class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
+_dict_setitem = dict.__setitem__
+_dict_getitem = dict.__getitem__
+_dict_delitem = dict.__delitem__
+_dict_contains = dict.__contains__
+_dict_setdefault = dict.setdefault
+
+
+class HTTPHeaderDict(dict):
     """
     :param headers:
         An iterable of field-value pairs. Must not contain multiple field names
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
     A ``dict`` like container for storing HTTP Headers.
 
     Field names are stored and compared case-insensitively in compliance with
-    RFC 2616. Iteration provides the first case-sensitive key seen for each
+    RFC 7230. Iteration provides the first case-sensitive key seen for each
     case-insensitive pair.
 
     Using ``__setitem__`` syntax overwrites fields that compare equal
@@ -136,25 +136,75 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
     'foo=bar, baz=quxx'
     >>> headers['Content-Length']
     '7'
-
-    If you want to access the raw headers with their original casing
-    for debugging purposes you can access the private ``._data`` attribute
-    which is a normal python ``dict`` that maps the case-insensitive key to a
-    list of tuples stored as (case-sensitive-original-name, value). Using the
-    structure from above as our example:
-
-    >>> headers._data
-    {'set-cookie': [('Set-Cookie', 'foo=bar'), ('set-cookie', 'baz=quxx')],
-    'content-length': [('content-length', '7')]}
     """
 
     def __init__(self, headers=None, **kwargs):
-        self._data = {}
-        if headers is None:
-            headers = {}
-        self.update(headers, **kwargs)
+        dict.__init__(self)
+        if headers is not None:
+            if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+                self._copy_from(headers)
+            else:
+                self.extend(headers)
+        if kwargs:
+            self.extend(kwargs)
 
-    def add(self, key, value):
+    def __setitem__(self, key, val):
+        return _dict_setitem(self, key.lower(), (key, val))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        val = _dict_getitem(self, key.lower())
+        return ', '.join(val[1:])
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        return _dict_delitem(self, key.lower())
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return _dict_contains(self, key.lower())
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Mapping) and not hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+            return False
+        if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
+            other = type(self)(other)
+        return dict((k1, self[k1]) for k1 in self) == dict((k2, other[k2]) for k2 in other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    values = MutableMapping.values
+    get = MutableMapping.get
+    update = MutableMapping.update
+    
+    if not PY3: # Python 2
+        iterkeys = MutableMapping.iterkeys
+        itervalues = MutableMapping.itervalues
+
+    __marker = object()
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
+        '''D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
+          If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
+        '''
+        # Using the MutableMapping function directly fails due to the private marker.
+        # Using ordinary dict.pop would expose the internal structures.
+        # So let's reinvent the wheel.
+        try:
+            value = self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is self.__marker:
+                raise
+            return default
+        else:
+            del self[key]
+            return value
+
+    def discard(self, key):
+        try:
+            del self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def add(self, key, val):
         """Adds a (name, value) pair, doesn't overwrite the value if it already
         exists.
 
@@ -163,43 +213,111 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
         >>> headers['foo']
         'bar, baz'
         """
-        self._data.setdefault(key.lower(), []).append((key, value))
+        key_lower = key.lower()
+        new_vals = key, val
+        # Keep the common case aka no item present as fast as possible
+        vals = _dict_setdefault(self, key_lower, new_vals)
+        if new_vals is not vals:
+            # new_vals was not inserted, as there was a previous one
+            if isinstance(vals, list):
+                # If already several items got inserted, we have a list
+                vals.append(val)
+            else:
+                # vals should be a tuple then, i.e. only one item so far
+                # Need to convert the tuple to list for further extension
+                _dict_setitem(self, key_lower, [vals[0], vals[1], val])
+
+    def extend(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Generic import function for any type of header-like object.
+        Adapted version of MutableMapping.update in order to insert items
+        with self.add instead of self.__setitem__
+        """
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise TypeError("extend() takes at most 1 positional "
+                            "arguments ({} given)".format(len(args)))
+        other = args[0] if len(args) >= 1 else ()
+        
+        if isinstance(other, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            for key, val in other.iteritems():
+                self.add(key, val)
+        elif isinstance(other, Mapping):
+            for key in other:
+                self.add(key, other[key])
+        elif hasattr(other, "keys"):
+            for key in other.keys():
+                self.add(key, other[key])
+        else:
+            for key, value in other:
+                self.add(key, value)
+
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            self.add(key, value)
 
     def getlist(self, key):
         """Returns a list of all the values for the named field. Returns an
         empty list if the key doesn't exist."""
-        return self[key].split(', ') if key in self else []
+        try:
+            vals = _dict_getitem(self, key.lower())
+        except KeyError:
+            return []
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vals, tuple):
+                return [vals[1]]
+            else:
+                return vals[1:]
 
-    def copy(self):
-        h = HTTPHeaderDict()
-        for key in self._data:
-            for rawkey, value in self._data[key]:
-                h.add(rawkey, value)
-        return h
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if not isinstance(other, Mapping):
-            return False
-        other = HTTPHeaderDict(other)
-        return dict((k1, self[k1]) for k1 in self._data) == \
-                dict((k2, other[k2]) for k2 in other._data)
-
-    def __getitem__(self, key):
-        values = self._data[key.lower()]
-        return ', '.join(value[1] for value in values)
-
-    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
-        self._data[key.lower()] = [(key, value)]
-
-    def __delitem__(self, key):
-        del self._data[key.lower()]
-
-    def __len__(self):
-        return len(self._data)
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        for headers in itervalues(self._data):
-            yield headers[0][0]
+    # Backwards compatibility for httplib
+    getheaders = getlist
+    getallmatchingheaders = getlist
+    iget = getlist
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, dict(self.items()))
+        return "%s(%s)" % (type(self).__name__, dict(self.itermerged()))
+
+    def _copy_from(self, other):
+        for key in other:
+            val = _dict_getitem(other, key)
+            if isinstance(val, list):
+                # Don't need to convert tuples
+                val = list(val)
+            _dict_setitem(self, key, val)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        clone = type(self)()
+        clone._copy_from(self)
+        return clone
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        """Iterate over all header lines, including duplicate ones."""
+        for key in self:
+            vals = _dict_getitem(self, key)
+            for val in vals[1:]:
+                yield vals[0], val
+
+    def itermerged(self):
+        """Iterate over all headers, merging duplicate ones together."""
+        for key in self:
+            val = _dict_getitem(self, key)
+            yield val[0], ', '.join(val[1:])
+
+    def items(self):
+        return list(self.iteritems())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_httplib(cls, message): # Python 2
+        """Read headers from a Python 2 httplib message object."""
+        # python2.7 does not expose a proper API for exporting multiheaders
+        # efficiently. This function re-reads raw lines from the message 
+        # object and extracts the multiheaders properly.
+        headers = []
+         
+        for line in message.headers:
+            if line.startswith((' ', '\t')):
+                key, value = headers[-1]
+                headers[-1] = (key, value + '\r\n' + line.rstrip())
+                continue
+    
+            key, value = line.split(':', 1)
+            headers.append((key, value.strip()))
+
+        return cls(headers)

requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py

@@ -1,95 +1,142 @@
-# urllib3/connection.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
+import datetime
 import sys
 import socket
 from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
+import warnings
+from .packages import six
 
-try: # Python 3
+try:  # Python 3
     from http.client import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection, HTTPException
 except ImportError:
     from httplib import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection, HTTPException
 
+
 class DummyConnection(object):
     "Used to detect a failed ConnectionCls import."
     pass
 
-try: # Compiled with SSL?
-    ssl = None
+
+try:  # Compiled with SSL?
     HTTPSConnection = DummyConnection
+    import ssl
+    BaseSSLError = ssl.SSLError
+except (ImportError, AttributeError):  # Platform-specific: No SSL.
+    ssl = None
 
     class BaseSSLError(BaseException):
         pass
 
-    try: # Python 3
-        from http.client import HTTPSConnection as _HTTPSConnection
-    except ImportError:
-        from httplib import HTTPSConnection as _HTTPSConnection
 
-    import ssl
-    BaseSSLError = ssl.SSLError
+try:  # Python 3:
+    # Not a no-op, we're adding this to the namespace so it can be imported.
+    ConnectionError = ConnectionError
+except NameError:  # Python 2:
+    class ConnectionError(Exception):
+        pass
 
-except (ImportError, AttributeError): # Platform-specific: No SSL.
-    pass
 
 from .exceptions import (
     ConnectTimeoutError,
+    SystemTimeWarning,
+    SecurityWarning,
 )
 from .packages.ssl_match_hostname import match_hostname
-from .packages import six
-from .util import (
-    assert_fingerprint,
+
+from .util.ssl_ import (
     resolve_cert_reqs,
     resolve_ssl_version,
     ssl_wrap_socket,
+    assert_fingerprint,
 )
 
 
+from .util import connection
+
 port_by_scheme = {
     'http': 80,
     'https': 443,
 }
 
+RECENT_DATE = datetime.date(2014, 1, 1)
+
 
 class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
     """
     Based on httplib.HTTPConnection but provides an extra constructor
     backwards-compatibility layer between older and newer Pythons.
+
+    Additional keyword parameters are used to configure attributes of the connection.
+    Accepted parameters include:
+
+      - ``strict``: See the documentation on :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`
+      - ``source_address``: Set the source address for the current connection.
+
+        .. note:: This is ignored for Python 2.6. It is only applied for 2.7 and 3.x
+
+      - ``socket_options``: Set specific options on the underlying socket. If not specified, then
+        defaults are loaded from ``HTTPConnection.default_socket_options`` which includes disabling
+        Nagle's algorithm (sets TCP_NODELAY to 1) unless the connection is behind a proxy.
+
+        For example, if you wish to enable TCP Keep Alive in addition to the defaults,
+        you might pass::
+
+            HTTPConnection.default_socket_options + [
+                (socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1),
+            ]
+
+        Or you may want to disable the defaults by passing an empty list (e.g., ``[]``).
     """
 
     default_port = port_by_scheme['http']
 
-    # By default, disable Nagle's Algorithm.
-    tcp_nodelay = 1
+    #: Disable Nagle's algorithm by default.
+    #: ``[(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]``
+    default_socket_options = [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]
+
+    #: Whether this connection verifies the host's certificate.
+    is_verified = False
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
         if six.PY3:  # Python 3
             kw.pop('strict', None)
-        if sys.version_info < (2, 7):  # Python 2.6 and older
-            kw.pop('source_address', None)
 
         # Pre-set source_address in case we have an older Python like 2.6.
         self.source_address = kw.get('source_address')
 
+        if sys.version_info < (2, 7):  # Python 2.6
+            # _HTTPConnection on Python 2.6 will balk at this keyword arg, but
+            # not newer versions. We can still use it when creating a
+            # connection though, so we pop it *after* we have saved it as
+            # self.source_address.
+            kw.pop('source_address', None)
+
+        #: The socket options provided by the user. If no options are
+        #: provided, we use the default options.
+        self.socket_options = kw.pop('socket_options', self.default_socket_options)
+
         # Superclass also sets self.source_address in Python 2.7+.
-        _HTTPConnection.__init__(self, *args, **kw)  
+        _HTTPConnection.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
 
     def _new_conn(self):
         """ Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
 
-        :return: a new socket connection
+        :return: New socket connection.
         """
-        extra_args = []
-        if self.source_address:  # Python 2.7+
-            extra_args.append(self.source_address)
+        extra_kw = {}
+        if self.source_address:
+            extra_kw['source_address'] = self.source_address
 
-        conn = socket.create_connection(
-            (self.host, self.port), self.timeout, *extra_args)
-        conn.setsockopt(
-            socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, self.tcp_nodelay)
+        if self.socket_options:
+            extra_kw['socket_options'] = self.socket_options
+
+        try:
+            conn = connection.create_connection(
+                (self.host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw)
+
+        except SocketTimeout:
+            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
+                self, "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)" %
+                (self.host, self.timeout))
 
         return conn
 
@@ -101,6 +148,8 @@ class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
         if getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', None):
             # TODO: Fix tunnel so it doesn't depend on self.sock state.
             self._tunnel()
+            # Mark this connection as not reusable
+            self.auto_open = 0
 
     def connect(self):
         conn = self._new_conn()
@@ -137,7 +186,7 @@ class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
     cert_reqs = None
     ca_certs = None
     ssl_version = None
-    conn_kw = {}
+    assert_fingerprint = None
 
     def set_cert(self, key_file=None, cert_file=None,
                  cert_reqs=None, ca_certs=None,
@@ -152,18 +201,7 @@ class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
 
     def connect(self):
         # Add certificate verification
-
-        try:
-            sock = socket.create_connection(
-                address=(self.host, self.port), timeout=self.timeout,
-                **self.conn_kw)
-        except SocketTimeout:
-            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
-                self, "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)" %
-                (self.host, self.timeout))
-
-        sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY,
-                        self.tcp_nodelay)
+        conn = self._new_conn()
 
         resolved_cert_reqs = resolve_cert_reqs(self.cert_reqs)
         resolved_ssl_version = resolve_ssl_version(self.ssl_version)
@@ -173,32 +211,54 @@ class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
             # _tunnel_host was added in Python 2.6.3
             # (See: http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/0f57b30a152f)
 
-            self.sock = sock
+            self.sock = conn
             # Calls self._set_hostport(), so self.host is
             # self._tunnel_host below.
             self._tunnel()
+            # Mark this connection as not reusable
+            self.auto_open = 0
 
             # Override the host with the one we're requesting data from.
             hostname = self._tunnel_host
 
+        is_time_off = datetime.date.today() < RECENT_DATE
+        if is_time_off:
+            warnings.warn((
+                'System time is way off (before {0}). This will probably '
+                'lead to SSL verification errors').format(RECENT_DATE),
+                SystemTimeWarning
+            )
+
         # Wrap socket using verification with the root certs in
         # trusted_root_certs
-        self.sock = ssl_wrap_socket(sock, self.key_file, self.cert_file,
+        self.sock = ssl_wrap_socket(conn, self.key_file, self.cert_file,
                                     cert_reqs=resolved_cert_reqs,
                                     ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
                                     server_hostname=hostname,
                                     ssl_version=resolved_ssl_version)
 
-        if resolved_cert_reqs != ssl.CERT_NONE:
-            if self.assert_fingerprint:
-                assert_fingerprint(self.sock.getpeercert(binary_form=True),
-                                   self.assert_fingerprint)
-            elif self.assert_hostname is not False:
-                match_hostname(self.sock.getpeercert(),
-                               self.assert_hostname or hostname)
+        if self.assert_fingerprint:
+            assert_fingerprint(self.sock.getpeercert(binary_form=True),
+                               self.assert_fingerprint)
+        elif resolved_cert_reqs != ssl.CERT_NONE \
+                and self.assert_hostname is not False:
+            cert = self.sock.getpeercert()
+            if not cert.get('subjectAltName', ()):
+                warnings.warn((
+                    'Certificate has no `subjectAltName`, falling back to check for a `commonName` for now. '
+                    'This feature is being removed by major browsers and deprecated by RFC 2818. '
+                    '(See https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/497 for details.)'),
+                    SecurityWarning
+                )
+            match_hostname(cert, self.assert_hostname or hostname)
+
+        self.is_verified = (resolved_cert_reqs == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
+                            or self.assert_fingerprint is not None)
 
 
 if ssl:
     # Make a copy for testing.
     UnverifiedHTTPSConnection = HTTPSConnection
     HTTPSConnection = VerifiedHTTPSConnection
+else:
+    HTTPSConnection = DummyConnection

requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py

@@ -1,17 +1,12 @@
-# urllib3/connectionpool.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
-import sys
 import errno
 import logging
+import sys
+import warnings
 
 from socket import error as SocketError, timeout as SocketTimeout
 import socket
 
-try: # Python 3
+try:  # Python 3
     from queue import LifoQueue, Empty, Full
 except ImportError:
     from Queue import LifoQueue, Empty, Full
@@ -20,16 +15,16 @@ except ImportError:
 
 from .exceptions import (
     ClosedPoolError,
-    ConnectionError,
-    ConnectTimeoutError,
+    ProtocolError,
     EmptyPoolError,
     HostChangedError,
-    LocationParseError,
+    LocationValueError,
     MaxRetryError,
+    ProxyError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
     SSLError,
     TimeoutError,
-    ReadTimeoutError,
-    ProxyError,
+    InsecureRequestWarning,
 )
 from .packages.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError
 from .packages import six
@@ -37,15 +32,15 @@ from .connection import (
     port_by_scheme,
     DummyConnection,
     HTTPConnection, HTTPSConnection, VerifiedHTTPSConnection,
-    HTTPException, BaseSSLError,
+    HTTPException, BaseSSLError, ConnectionError
 )
 from .request import RequestMethods
 from .response import HTTPResponse
-from .util import (
-    get_host,
-    is_connection_dropped,
-    Timeout,
-)
+
+from .util.connection import is_connection_dropped
+from .util.retry import Retry
+from .util.timeout import Timeout
+from .util.url import get_host
 
 
 xrange = six.moves.xrange
@@ -54,8 +49,8 @@ log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 _Default = object()
 
-## Pool objects
 
+## Pool objects
 class ConnectionPool(object):
     """
     Base class for all connection pools, such as
@@ -66,22 +61,36 @@ class ConnectionPool(object):
     QueueCls = LifoQueue
 
     def __init__(self, host, port=None):
-        if host is None:
-            raise LocationParseError(host)
+        if not host:
+            raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
 
         # httplib doesn't like it when we include brackets in ipv6 addresses
-        host = host.strip('[]')
-
-        self.host = host
+        self.host = host.strip('[]')
         self.port = port
 
     def __str__(self):
         return '%s(host=%r, port=%r)' % (type(self).__name__,
                                          self.host, self.port)
 
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.close()
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def close():
+        """
+        Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.
+        """
+        pass
+
+
 # This is taken from http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/7aaba721ebc0/Lib/socket.py#l252
 _blocking_errnos = set([errno.EAGAIN, errno.EWOULDBLOCK])
 
+
 class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
     """
     Thread-safe connection pool for one host.
@@ -126,6 +135,9 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
         explicitly.
 
+    :param retries:
+        Retry configuration to use by default with requests in this pool.
+
     :param _proxy:
         Parsed proxy URL, should not be used directly, instead, see
         :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ProxyManager`"
@@ -133,6 +145,10 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
     :param _proxy_headers:
         A dictionary with proxy headers, should not be used directly,
         instead, see :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ProxyManager`"
+
+    :param \**conn_kw:
+        Additional parameters are used to create fresh :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection`,
+        :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection` instances.
     """
 
     scheme = 'http'
@@ -140,18 +156,22 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
 
     def __init__(self, host, port=None, strict=False,
                  timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, maxsize=1, block=False,
-                 headers=None, _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None, **conn_kw):
+                 headers=None, retries=None,
+                 _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None,
+                 **conn_kw):
         ConnectionPool.__init__(self, host, port)
         RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
 
         self.strict = strict
 
-        # This is for backwards compatibility and can be removed once a timeout
-        # can only be set to a Timeout object
         if not isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
             timeout = Timeout.from_float(timeout)
 
+        if retries is None:
+            retries = Retry.DEFAULT
+
         self.timeout = timeout
+        self.retries = retries
 
         self.pool = self.QueueCls(maxsize)
         self.block = block
@@ -166,11 +186,14 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         # These are mostly for testing and debugging purposes.
         self.num_connections = 0
         self.num_requests = 0
-
-        if sys.version_info < (2, 7):  # Python 2.6 and older
-            conn_kw.pop('source_address', None)
         self.conn_kw = conn_kw
 
+        if self.proxy:
+            # Enable Nagle's algorithm for proxies, to avoid packet fragmentation.
+            # We cannot know if the user has added default socket options, so we cannot replace the
+            # list.
+            self.conn_kw.setdefault('socket_options', [])
+
     def _new_conn(self):
         """
         Return a fresh :class:`HTTPConnection`.
@@ -182,10 +205,6 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         conn = self.ConnectionCls(host=self.host, port=self.port,
                                   timeout=self.timeout.connect_timeout,
                                   strict=self.strict, **self.conn_kw)
-        if self.proxy is not None:
-            # Enable Nagle's algorithm for proxies, to avoid packet
-            # fragmentation.
-            conn.tcp_nodelay = 0
         return conn
 
     def _get_conn(self, timeout=None):
@@ -204,7 +223,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         try:
             conn = self.pool.get(block=self.block, timeout=timeout)
 
-        except AttributeError: # self.pool is None
+        except AttributeError:  # self.pool is None
             raise ClosedPoolError(self, "Pool is closed.")
 
         except Empty:
@@ -218,6 +237,11 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         if conn and is_connection_dropped(conn):
             log.info("Resetting dropped connection: %s" % self.host)
             conn.close()
+            if getattr(conn, 'auto_open', 1) == 0:
+                # This is a proxied connection that has been mutated by
+                # httplib._tunnel() and cannot be reused (since it would
+                # attempt to bypass the proxy)
+                conn = None
 
         return conn or self._new_conn()
 
@@ -237,7 +261,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         """
         try:
             self.pool.put(conn, block=False)
-            return # Everything is dandy, done.
+            return  # Everything is dandy, done.
         except AttributeError:
             # self.pool is None.
             pass
@@ -251,6 +275,16 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         if conn:
             conn.close()
 
+    def _validate_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Called right before a request is made, after the socket is created.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def _prepare_proxy(self, conn):
+        # Nothing to do for HTTP connections.
+        pass
+
     def _get_timeout(self, timeout):
         """ Helper that always returns a :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout` """
         if timeout is _Default:
@@ -263,6 +297,23 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             # can be removed later
             return Timeout.from_float(timeout)
 
+    def _raise_timeout(self, err, url, timeout_value):
+        """Is the error actually a timeout? Will raise a ReadTimeout or pass"""
+
+        if isinstance(err, SocketTimeout):
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value)
+
+        # See the above comment about EAGAIN in Python 3. In Python 2 we have
+        # to specifically catch it and throw the timeout error
+        if hasattr(err, 'errno') and err.errno in _blocking_errnos:
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value)
+
+        # Catch possible read timeouts thrown as SSL errors. If not the
+        # case, rethrow the original. We need to do this because of:
+        # http://bugs.python.org/issue10272
+        if 'timed out' in str(err) or 'did not complete (read)' in str(err):  # Python 2.6
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value)
+
     def _make_request(self, conn, method, url, timeout=_Default,
                       **httplib_request_kw):
         """
@@ -282,23 +333,26 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         self.num_requests += 1
 
         timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
+        timeout_obj.start_connect()
+        conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
 
+        # Trigger any extra validation we need to do.
         try:
-            timeout_obj.start_connect()
-            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
-            # conn.request() calls httplib.*.request, not the method in
-            # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
-            conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
-        except SocketTimeout:
-            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
-                self, "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)" %
-                (self.host, timeout_obj.connect_timeout))
+            self._validate_conn(conn)
+        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
+            # Py2 raises this as a BaseSSLError, Py3 raises it as socket timeout.
+            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=conn.timeout)
+            raise
+
+        # conn.request() calls httplib.*.request, not the method in
+        # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
+        conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
 
         # Reset the timeout for the recv() on the socket
         read_timeout = timeout_obj.read_timeout
 
         # App Engine doesn't have a sock attr
-        if hasattr(conn, 'sock'):
+        if getattr(conn, 'sock', None):
             # In Python 3 socket.py will catch EAGAIN and return None when you
             # try and read into the file pointer created by http.client, which
             # instead raises a BadStatusLine exception. Instead of catching
@@ -306,41 +360,20 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             # timeouts, check for a zero timeout before making the request.
             if read_timeout == 0:
                 raise ReadTimeoutError(
-                    self, url,
-                    "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout)
+                    self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout)
             if read_timeout is Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                 conn.sock.settimeout(socket.getdefaulttimeout())
-            else: # None or a value
+            else:  # None or a value
                 conn.sock.settimeout(read_timeout)
 
         # Receive the response from the server
         try:
-            try: # Python 2.7+, use buffering of HTTP responses
+            try:  # Python 2.7, use buffering of HTTP responses
                 httplib_response = conn.getresponse(buffering=True)
-            except TypeError: # Python 2.6 and older
+            except TypeError:  # Python 2.6 and older
                 httplib_response = conn.getresponse()
-        except SocketTimeout:
-            raise ReadTimeoutError(
-                self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout)
-
-        except BaseSSLError as e:
-            # Catch possible read timeouts thrown as SSL errors. If not the
-            # case, rethrow the original. We need to do this because of:
-            # http://bugs.python.org/issue10272
-            if 'timed out' in str(e) or \
-               'did not complete (read)' in str(e):  # Python 2.6
-                raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out.")
-
-            raise
-
-        except SocketError as e: # Platform-specific: Python 2
-            # See the above comment about EAGAIN in Python 3. In Python 2 we
-            # have to specifically catch it and throw the timeout error
-            if e.errno in _blocking_errnos:
-                raise ReadTimeoutError(
-                    self, url,
-                    "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout)
-
+        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError, SocketError) as e:
+            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=read_timeout)
             raise
 
         # AppEngine doesn't have a version attr.
@@ -364,7 +397,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
                     conn.close()
 
         except Empty:
-            pass # Done.
+            pass  # Done.
 
     def is_same_host(self, url):
         """
@@ -385,7 +418,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
 
         return (scheme, host, port) == (self.scheme, self.host, self.port)
 
-    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None, retries=3,
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None, retries=None,
                 redirect=True, assert_same_host=True, timeout=_Default,
                 pool_timeout=None, release_conn=None, **response_kw):
         """
@@ -419,9 +452,20 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
 
         :param retries:
-            Number of retries to allow before raising a MaxRetryError exception.
-            If `False`, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
-            immediately.
+            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
+            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
+
+            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
+            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
+            over different types of retries.
+            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
+            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
+
+            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
+            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
+            the redirect response will be returned.
+
+        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
 
         :param redirect:
             If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
@@ -460,15 +504,15 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         if headers is None:
             headers = self.headers
 
-        if retries < 0 and retries is not False:
-            raise MaxRetryError(self, url)
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
 
         if release_conn is None:
             release_conn = response_kw.get('preload_content', True)
 
         # Check host
         if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
-            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries - 1)
+            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
 
         conn = None
 
@@ -484,12 +528,19 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         err = None
 
         try:
-            # Request a connection from the queue
+            # Request a connection from the queue.
+            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
             conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
 
-            # Make the request on the httplib connection object
+            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
+
+            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(conn, 'sock', None)
+            if is_new_proxy_conn:
+                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
+
+            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
             httplib_response = self._make_request(conn, method, url,
-                                                  timeout=timeout,
+                                                  timeout=timeout_obj,
                                                   body=body, headers=headers)
 
             # If we're going to release the connection in ``finally:``, then
@@ -514,33 +565,37 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             raise EmptyPoolError(self, "No pool connections are available.")
 
         except (BaseSSLError, CertificateError) as e:
-            # Release connection unconditionally because there is no way to
-            # close it externally in case of exception.
-            release_conn = True
+            # Close the connection. If a connection is reused on which there
+            # was a Certificate error, the next request will certainly raise
+            # another Certificate error.
+            if conn:
+                conn.close()
+                conn = None
             raise SSLError(e)
 
-        except (TimeoutError, HTTPException, SocketError) as e:
+        except SSLError:
+            # Treat SSLError separately from BaseSSLError to preserve
+            # traceback.
+            if conn:
+                conn.close()
+                conn = None
+            raise
+
+        except (TimeoutError, HTTPException, SocketError, ConnectionError) as e:
             if conn:
                 # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
                 # be replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
                 conn.close()
                 conn = None
 
-            if not retries:
-                if isinstance(e, TimeoutError):
-                    # TimeoutError is exempt from MaxRetryError-wrapping.
-                    # FIXME: ... Not sure why. Add a reason here.
-                    raise
+            if isinstance(e, SocketError) and self.proxy:
+                e = ProxyError('Cannot connect to proxy.', e)
+            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, HTTPException)):
+                e = ProtocolError('Connection aborted.', e)
 
-                # Wrap unexpected exceptions with the most appropriate
-                # module-level exception and re-raise.
-                if isinstance(e, SocketError) and self.proxy:
-                    raise ProxyError('Cannot connect to proxy.', e)
-
-                if retries is False:
-                    raise ConnectionError('Connection failed.', e)
-
-                raise MaxRetryError(self, url, e)
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, error=e, _pool=self,
+                                        _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2])
+            retries.sleep()
 
             # Keep track of the error for the retry warning.
             err = e
@@ -554,23 +609,43 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
 
         if not conn:
             # Try again
-            log.warning("Retrying (%d attempts remain) after connection "
+            log.warning("Retrying (%r) after connection "
                         "broken by '%r': %s" % (retries, err, url))
-            return self.urlopen(method, url, body, headers, retries - 1,
+            return self.urlopen(method, url, body, headers, retries,
                                 redirect, assert_same_host,
                                 timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
                                 release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
 
         # Handle redirect?
         redirect_location = redirect and response.get_redirect_location()
-        if redirect_location and retries is not False:
+        if redirect_location:
             if response.status == 303:
                 method = 'GET'
+
+            try:
+                retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
+            except MaxRetryError:
+                if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                    raise
+                return response
+
             log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s" % (url, redirect_location))
             return self.urlopen(method, redirect_location, body, headers,
-                                retries - 1, redirect, assert_same_host,
-                                timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
-                                release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
+                    retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                    assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                    timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                    release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
+
+        # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
+        if retries.is_forced_retry(method, status_code=response.status):
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
+            retries.sleep()
+            log.info("Forced retry: %s" % url)
+            return self.urlopen(method, url, body, headers,
+                    retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                    assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                    timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                    release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
 
         return response
 
@@ -597,19 +672,17 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
     ConnectionCls = HTTPSConnection
 
     def __init__(self, host, port=None,
-                 strict=False, timeout=None, maxsize=1,
-                 block=False, headers=None,
+                 strict=False, timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, maxsize=1,
+                 block=False, headers=None, retries=None,
                  _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None,
                  key_file=None, cert_file=None, cert_reqs=None,
                  ca_certs=None, ssl_version=None,
                  assert_hostname=None, assert_fingerprint=None,
                  **conn_kw):
 
-        if sys.version_info < (2, 7):  # Python 2.6 or older
-            conn_kw.pop('source_address', None)
-
         HTTPConnectionPool.__init__(self, host, port, strict, timeout, maxsize,
-                                    block, headers, _proxy, _proxy_headers, **conn_kw)
+                                    block, headers, retries, _proxy, _proxy_headers,
+                                    **conn_kw)
         self.key_file = key_file
         self.cert_file = cert_file
         self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
@@ -617,7 +690,6 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
         self.ssl_version = ssl_version
         self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
         self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
-        self.conn_kw = conn_kw
 
     def _prepare_conn(self, conn):
         """
@@ -633,21 +705,27 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
                           assert_hostname=self.assert_hostname,
                           assert_fingerprint=self.assert_fingerprint)
             conn.ssl_version = self.ssl_version
-            conn.conn_kw = self.conn_kw
-
-        if self.proxy is not None:
-            # Python 2.7+
-            try:
-                set_tunnel = conn.set_tunnel
-            except AttributeError:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
-                set_tunnel = conn._set_tunnel
-            set_tunnel(self.host, self.port, self.proxy_headers)
-            # Establish tunnel connection early, because otherwise httplib
-            # would improperly set Host: header to proxy's IP:port.
-            conn.connect()
 
         return conn
 
+    def _prepare_proxy(self, conn):
+        """
+        Establish tunnel connection early, because otherwise httplib
+        would improperly set Host: header to proxy's IP:port.
+        """
+        # Python 2.7+
+        try:
+            set_tunnel = conn.set_tunnel
+        except AttributeError:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
+            set_tunnel = conn._set_tunnel
+
+        if sys.version_info <= (2, 6, 4) and not self.proxy_headers:   # Python 2.6.4 and older
+            set_tunnel(self.host, self.port)
+        else:
+            set_tunnel(self.host, self.port, self.proxy_headers)
+
+        conn.connect()
+
     def _new_conn(self):
         """
         Return a fresh :class:`httplib.HTTPSConnection`.
@@ -657,7 +735,6 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
                  % (self.num_connections, self.host))
 
         if not self.ConnectionCls or self.ConnectionCls is DummyConnection:
-            # Platform-specific: Python without ssl
             raise SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL "
                            "module is not available.")
 
@@ -667,21 +744,29 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
             actual_host = self.proxy.host
             actual_port = self.proxy.port
 
-        extra_params = {}
-        if not six.PY3:  # Python 2
-            extra_params['strict'] = self.strict
-        extra_params.update(self.conn_kw)
-
         conn = self.ConnectionCls(host=actual_host, port=actual_port,
                                   timeout=self.timeout.connect_timeout,
-                                  **extra_params)
-        if self.proxy is not None:
-            # Enable Nagle's algorithm for proxies, to avoid packet
-            # fragmentation.
-            conn.tcp_nodelay = 0
+                                  strict=self.strict, **self.conn_kw)
 
         return self._prepare_conn(conn)
 
+    def _validate_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Called right before a request is made, after the socket is created.
+        """
+        super(HTTPSConnectionPool, self)._validate_conn(conn)
+
+        # Force connect early to allow us to validate the connection.
+        if not getattr(conn, 'sock', None):  # AppEngine might not have  `.sock`
+            conn.connect()
+
+        if not conn.is_verified:
+            warnings.warn((
+                'Unverified HTTPS request is being made. '
+                'Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: '
+                'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html'),
+                InsecureRequestWarning)
+
 
 def connection_from_url(url, **kw):
     """
@@ -698,7 +783,7 @@ def connection_from_url(url, **kw):
         :class:`.ConnectionPool`. Useful for specifying things like
         timeout, maxsize, headers, etc.
 
-    Example: ::
+    Example::
 
         >>> conn = connection_from_url('http://google.com/')
         >>> r = conn.request('GET', '/')

requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py

@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-# urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 """
 NTLM authenticating pool, contributed by erikcederstran
 

requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Now you can use :mod:`urllib3` as you normally would, and it will support SNI
 when the required modules are installed.
 
 Activating this module also has the positive side effect of disabling SSL/TLS
-encryption in Python 2 (see `CRIME attack`_).
+compression in Python 2 (see `CRIME attack`_).
 
 If you want to configure the default list of supported cipher suites, you can
 set the ``urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST`` variable.
@@ -38,23 +38,24 @@ Module Variables
 ----------------
 
 :var DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST: The list of supported SSL/TLS cipher suites.
-    Default: ``ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:
-    ECDH+3DES:DH+3DES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:RSA+3DES:!aNULL:!MD5:!DSS``
 
 .. _sni: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication
 .. _crime attack: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRIME_(security_exploit)
 
 '''
 
-from ndg.httpsclient.ssl_peer_verification import SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT
-from ndg.httpsclient.subj_alt_name import SubjectAltName as BaseSubjectAltName
+try:
+    from ndg.httpsclient.ssl_peer_verification import SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT
+    from ndg.httpsclient.subj_alt_name import SubjectAltName as BaseSubjectAltName
+except SyntaxError as e:
+    raise ImportError(e)
+
 import OpenSSL.SSL
 from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder as der_decoder
 from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
 from socket import _fileobject, timeout
 import ssl
 import select
-from cStringIO import StringIO
 
 from .. import connection
 from .. import util
@@ -67,9 +68,14 @@ HAS_SNI = SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT
 # Map from urllib3 to PyOpenSSL compatible parameter-values.
 _openssl_versions = {
     ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,
-    ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv3_METHOD,
     ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1: OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_METHOD,
 }
+
+try:
+    _openssl_versions.update({ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv3_METHOD})
+except AttributeError:
+    pass
+
 _openssl_verify = {
     ssl.CERT_NONE: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_NONE,
     ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER,
@@ -77,22 +83,7 @@ _openssl_verify = {
                        + OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT,
 }
 
-# A secure default.
-# Sources for more information on TLS ciphers:
-#
-# - https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server_Side_TLS
-# - https://www.ssllabs.com/projects/best-practices/index.html
-# - https://hynek.me/articles/hardening-your-web-servers-ssl-ciphers/
-#
-# The general intent is:
-# - Prefer cipher suites that offer perfect forward secrecy (DHE/ECDHE),
-# - prefer ECDHE over DHE for better performance,
-# - prefer any AES-GCM over any AES-CBC for better performance and security,
-# - use 3DES as fallback which is secure but slow,
-# - disable NULL authentication, MD5 MACs and DSS for security reasons.
-DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST = "ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:" + \
-    "ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:ECDH+3DES:DH+3DES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:RSA+3DES:" + \
-    "!aNULL:!MD5:!DSS"
+DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST = util.ssl_.DEFAULT_CIPHERS
 
 
 orig_util_HAS_SNI = util.HAS_SNI
@@ -155,205 +146,73 @@ def get_subj_alt_name(peer_cert):
     return dns_name
 
 
-class fileobject(_fileobject):
-
-    def _wait_for_sock(self):
-        rd, wd, ed = select.select([self._sock], [], [],
-                                   self._sock.gettimeout())
-        if not rd:
-            raise timeout()
-
-
-    def read(self, size=-1):
-        # Use max, disallow tiny reads in a loop as they are very inefficient.
-        # We never leave read() with any leftover data from a new recv() call
-        # in our internal buffer.
-        rbufsize = max(self._rbufsize, self.default_bufsize)
-        # Our use of StringIO rather than lists of string objects returned by
-        # recv() minimizes memory usage and fragmentation that occurs when
-        # rbufsize is large compared to the typical return value of recv().
-        buf = self._rbuf
-        buf.seek(0, 2)  # seek end
-        if size < 0:
-            # Read until EOF
-            self._rbuf = StringIO()  # reset _rbuf.  we consume it via buf.
-            while True:
-                try:
-                    data = self._sock.recv(rbufsize)
-                except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
-                    self._wait_for_sock()
-                    continue
-                if not data:
-                    break
-                buf.write(data)
-            return buf.getvalue()
-        else:
-            # Read until size bytes or EOF seen, whichever comes first
-            buf_len = buf.tell()
-            if buf_len >= size:
-                # Already have size bytes in our buffer?  Extract and return.
-                buf.seek(0)
-                rv = buf.read(size)
-                self._rbuf = StringIO()
-                self._rbuf.write(buf.read())
-                return rv
-
-            self._rbuf = StringIO()  # reset _rbuf.  we consume it via buf.
-            while True:
-                left = size - buf_len
-                # recv() will malloc the amount of memory given as its
-                # parameter even though it often returns much less data
-                # than that.  The returned data string is short lived
-                # as we copy it into a StringIO and free it.  This avoids
-                # fragmentation issues on many platforms.
-                try:
-                    data = self._sock.recv(left)
-                except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
-                    self._wait_for_sock()
-                    continue
-                if not data:
-                    break
-                n = len(data)
-                if n == size and not buf_len:
-                    # Shortcut.  Avoid buffer data copies when:
-                    # - We have no data in our buffer.
-                    # AND
-                    # - Our call to recv returned exactly the
-                    #   number of bytes we were asked to read.
-                    return data
-                if n == left:
-                    buf.write(data)
-                    del data  # explicit free
-                    break
-                assert n <= left, "recv(%d) returned %d bytes" % (left, n)
-                buf.write(data)
-                buf_len += n
-                del data  # explicit free
-                #assert buf_len == buf.tell()
-            return buf.getvalue()
-
-    def readline(self, size=-1):
-        buf = self._rbuf
-        buf.seek(0, 2)  # seek end
-        if buf.tell() > 0:
-            # check if we already have it in our buffer
-            buf.seek(0)
-            bline = buf.readline(size)
-            if bline.endswith('\n') or len(bline) == size:
-                self._rbuf = StringIO()
-                self._rbuf.write(buf.read())
-                return bline
-            del bline
-        if size < 0:
-            # Read until \n or EOF, whichever comes first
-            if self._rbufsize <= 1:
-                # Speed up unbuffered case
-                buf.seek(0)
-                buffers = [buf.read()]
-                self._rbuf = StringIO()  # reset _rbuf.  we consume it via buf.
-                data = None
-                recv = self._sock.recv
-                while True:
-                    try:
-                        while data != "\n":
-                            data = recv(1)
-                            if not data:
-                                break
-                            buffers.append(data)
-                    except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
-                        self._wait_for_sock()
-                        continue
-                    break
-                return "".join(buffers)
-
-            buf.seek(0, 2)  # seek end
-            self._rbuf = StringIO()  # reset _rbuf.  we consume it via buf.
-            while True:
-                try:
-                    data = self._sock.recv(self._rbufsize)
-                except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
-                    self._wait_for_sock()
-                    continue
-                if not data:
-                    break
-                nl = data.find('\n')
-                if nl >= 0:
-                    nl += 1
-                    buf.write(data[:nl])
-                    self._rbuf.write(data[nl:])
-                    del data
-                    break
-                buf.write(data)
-            return buf.getvalue()
-        else:
-            # Read until size bytes or \n or EOF seen, whichever comes first
-            buf.seek(0, 2)  # seek end
-            buf_len = buf.tell()
-            if buf_len >= size:
-                buf.seek(0)
-                rv = buf.read(size)
-                self._rbuf = StringIO()
-                self._rbuf.write(buf.read())
-                return rv
-            self._rbuf = StringIO()  # reset _rbuf.  we consume it via buf.
-            while True:
-                try:
-                    data = self._sock.recv(self._rbufsize)
-                except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
-                    self._wait_for_sock()
-                    continue
-                if not data:
-                    break
-                left = size - buf_len
-                # did we just receive a newline?
-                nl = data.find('\n', 0, left)
-                if nl >= 0:
-                    nl += 1
-                    # save the excess data to _rbuf
-                    self._rbuf.write(data[nl:])
-                    if buf_len:
-                        buf.write(data[:nl])
-                        break
-                    else:
-                        # Shortcut.  Avoid data copy through buf when returning
-                        # a substring of our first recv().
-                        return data[:nl]
-                n = len(data)
-                if n == size and not buf_len:
-                    # Shortcut.  Avoid data copy through buf when
-                    # returning exactly all of our first recv().
-                    return data
-                if n >= left:
-                    buf.write(data[:left])
-                    self._rbuf.write(data[left:])
-                    break
-                buf.write(data)
-                buf_len += n
-                #assert buf_len == buf.tell()
-            return buf.getvalue()
-
-
 class WrappedSocket(object):
-    '''API-compatibility wrapper for Python OpenSSL's Connection-class.'''
+    '''API-compatibility wrapper for Python OpenSSL's Connection-class.
 
-    def __init__(self, connection, socket):
+    Note: _makefile_refs, _drop() and _reuse() are needed for the garbage
+    collector of pypy.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, connection, socket, suppress_ragged_eofs=True):
         self.connection = connection
         self.socket = socket
+        self.suppress_ragged_eofs = suppress_ragged_eofs
+        self._makefile_refs = 0
 
     def fileno(self):
         return self.socket.fileno()
 
     def makefile(self, mode, bufsize=-1):
-        return fileobject(self.connection, mode, bufsize)
+        self._makefile_refs += 1
+        return _fileobject(self, mode, bufsize, close=True)
+
+    def recv(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            data = self.connection.recv(*args, **kwargs)
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
+            if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, 'Unexpected EOF'):
+                return b''
+            else:
+                raise
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.ZeroReturnError as e:
+            if self.connection.get_shutdown() == OpenSSL.SSL.RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN:
+                return b''
+            else:
+                raise
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
+            rd, wd, ed = select.select(
+                [self.socket], [], [], self.socket.gettimeout())
+            if not rd:
+                raise timeout('The read operation timed out')
+            else:
+                return self.recv(*args, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return data
 
     def settimeout(self, timeout):
         return self.socket.settimeout(timeout)
 
+    def _send_until_done(self, data):
+        while True:
+            try:
+                return self.connection.send(data)
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.WantWriteError:
+                _, wlist, _ = select.select([], [self.socket], [],
+                                            self.socket.gettimeout())
+                if not wlist:
+                    raise timeout()
+                continue
+
     def sendall(self, data):
-        return self.connection.sendall(data)
+        while len(data):
+            sent = self._send_until_done(data)
+            data = data[sent:]
 
     def close(self):
-        return self.connection.shutdown()
+        if self._makefile_refs < 1:
+            return self.connection.shutdown()
+        else:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
 
     def getpeercert(self, binary_form=False):
         x509 = self.connection.get_peer_certificate()
@@ -376,6 +235,15 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
             ]
         }
 
+    def _reuse(self):
+        self._makefile_refs += 1
+
+    def _drop(self):
+        if self._makefile_refs < 1:
+            self.close()
+        else:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
+
 
 def _verify_callback(cnx, x509, err_no, err_depth, return_code):
     return err_no == 0
@@ -386,6 +254,7 @@ def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
                     ssl_version=None):
     ctx = OpenSSL.SSL.Context(_openssl_versions[ssl_version])
     if certfile:
+        keyfile = keyfile or certfile  # Match behaviour of the normal python ssl library
         ctx.use_certificate_file(certfile)
     if keyfile:
         ctx.use_privatekey_file(keyfile)
@@ -413,7 +282,9 @@ def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
         try:
             cnx.do_handshake()
         except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
-            select.select([sock], [], [])
+            rd, _, _ = select.select([sock], [], [], sock.gettimeout())
+            if not rd:
+                raise timeout('select timed out')
             continue
         except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
             raise ssl.SSLError('bad handshake', e)

requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py

@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-# urllib3/exceptions.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 
 ## Base Exceptions
 
@@ -11,6 +5,11 @@ class HTTPError(Exception):
     "Base exception used by this module."
     pass
 
+class HTTPWarning(Warning):
+    "Base warning used by this module."
+    pass
+
+
 
 class PoolError(HTTPError):
     "Base exception for errors caused within a pool."
@@ -44,29 +43,37 @@ class ProxyError(HTTPError):
     pass
 
 
-class ConnectionError(HTTPError):
-    "Raised when a normal connection fails."
-    pass
-
-
 class DecodeError(HTTPError):
     "Raised when automatic decoding based on Content-Type fails."
     pass
 
 
+class ProtocolError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised when something unexpected happens mid-request/response."
+    pass
+
+
+#: Renamed to ProtocolError but aliased for backwards compatibility.
+ConnectionError = ProtocolError
+
+
 ## Leaf Exceptions
 
 class MaxRetryError(RequestError):
-    "Raised when the maximum number of retries is exceeded."
+    """Raised when the maximum number of retries is exceeded.
+
+    :param pool: The connection pool
+    :type pool: :class:`~urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`
+    :param string url: The requested Url
+    :param exceptions.Exception reason: The underlying error
+
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, pool, url, reason=None):
         self.reason = reason
 
-        message = "Max retries exceeded with url: %s" % url
-        if reason:
-            message += " (Caused by %s: %s)" % (type(reason), reason)
-        else:
-            message += " (Caused by redirect)"
+        message = "Max retries exceeded with url: %s (Caused by %r)" % (
+            url, reason)
 
         RequestError.__init__(self, pool, url, message)
 
@@ -116,7 +123,12 @@ class ClosedPoolError(PoolError):
     pass
 
 
-class LocationParseError(ValueError, HTTPError):
+class LocationValueError(ValueError, HTTPError):
+    "Raised when there is something wrong with a given URL input."
+    pass
+
+
+class LocationParseError(LocationValueError):
     "Raised when get_host or similar fails to parse the URL input."
 
     def __init__(self, location):
@@ -124,3 +136,34 @@ class LocationParseError(ValueError, HTTPError):
         HTTPError.__init__(self, message)
 
         self.location = location
+
+
+class ResponseError(HTTPError):
+    "Used as a container for an error reason supplied in a MaxRetryError."
+    GENERIC_ERROR = 'too many error responses'
+    SPECIFIC_ERROR = 'too many {status_code} error responses'
+
+
+class SecurityWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    "Warned when perfoming security reducing actions"
+    pass
+
+
+class InsecureRequestWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when making an unverified HTTPS request."
+    pass
+
+
+class SystemTimeWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when system time is suspected to be wrong"
+    pass
+
+
+class InsecurePlatformWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when certain SSL configuration is not available on a platform."
+    pass
+
+
+class ResponseNotChunked(ProtocolError, ValueError):
+    "Response needs to be chunked in order to read it as chunks."
+    pass

requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py

@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-# urllib3/fields.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 import email.utils
 import mimetypes
 
@@ -78,9 +72,10 @@ class RequestField(object):
         """
         A :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` factory from old-style tuple parameters.
 
-        Supports constructing :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` from parameter
-        of key/value strings AND key/filetuple. A filetuple is a (filename, data, MIME type)
-        tuple where the MIME type is optional. For example: ::
+        Supports constructing :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` from
+        parameter of key/value strings AND key/filetuple. A filetuple is a
+        (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where the MIME type is optional.
+        For example::
 
             'foo': 'bar',
             'fakefile': ('foofile.txt', 'contents of foofile'),
@@ -125,8 +120,8 @@ class RequestField(object):
         'Content-Disposition' fields.
 
         :param header_parts:
-            A sequence of (k, v) typles or a :class:`dict` of (k, v) to format as
-            `k1="v1"; k2="v2"; ...`.
+            A sequence of (k, v) typles or a :class:`dict` of (k, v) to format
+            as `k1="v1"; k2="v2"; ...`.
         """
         parts = []
         iterable = header_parts
@@ -158,7 +153,8 @@ class RequestField(object):
         lines.append('\r\n')
         return '\r\n'.join(lines)
 
-    def make_multipart(self, content_disposition=None, content_type=None, content_location=None):
+    def make_multipart(self, content_disposition=None, content_type=None,
+                       content_location=None):
         """
         Makes this request field into a multipart request field.
 
@@ -172,6 +168,10 @@ class RequestField(object):
 
         """
         self.headers['Content-Disposition'] = content_disposition or 'form-data'
-        self.headers['Content-Disposition'] += '; '.join(['', self._render_parts((('name', self._name), ('filename', self._filename)))])
+        self.headers['Content-Disposition'] += '; '.join([
+            '', self._render_parts(
+                (('name', self._name), ('filename', self._filename))
+            )
+        ])
         self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
         self.headers['Content-Location'] = content_location

requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py

@@ -1,11 +1,4 @@
-# urllib3/filepost.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 import codecs
-import mimetypes
 
 from uuid import uuid4
 from io import BytesIO
@@ -38,10 +31,10 @@ def iter_field_objects(fields):
         i = iter(fields)
 
     for field in i:
-      if isinstance(field, RequestField):
-        yield field
-      else:
-        yield RequestField.from_tuples(*field)
+        if isinstance(field, RequestField):
+            yield field
+        else:
+            yield RequestField.from_tuples(*field)
 
 
 def iter_fields(fields):

requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # Passes Python2.7's test suite and incorporates all the latest updates.
 # Copyright 2009 Raymond Hettinger, released under the MIT License.
 # http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576693/
-
 try:
     from thread import get_ident as _get_ident
 except ImportError:

requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py

@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-# urllib3/poolmanager.py
-# Copyright 2008-2014 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 import logging
 
 try:  # Python 3
@@ -14,8 +8,10 @@ except ImportError:
 from ._collections import RecentlyUsedContainer
 from .connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool
 from .connectionpool import port_by_scheme
+from .exceptions import LocationValueError, MaxRetryError
 from .request import RequestMethods
-from .util import parse_url
+from .util.url import parse_url
+from .util.retry import Retry
 
 
 __all__ = ['PoolManager', 'ProxyManager', 'proxy_from_url']
@@ -49,7 +45,7 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         Additional parameters are used to create fresh
         :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` instances.
 
-    Example: ::
+    Example::
 
         >>> manager = PoolManager(num_pools=2)
         >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://google.com/')
@@ -68,6 +64,14 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         self.pools = RecentlyUsedContainer(num_pools,
                                            dispose_func=lambda p: p.close())
 
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.clear()
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
     def _new_pool(self, scheme, host, port):
         """
         Create a new :class:`ConnectionPool` based on host, port and scheme.
@@ -102,10 +106,11 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         ``urllib3.connectionpool.port_by_scheme``.
         """
 
+        if not host:
+            raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
+
         scheme = scheme or 'http'
-
         port = port or port_by_scheme.get(scheme, 80)
-
         pool_key = (scheme, host, port)
 
         with self.pools.lock:
@@ -118,6 +123,7 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
             # Make a fresh ConnectionPool of the desired type
             pool = self._new_pool(scheme, host, port)
             self.pools[pool_key] = pool
+
         return pool
 
     def connection_from_url(self, url):
@@ -161,13 +167,25 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         # Support relative URLs for redirecting.
         redirect_location = urljoin(url, redirect_location)
 
-        # RFC 2616, Section 10.3.4
+        # RFC 7231, Section 6.4.4
         if response.status == 303:
             method = 'GET'
 
-        log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s" % (url, redirect_location))
-        kw['retries'] = kw.get('retries', 3) - 1  # Persist retries countdown
+        retries = kw.get('retries')
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect)
+
+        try:
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=conn)
+        except MaxRetryError:
+            if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                raise
+            return response
+
+        kw['retries'] = retries
         kw['redirect'] = redirect
+
+        log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s" % (url, redirect_location))
         return self.urlopen(method, redirect_location, **kw)
 
 
@@ -208,12 +226,16 @@ class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
         if not proxy.port:
             port = port_by_scheme.get(proxy.scheme, 80)
             proxy = proxy._replace(port=port)
+
+        assert proxy.scheme in ("http", "https"), \
+            'Not supported proxy scheme %s' % proxy.scheme
+
         self.proxy = proxy
         self.proxy_headers = proxy_headers or {}
-        assert self.proxy.scheme in ("http", "https"), \
-            'Not supported proxy scheme %s' % self.proxy.scheme
+
         connection_pool_kw['_proxy'] = self.proxy
         connection_pool_kw['_proxy_headers'] = self.proxy_headers
+
         super(ProxyManager, self).__init__(
             num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw)
 
@@ -248,10 +270,10 @@ class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
             # For proxied HTTPS requests, httplib sets the necessary headers
             # on the CONNECT to the proxy. For HTTP, we'll definitely
             # need to set 'Host' at the very least.
-            kw['headers'] = self._set_proxy_headers(url, kw.get('headers',
-                                                                self.headers))
+            headers = kw.get('headers', self.headers)
+            kw['headers'] = self._set_proxy_headers(url, headers)
 
-        return super(ProxyManager, self).urlopen(method, url, redirect, **kw)
+        return super(ProxyManager, self).urlopen(method, url, redirect=redirect, **kw)
 
 
 def proxy_from_url(url, **kw):

requests/packages/urllib3/request.py

@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-# urllib3/request.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 try:
     from urllib.parse import urlencode
 except ImportError:
@@ -26,8 +20,8 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
 
     Specifically,
 
-    :meth:`.request_encode_url` is for sending requests whose fields are encoded
-    in the URL (such as GET, HEAD, DELETE).
+    :meth:`.request_encode_url` is for sending requests whose fields are
+    encoded in the URL (such as GET, HEAD, DELETE).
 
     :meth:`.request_encode_body` is for sending requests whose fields are
     encoded in the *body* of the request using multipart or www-form-urlencoded
@@ -51,7 +45,7 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
 
     def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None,
                 encode_multipart=True, multipart_boundary=None,
-                **kw): # Abstract
+                **kw):  # Abstract
         raise NotImplemented("Classes extending RequestMethods must implement "
                              "their own ``urlopen`` method.")
 
@@ -61,8 +55,8 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
         ``fields`` based on the ``method`` used.
 
         This is a convenience method that requires the least amount of manual
-        effort. It can be used in most situations, while still having the option
-        to drop down to more specific methods when necessary, such as
+        effort. It can be used in most situations, while still having the
+        option to drop down to more specific methods when necessary, such as
         :meth:`request_encode_url`, :meth:`request_encode_body`,
         or even the lowest level :meth:`urlopen`.
         """
@@ -70,12 +64,12 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
 
         if method in self._encode_url_methods:
             return self.request_encode_url(method, url, fields=fields,
-                                            headers=headers,
-                                            **urlopen_kw)
+                                           headers=headers,
+                                           **urlopen_kw)
         else:
             return self.request_encode_body(method, url, fields=fields,
-                                             headers=headers,
-                                             **urlopen_kw)
+                                            headers=headers,
+                                            **urlopen_kw)
 
     def request_encode_url(self, method, url, fields=None, **urlopen_kw):
         """
@@ -94,18 +88,18 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
         the body. This is useful for request methods like POST, PUT, PATCH, etc.
 
         When ``encode_multipart=True`` (default), then
-        :meth:`urllib3.filepost.encode_multipart_formdata` is used to encode the
-        payload with the appropriate content type. Otherwise
+        :meth:`urllib3.filepost.encode_multipart_formdata` is used to encode
+        the payload with the appropriate content type. Otherwise
         :meth:`urllib.urlencode` is used with the
         'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content type.
 
         Multipart encoding must be used when posting files, and it's reasonably
-        safe to use it in other times too. However, it may break request signing,
-        such as with OAuth.
+        safe to use it in other times too. However, it may break request
+        signing, such as with OAuth.
 
         Supports an optional ``fields`` parameter of key/value strings AND
         key/filetuple. A filetuple is a (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where
-        the MIME type is optional. For example: ::
+        the MIME type is optional. For example::
 
             fields = {
                 'foo': 'bar',
@@ -119,23 +113,29 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
         When uploading a file, providing a filename (the first parameter of the
         tuple) is optional but recommended to best mimick behavior of browsers.
 
-        Note that if ``headers`` are supplied, the 'Content-Type' header will be
-        overwritten because it depends on the dynamic random boundary string
+        Note that if ``headers`` are supplied, the 'Content-Type' header will
+        be overwritten because it depends on the dynamic random boundary string
         which is used to compose the body of the request. The random boundary
         string can be explicitly set with the ``multipart_boundary`` parameter.
         """
-        if encode_multipart:
-            body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(fields or {},
-                                    boundary=multipart_boundary)
-        else:
-            body, content_type = (urlencode(fields or {}),
-                                    'application/x-www-form-urlencoded')
-
         if headers is None:
             headers = self.headers
 
-        headers_ = {'Content-Type': content_type}
-        headers_.update(headers)
+        extra_kw = {'headers': {}}
 
-        return self.urlopen(method, url, body=body, headers=headers_,
-                            **urlopen_kw)
+        if fields:
+            if 'body' in urlopen_kw:
+                raise TypeError('request got values for both \'fields\' and \'body\', can only specify one.')
+
+            if encode_multipart:
+                body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(fields, boundary=multipart_boundary)
+            else:
+                body, content_type = urlencode(fields), 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+
+            extra_kw['body'] = body
+            extra_kw['headers'] = {'Content-Type': content_type}
+
+        extra_kw['headers'].update(headers)
+        extra_kw.update(urlopen_kw)
+
+        return self.urlopen(method, url, **extra_kw)

requests/packages/urllib3/response.py

@@ -1,21 +1,18 @@
-# urllib3/response.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
-
-import logging
+try:
+    import http.client as httplib
+except ImportError:
+    import httplib
 import zlib
 import io
+from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
 
 from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
-from .exceptions import DecodeError
-from .packages.six import string_types as basestring, binary_type
-from .util import is_fp_closed
-
-
-log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+from .exceptions import (
+    ProtocolError, DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError, ResponseNotChunked
+)
+from .packages.six import string_types as basestring, binary_type, PY3
+from .connection import HTTPException, BaseSSLError
+from .util.response import is_fp_closed
 
 
 class DeflateDecoder(object):
@@ -29,6 +26,9 @@ class DeflateDecoder(object):
         return getattr(self._obj, name)
 
     def decompress(self, data):
+        if not data:
+            return data
+
         if not self._first_try:
             return self._obj.decompress(data)
 
@@ -44,9 +44,23 @@ class DeflateDecoder(object):
                 self._data = None
 
 
+class GzipDecoder(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(16 + zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._obj, name)
+
+    def decompress(self, data):
+        if not data:
+            return data
+        return self._obj.decompress(data)
+
+
 def _get_decoder(mode):
     if mode == 'gzip':
-        return zlib.decompressobj(16 + zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+        return GzipDecoder()
 
     return DeflateDecoder()
 
@@ -56,7 +70,10 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
     HTTP Response container.
 
     Backwards-compatible to httplib's HTTPResponse but the response ``body`` is
-    loaded and decoded on-demand when the ``data`` property is accessed.
+    loaded and decoded on-demand when the ``data`` property is accessed.  This
+    class is also compatible with the Python standard library's :mod:`io`
+    module, and can hence be treated as a readable object in the context of that
+    framework.
 
     Extra parameters for behaviour not present in httplib.HTTPResponse:
 
@@ -81,9 +98,10 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
                  strict=0, preload_content=True, decode_content=True,
                  original_response=None, pool=None, connection=None):
 
-        self.headers = HTTPHeaderDict()
-        if headers:
-            self.headers.update(headers)
+        if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            self.headers = headers
+        else:
+            self.headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers)
         self.status = status
         self.version = version
         self.reason = reason
@@ -91,19 +109,31 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         self.decode_content = decode_content
 
         self._decoder = None
-        self._body = body if body and isinstance(body, basestring) else None
+        self._body = None
         self._fp = None
         self._original_response = original_response
         self._fp_bytes_read = 0
 
+        if body and isinstance(body, (basestring, binary_type)):
+            self._body = body
+
         self._pool = pool
         self._connection = connection
 
         if hasattr(body, 'read'):
             self._fp = body
 
-        if preload_content and not self._body:
-            self._body = self.read(decode_content=decode_content)
+        # Are we using the chunked-style of transfer encoding?
+        self.chunked = False
+        self.chunk_left = None
+        tr_enc = self.headers.get('transfer-encoding', '')
+        if tr_enc.lower() == "chunked":
+            self.chunked = True
+
+        # We certainly don't want to preload content when the response is chunked.
+        if not self.chunked:
+            if preload_content and not self._body:
+                self._body = self.read(decode_content=decode_content)
 
     def get_redirect_location(self):
         """
@@ -163,8 +193,8 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             after having ``.read()`` the file object. (Overridden if ``amt`` is
             set.)
         """
-        # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 2616
-        # Section 3.5
+        # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 7230
+        # Section 3.2
         content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
         if self._decoder is None:
             if content_encoding in self.CONTENT_DECODERS:
@@ -178,23 +208,42 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         flush_decoder = False
 
         try:
-            if amt is None:
-                # cStringIO doesn't like amt=None
-                data = self._fp.read()
-                flush_decoder = True
-            else:
-                cache_content = False
-                data = self._fp.read(amt)
-                if amt != 0 and not data:  # Platform-specific: Buggy versions of Python.
-                    # Close the connection when no data is returned
-                    #
-                    # This is redundant to what httplib/http.client _should_
-                    # already do.  However, versions of python released before
-                    # December 15, 2012 (http://bugs.python.org/issue16298) do not
-                    # properly close the connection in all cases. There is no harm
-                    # in redundantly calling close.
-                    self._fp.close()
+            try:
+                if amt is None:
+                    # cStringIO doesn't like amt=None
+                    data = self._fp.read()
                     flush_decoder = True
+                else:
+                    cache_content = False
+                    data = self._fp.read(amt)
+                    if amt != 0 and not data:  # Platform-specific: Buggy versions of Python.
+                        # Close the connection when no data is returned
+                        #
+                        # This is redundant to what httplib/http.client _should_
+                        # already do.  However, versions of python released before
+                        # December 15, 2012 (http://bugs.python.org/issue16298) do
+                        # not properly close the connection in all cases. There is
+                        # no harm in redundantly calling close.
+                        self._fp.close()
+                        flush_decoder = True
+
+            except SocketTimeout:
+                # FIXME: Ideally we'd like to include the url in the ReadTimeoutError but
+                # there is yet no clean way to get at it from this context.
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+
+            except BaseSSLError as e:
+                # FIXME: Is there a better way to differentiate between SSLErrors?
+                if 'read operation timed out' not in str(e):  # Defensive:
+                    # This shouldn't happen but just in case we're missing an edge
+                    # case, let's avoid swallowing SSL errors.
+                    raise
+
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+
+            except HTTPException as e:
+                # This includes IncompleteRead.
+                raise ProtocolError('Connection broken: %r' % e, e)
 
             self._fp_bytes_read += len(data)
 
@@ -204,8 +253,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             except (IOError, zlib.error) as e:
                 raise DecodeError(
                     "Received response with content-encoding: %s, but "
-                    "failed to decode it." % content_encoding,
-                    e)
+                    "failed to decode it." % content_encoding, e)
 
             if flush_decoder and decode_content and self._decoder:
                 buf = self._decoder.decompress(binary_type())
@@ -236,12 +284,15 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
             'content-encoding' header.
         """
-        while not is_fp_closed(self._fp):
-            data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
-
-            if data:
-                yield data
+        if self.chunked:
+            for line in self.read_chunked(amt):
+                yield line
+        else:
+            while not is_fp_closed(self._fp):
+                data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
 
+                if data:
+                    yield data
 
     @classmethod
     def from_httplib(ResponseCls, r, **response_kw):
@@ -252,14 +303,16 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         Remaining parameters are passed to the HTTPResponse constructor, along
         with ``original_response=r``.
         """
-
-        headers = HTTPHeaderDict()
-        for k, v in r.getheaders():
-            headers.add(k, v)
+        headers = r.msg
+        if not isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            if PY3: # Python 3
+                headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers.items())
+            else: # Python 2
+                headers = HTTPHeaderDict.from_httplib(headers)
 
         # HTTPResponse objects in Python 3 don't have a .strict attribute
         strict = getattr(r, 'strict', 0)
-        return ResponseCls(body=r,
+        resp = ResponseCls(body=r,
                            headers=headers,
                            status=r.status,
                            version=r.version,
@@ -267,6 +320,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
                            strict=strict,
                            original_response=r,
                            **response_kw)
+        return resp
 
     # Backwards-compatibility methods for httplib.HTTPResponse
     def getheaders(self):
@@ -297,7 +351,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         elif hasattr(self._fp, "fileno"):
             return self._fp.fileno()
         else:
-            raise IOError("The file-like object  this HTTPResponse is wrapped "
+            raise IOError("The file-like object this HTTPResponse is wrapped "
                           "around has no file descriptor")
 
     def flush(self):
@@ -305,4 +359,70 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             return self._fp.flush()
 
     def readable(self):
+        # This method is required for `io` module compatibility.
         return True
+
+    def readinto(self, b):
+        # This method is required for `io` module compatibility.
+        temp = self.read(len(b))
+        if len(temp) == 0:
+            return 0
+        else:
+            b[:len(temp)] = temp
+            return len(temp)
+
+    def read_chunked(self, amt=None):
+        # FIXME: Rewrite this method and make it a class with
+        #        a better structured logic.
+        if not self.chunked:
+            raise ResponseNotChunked("Response is not chunked. "
+                "Header 'transfer-encoding: chunked' is missing.")
+        while True:
+            # First, we'll figure out length of a chunk and then
+            # we'll try to read it from socket.
+            if self.chunk_left is None:
+                line = self._fp.fp.readline()
+                line = line.decode()
+                # See RFC 7230: Chunked Transfer Coding.
+                i = line.find(';')
+                if i >= 0:
+                    line = line[:i]  # Strip chunk-extensions.
+                try:
+                    self.chunk_left = int(line, 16)
+                except ValueError:
+                    # Invalid chunked protocol response, abort.
+                    self.close()
+                    raise httplib.IncompleteRead(''.join(line))
+                if self.chunk_left == 0:
+                    break
+            if amt is None:
+                chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)
+                yield chunk
+                self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+                self.chunk_left = None
+            elif amt < self.chunk_left:
+                value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)
+                self.chunk_left = self.chunk_left - amt
+                yield value
+            elif amt == self.chunk_left:
+                value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)
+                self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+                self.chunk_left = None
+                yield value
+            else:  # amt > self.chunk_left
+                yield self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)
+                self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+                self.chunk_left = None
+
+        # Chunk content ends with \r\n: discard it.
+        while True:
+            line = self._fp.fp.readline()
+            if not line:
+                # Some sites may not end with '\r\n'.
+                break
+            if line == b'\r\n':
+                break
+
+        # We read everything; close the "file".
+        self.release_conn()
+

requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py

@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-# urllib3/util/__init__.py
-# Copyright 2008-2014 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
+# For backwards compatibility, provide imports that used to be here.
 from .connection import is_connection_dropped
 from .request import make_headers
 from .response import is_fp_closed
@@ -19,6 +14,8 @@ from .timeout import (
     current_time,
     Timeout,
 )
+
+from .retry import Retry
 from .url import (
     get_host,
     parse_url,

requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from socket import error as SocketError
+import socket
 try:
     from select import poll, POLLIN
 except ImportError:  # `poll` doesn't exist on OSX and other platforms
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ except ImportError:  # `poll` doesn't exist on OSX and other platforms
     except ImportError:  # `select` doesn't exist on AppEngine.
         select = False
 
+
 def is_connection_dropped(conn):  # Platform-specific
     """
     Returns True if the connection is dropped and should be closed.
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ def is_connection_dropped(conn):  # Platform-specific
     if sock is False:  # Platform-specific: AppEngine
         return False
     if sock is None:  # Connection already closed (such as by httplib).
-        return False
+        return True
 
     if not poll:
         if not select:  # Platform-specific: AppEngine
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ def is_connection_dropped(conn):  # Platform-specific
 
         try:
             return select([sock], [], [], 0.0)[0]
-        except SocketError:
+        except socket.error:
             return True
 
     # This version is better on platforms that support it.
@@ -42,4 +43,56 @@ def is_connection_dropped(conn):  # Platform-specific
             return True
 
 
+# This function is copied from socket.py in the Python 2.7 standard
+# library test suite. Added to its signature is only `socket_options`.
+def create_connection(address, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+                      source_address=None, socket_options=None):
+    """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
 
+    Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
+    port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
+    *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
+    before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
+    global default timeout setting returned by :func:`getdefaulttimeout`
+    is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
+    for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
+    An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
+    """
+
+    host, port = address
+    err = None
+    for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
+        af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
+        sock = None
+        try:
+            sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
+
+            # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
+            # This is the only addition urllib3 makes to this function.
+            _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
+
+            if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                sock.settimeout(timeout)
+            if source_address:
+                sock.bind(source_address)
+            sock.connect(sa)
+            return sock
+
+        except socket.error as _:
+            err = _
+            if sock is not None:
+                sock.close()
+                sock = None
+
+    if err is not None:
+        raise err
+    else:
+        raise socket.error("getaddrinfo returns an empty list")
+
+
+def _set_socket_options(sock, options):
+    if options is None:
+        return
+
+    for opt in options:
+        sock.setsockopt(*opt)

requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 from base64 import b64encode
 
-from ..packages import six
-
+from ..packages.six import b
 
 ACCEPT_ENCODING = 'gzip,deflate'
 
 
 def make_headers(keep_alive=None, accept_encoding=None, user_agent=None,
-                 basic_auth=None, proxy_basic_auth=None):
+                 basic_auth=None, proxy_basic_auth=None, disable_cache=None):
     """
     Shortcuts for generating request headers.
 
@@ -32,7 +31,10 @@ def make_headers(keep_alive=None, accept_encoding=None, user_agent=None,
         Colon-separated username:password string for 'proxy-authorization: basic ...'
         auth header.
 
-    Example: ::
+    :param disable_cache:
+        If ``True``, adds 'cache-control: no-cache' header.
+
+    Example::
 
         >>> make_headers(keep_alive=True, user_agent="Batman/1.0")
         {'connection': 'keep-alive', 'user-agent': 'Batman/1.0'}
@@ -57,12 +59,13 @@ def make_headers(keep_alive=None, accept_encoding=None, user_agent=None,
 
     if basic_auth:
         headers['authorization'] = 'Basic ' + \
-            b64encode(six.b(basic_auth)).decode('utf-8')
+            b64encode(b(basic_auth)).decode('utf-8')
 
     if proxy_basic_auth:
         headers['proxy-authorization'] = 'Basic ' + \
-            b64encode(six.b(proxy_basic_auth)).decode('utf-8')
+            b64encode(b(proxy_basic_auth)).decode('utf-8')
+
+    if disable_cache:
+        headers['cache-control'] = 'no-cache'
 
     return headers
-
-

requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py

@@ -5,9 +5,18 @@ def is_fp_closed(obj):
     :param obj:
         The file-like object to check.
     """
-    if hasattr(obj, 'fp'):
-        # Object is a container for another file-like object that gets released
-        # on exhaustion (e.g. HTTPResponse)
-        return obj.fp is None
 
-    return obj.closed
+    try:
+        # Check via the official file-like-object way.
+        return obj.closed
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        # Check if the object is a container for another file-like object that
+        # gets released on exhaustion (e.g. HTTPResponse).
+        return obj.fp is None
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    raise ValueError("Unable to determine whether fp is closed.")

requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+import time
+import logging
+
+from ..exceptions import (
+    ConnectTimeoutError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    ResponseError,
+)
+from ..packages import six
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Retry(object):
+    """ Retry configuration.
+
+    Each retry attempt will create a new Retry object with updated values, so
+    they can be safely reused.
+
+    Retries can be defined as a default for a pool::
+
+        retries = Retry(connect=5, read=2, redirect=5)
+        http = PoolManager(retries=retries)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/')
+
+    Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool)::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', retries=Retry(10))
+
+    Retries can be disabled by passing ``False``::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', retries=False)
+
+    Errors will be wrapped in :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` unless
+    retries are disabled, in which case the causing exception will be raised.
+
+    :param int total:
+        Total number of retries to allow. Takes precedence over other counts.
+
+        Set to ``None`` to remove this constraint and fall back on other
+        counts. It's a good idea to set this to some sensibly-high value to
+        account for unexpected edge cases and avoid infinite retry loops.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry.
+
+        Set to ``False`` to disable and imply ``raise_on_redirect=False``.
+
+    :param int connect:
+        How many connection-related errors to retry on.
+
+        These are errors raised before the request is sent to the remote server,
+        which we assume has not triggered the server to process the request.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int read:
+        How many times to retry on read errors.
+
+        These errors are raised after the request was sent to the server, so the
+        request may have side-effects.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int redirect:
+        How many redirects to perform. Limit this to avoid infinite redirect
+        loops.
+
+        A redirect is a HTTP response with a status code 301, 302, 303, 307 or
+        308.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+        Set to ``False`` to disable and imply ``raise_on_redirect=False``.
+
+    :param iterable method_whitelist:
+        Set of uppercased HTTP method verbs that we should retry on.
+
+        By default, we only retry on methods which are considered to be
+        indempotent (multiple requests with the same parameters end with the
+        same state). See :attr:`Retry.DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST`.
+
+    :param iterable status_forcelist:
+        A set of HTTP status codes that we should force a retry on.
+
+        By default, this is disabled with ``None``.
+
+    :param float backoff_factor:
+        A backoff factor to apply between attempts. urllib3 will sleep for::
+
+            {backoff factor} * (2 ^ ({number of total retries} - 1))
+
+        seconds. If the backoff_factor is 0.1, then :func:`.sleep` will sleep
+        for [0.1s, 0.2s, 0.4s, ...] between retries. It will never be longer
+        than :attr:`Retry.MAX_BACKOFF`.
+
+        By default, backoff is disabled (set to 0).
+
+    :param bool raise_on_redirect: Whether, if the number of redirects is
+        exhausted, to raise a MaxRetryError, or to return a response with a
+        response code in the 3xx range.
+    """
+
+    DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST = frozenset([
+        'HEAD', 'GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE', 'OPTIONS', 'TRACE'])
+
+    #: Maximum backoff time.
+    BACKOFF_MAX = 120
+
+    def __init__(self, total=10, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None,
+                 method_whitelist=DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST, status_forcelist=None,
+                 backoff_factor=0, raise_on_redirect=True, _observed_errors=0):
+
+        self.total = total
+        self.connect = connect
+        self.read = read
+
+        if redirect is False or total is False:
+            redirect = 0
+            raise_on_redirect = False
+
+        self.redirect = redirect
+        self.status_forcelist = status_forcelist or set()
+        self.method_whitelist = method_whitelist
+        self.backoff_factor = backoff_factor
+        self.raise_on_redirect = raise_on_redirect
+        self._observed_errors = _observed_errors # TODO: use .history instead?
+
+    def new(self, **kw):
+        params = dict(
+            total=self.total,
+            connect=self.connect, read=self.read, redirect=self.redirect,
+            method_whitelist=self.method_whitelist,
+            status_forcelist=self.status_forcelist,
+            backoff_factor=self.backoff_factor,
+            raise_on_redirect=self.raise_on_redirect,
+            _observed_errors=self._observed_errors,
+        )
+        params.update(kw)
+        return type(self)(**params)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_int(cls, retries, redirect=True, default=None):
+        """ Backwards-compatibility for the old retries format."""
+        if retries is None:
+            retries = default if default is not None else cls.DEFAULT
+
+        if isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            return retries
+
+        redirect = bool(redirect) and None
+        new_retries = cls(retries, redirect=redirect)
+        log.debug("Converted retries value: %r -> %r" % (retries, new_retries))
+        return new_retries
+
+    def get_backoff_time(self):
+        """ Formula for computing the current backoff
+
+        :rtype: float
+        """
+        if self._observed_errors <= 1:
+            return 0
+
+        backoff_value = self.backoff_factor * (2 ** (self._observed_errors - 1))
+        return min(self.BACKOFF_MAX, backoff_value)
+
+    def sleep(self):
+        """ Sleep between retry attempts using an exponential backoff.
+
+        By default, the backoff factor is 0 and this method will return
+        immediately.
+        """
+        backoff = self.get_backoff_time()
+        if backoff <= 0:
+            return
+        time.sleep(backoff)
+
+    def _is_connection_error(self, err):
+        """ Errors when we're fairly sure that the server did not receive the
+        request, so it should be safe to retry.
+        """
+        return isinstance(err, ConnectTimeoutError)
+
+    def _is_read_error(self, err):
+        """ Errors that occur after the request has been started, so we should
+        assume that the server began processing it.
+        """
+        return isinstance(err, (ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError))
+
+    def is_forced_retry(self, method, status_code):
+        """ Is this method/status code retryable? (Based on method/codes whitelists)
+        """
+        if self.method_whitelist and method.upper() not in self.method_whitelist:
+            return False
+
+        return self.status_forcelist and status_code in self.status_forcelist
+
+    def is_exhausted(self):
+        """ Are we out of retries? """
+        retry_counts = (self.total, self.connect, self.read, self.redirect)
+        retry_counts = list(filter(None, retry_counts))
+        if not retry_counts:
+            return False
+
+        return min(retry_counts) < 0
+
+    def increment(self, method=None, url=None, response=None, error=None, _pool=None, _stacktrace=None):
+        """ Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.
+
+        :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not
+            return a response.
+        :type response: :class:`~urllib3.response.HTTPResponse`
+        :param Exception error: An error encountered during the request, or
+            None if the response was received successfully.
+
+        :return: A new ``Retry`` object.
+        """
+        if self.total is False and error:
+            # Disabled, indicate to re-raise the error.
+            raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+
+        total = self.total
+        if total is not None:
+            total -= 1
+
+        _observed_errors = self._observed_errors
+        connect = self.connect
+        read = self.read
+        redirect = self.redirect
+        cause = 'unknown'
+
+        if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
+            # Connect retry?
+            if connect is False:
+                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+            elif connect is not None:
+                connect -= 1
+            _observed_errors += 1
+
+        elif error and self._is_read_error(error):
+            # Read retry?
+            if read is False:
+                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+            elif read is not None:
+                read -= 1
+            _observed_errors += 1
+
+        elif response and response.get_redirect_location():
+            # Redirect retry?
+            if redirect is not None:
+                redirect -= 1
+            cause = 'too many redirects'
+
+        else:
+            # Incrementing because of a server error like a 500 in
+            # status_forcelist and a the given method is in the whitelist
+            _observed_errors += 1
+            cause = ResponseError.GENERIC_ERROR
+            if response and response.status:
+                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(
+                    status_code=response.status)
+
+        new_retry = self.new(
+            total=total,
+            connect=connect, read=read, redirect=redirect,
+            _observed_errors=_observed_errors)
+
+        if new_retry.is_exhausted():
+            raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
+
+        log.debug("Incremented Retry for (url='%s'): %r" % (url, new_retry))
+
+        return new_retry
+
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return ('{cls.__name__}(total={self.total}, connect={self.connect}, '
+                'read={self.read}, redirect={self.redirect})').format(
+                    cls=type(self), self=self)
+
+
+# For backwards compatibility (equivalent to pre-v1.9):
+Retry.DEFAULT = Retry(3)

requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py

@@ -1,21 +1,107 @@
 from binascii import hexlify, unhexlify
-from hashlib import md5, sha1
+from hashlib import md5, sha1, sha256
 
-from ..exceptions import SSLError
+from ..exceptions import SSLError, InsecurePlatformWarning
 
 
+SSLContext = None
+HAS_SNI = False
+create_default_context = None
+
+import errno
+import warnings
+
 try:  # Test for SSL features
-    SSLContext = None
-    HAS_SNI = False
-
     import ssl
     from ssl import wrap_socket, CERT_NONE, PROTOCOL_SSLv23
-    from ssl import SSLContext  # Modern SSL?
     from ssl import HAS_SNI  # Has SNI?
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
 
+try:
+    from ssl import OP_NO_SSLv2, OP_NO_SSLv3, OP_NO_COMPRESSION
+except ImportError:
+    OP_NO_SSLv2, OP_NO_SSLv3 = 0x1000000, 0x2000000
+    OP_NO_COMPRESSION = 0x20000
+
+# A secure default.
+# Sources for more information on TLS ciphers:
+#
+# - https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server_Side_TLS
+# - https://www.ssllabs.com/projects/best-practices/index.html
+# - https://hynek.me/articles/hardening-your-web-servers-ssl-ciphers/
+#
+# The general intent is:
+# - Prefer cipher suites that offer perfect forward secrecy (DHE/ECDHE),
+# - prefer ECDHE over DHE for better performance,
+# - prefer any AES-GCM over any AES-CBC for better performance and security,
+# - use 3DES as fallback which is secure but slow,
+# - disable NULL authentication, MD5 MACs and DSS for security reasons.
+DEFAULT_CIPHERS = (
+    'ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:ECDH+HIGH:'
+    'DH+HIGH:ECDH+3DES:DH+3DES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:RSA+HIGH:RSA+3DES:!aNULL:'
+    '!eNULL:!MD5'
+)
+
+try:
+    from ssl import SSLContext  # Modern SSL?
+except ImportError:
+    import sys
+
+    class SSLContext(object):  # Platform-specific: Python 2 & 3.1
+        supports_set_ciphers = ((2, 7) <= sys.version_info < (3,) or
+                                (3, 2) <= sys.version_info)
+
+        def __init__(self, protocol_version):
+            self.protocol = protocol_version
+            # Use default values from a real SSLContext
+            self.check_hostname = False
+            self.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+            self.ca_certs = None
+            self.options = 0
+            self.certfile = None
+            self.keyfile = None
+            self.ciphers = None
+
+        def load_cert_chain(self, certfile, keyfile):
+            self.certfile = certfile
+            self.keyfile = keyfile
+
+        def load_verify_locations(self, location):
+            self.ca_certs = location
+
+        def set_ciphers(self, cipher_suite):
+            if not self.supports_set_ciphers:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    'Your version of Python does not support setting '
+                    'a custom cipher suite. Please upgrade to Python '
+                    '2.7, 3.2, or later if you need this functionality.'
+                )
+            self.ciphers = cipher_suite
+
+        def wrap_socket(self, socket, server_hostname=None):
+            warnings.warn(
+                'A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents '
+                'urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause '
+                'certain SSL connections to fail. For more information, see '
+                'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html'
+                '#insecureplatformwarning.',
+                InsecurePlatformWarning
+            )
+            kwargs = {
+                'keyfile': self.keyfile,
+                'certfile': self.certfile,
+                'ca_certs': self.ca_certs,
+                'cert_reqs': self.verify_mode,
+                'ssl_version': self.protocol,
+            }
+            if self.supports_set_ciphers:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.7+
+                return wrap_socket(socket, ciphers=self.ciphers, **kwargs)
+            else:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
+                return wrap_socket(socket, **kwargs)
+
+
 def assert_fingerprint(cert, fingerprint):
     """
     Checks if given fingerprint matches the supplied certificate.
@@ -30,14 +116,14 @@ def assert_fingerprint(cert, fingerprint):
     # this digest.
     hashfunc_map = {
         16: md5,
-        20: sha1
+        20: sha1,
+        32: sha256,
     }
 
     fingerprint = fingerprint.replace(':', '').lower()
+    digest_length, odd = divmod(len(fingerprint), 2)
 
-    digest_length, rest = divmod(len(fingerprint), 2)
-
-    if rest or digest_length not in hashfunc_map:
+    if odd or digest_length not in hashfunc_map:
         raise SSLError('Fingerprint is of invalid length.')
 
     # We need encode() here for py32; works on py2 and p33.
@@ -92,42 +178,103 @@ def resolve_ssl_version(candidate):
     return candidate
 
 
-if SSLContext is not None:  # Python 3.2+
-    def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
-                        ca_certs=None, server_hostname=None,
-                        ssl_version=None):
-        """
-        All arguments except `server_hostname` have the same meaning as for
-        :func:`ssl.wrap_socket`
+def create_urllib3_context(ssl_version=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                           options=None, ciphers=None):
+    """All arguments have the same meaning as ``ssl_wrap_socket``.
 
-        :param server_hostname:
-            Hostname of the expected certificate
-        """
-        context = SSLContext(ssl_version)
-        context.verify_mode = cert_reqs
+    By default, this function does a lot of the same work that
+    ``ssl.create_default_context`` does on Python 3.4+. It:
 
-        # Disable TLS compression to migitate CRIME attack (issue #309)
-        OP_NO_COMPRESSION = 0x20000
-        context.options |= OP_NO_COMPRESSION
+    - Disables SSLv2, SSLv3, and compression
+    - Sets a restricted set of server ciphers
 
-        if ca_certs:
-            try:
-                context.load_verify_locations(ca_certs)
-            # Py32 raises IOError
-            # Py33 raises FileNotFoundError
-            except Exception as e:  # Reraise as SSLError
+    If you wish to enable SSLv3, you can do::
+
+        from urllib3.util import ssl_
+        context = ssl_.create_urllib3_context()
+        context.options &= ~ssl_.OP_NO_SSLv3
+
+    You can do the same to enable compression (substituting ``COMPRESSION``
+    for ``SSLv3`` in the last line above).
+
+    :param ssl_version:
+        The desired protocol version to use. This will default to
+        PROTOCOL_SSLv23 which will negotiate the highest protocol that both
+        the server and your installation of OpenSSL support.
+    :param cert_reqs:
+        Whether to require the certificate verification. This defaults to
+        ``ssl.CERT_REQUIRED``.
+    :param options:
+        Specific OpenSSL options. These default to ``ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2``,
+        ``ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3``, ``ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION``.
+    :param ciphers:
+        Which cipher suites to allow the server to select.
+    :returns:
+        Constructed SSLContext object with specified options
+    :rtype: SSLContext
+    """
+    context = SSLContext(ssl_version or ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
+
+    # Setting the default here, as we may have no ssl module on import
+    cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED if cert_reqs is None else cert_reqs
+
+    if options is None:
+        options = 0
+        # SSLv2 is easily broken and is considered harmful and dangerous
+        options |= OP_NO_SSLv2
+        # SSLv3 has several problems and is now dangerous
+        options |= OP_NO_SSLv3
+        # Disable compression to prevent CRIME attacks for OpenSSL 1.0+
+        # (issue #309)
+        options |= OP_NO_COMPRESSION
+
+    context.options |= options
+
+    if getattr(context, 'supports_set_ciphers', True):  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
+        context.set_ciphers(ciphers or DEFAULT_CIPHERS)
+
+    context.verify_mode = cert_reqs
+    if getattr(context, 'check_hostname', None) is not None:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.2
+        # We do our own verification, including fingerprints and alternative
+        # hostnames. So disable it here
+        context.check_hostname = False
+    return context
+
+
+def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                    ca_certs=None, server_hostname=None,
+                    ssl_version=None, ciphers=None, ssl_context=None):
+    """
+    All arguments except for server_hostname and ssl_context have the same
+    meaning as they do when using :func:`ssl.wrap_socket`.
+
+    :param server_hostname:
+        When SNI is supported, the expected hostname of the certificate
+    :param ssl_context:
+        A pre-made :class:`SSLContext` object. If none is provided, one will
+        be created using :func:`create_urllib3_context`.
+    :param ciphers:
+        A string of ciphers we wish the client to support. This is not
+        supported on Python 2.6 as the ssl module does not support it.
+    """
+    context = ssl_context
+    if context is None:
+        context = create_urllib3_context(ssl_version, cert_reqs,
+                                         ciphers=ciphers)
+
+    if ca_certs:
+        try:
+            context.load_verify_locations(ca_certs)
+        except IOError as e:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.2
+            raise SSLError(e)
+        # Py33 raises FileNotFoundError which subclasses OSError
+        # These are not equivalent unless we check the errno attribute
+        except OSError as e:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.3 and beyond
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
                 raise SSLError(e)
-        if certfile:
-            # FIXME: This block needs a test.
-            context.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile)
-        if HAS_SNI:  # Platform-specific: OpenSSL with enabled SNI
-            return context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
-        return context.wrap_socket(sock)
-
-else:  # Python 3.1 and earlier
-    def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
-                        ca_certs=None, server_hostname=None,
-                        ssl_version=None):
-        return wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=keyfile, certfile=certfile,
-                           ca_certs=ca_certs, cert_reqs=cert_reqs,
-                           ssl_version=ssl_version)
+            raise
+    if certfile:
+        context.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile)
+    if HAS_SNI:  # Platform-specific: OpenSSL with enabled SNI
+        return context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
+    return context.wrap_socket(sock)

requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py

@@ -1,32 +1,49 @@
+# The default socket timeout, used by httplib to indicate that no timeout was
+# specified by the user
 from socket import _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
 import time
 
 from ..exceptions import TimeoutStateError
 
+# A sentinel value to indicate that no timeout was specified by the user in
+# urllib3
+_Default = object()
 
 def current_time():
     """
-    Retrieve the current time, this function is mocked out in unit testing.
+    Retrieve the current time. This function is mocked out in unit testing.
     """
     return time.time()
 
 
-_Default = object()
-# The default timeout to use for socket connections. This is the attribute used
-# by httplib to define the default timeout
-
-
 class Timeout(object):
-    """
-    Utility object for storing timeout values.
+    """ Timeout configuration.
 
-    Example usage:
+    Timeouts can be defined as a default for a pool::
 
-    .. code-block:: python
+        timeout = Timeout(connect=2.0, read=7.0)
+        http = PoolManager(timeout=timeout)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/')
 
-        timeout = urllib3.util.Timeout(connect=2.0, read=7.0)
-        pool = HTTPConnectionPool('www.google.com', 80, timeout=timeout)
-        pool.request(...) # Etc, etc
+    Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool)::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', timeout=Timeout(10))
+
+    Timeouts can be disabled by setting all the parameters to ``None``::
+
+        no_timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/, timeout=no_timeout)
+
+
+    :param total:
+        This combines the connect and read timeouts into one; the read timeout
+        will be set to the time leftover from the connect attempt. In the
+        event that both a connect timeout and a total are specified, or a read
+        timeout and a total are specified, the shorter timeout will be applied.
+
+        Defaults to None.
+
+    :type total: integer, float, or None
 
     :param connect:
         The maximum amount of time to wait for a connection attempt to a server
@@ -47,25 +64,15 @@ class Timeout(object):
 
     :type read: integer, float, or None
 
-    :param total:
-        This combines the connect and read timeouts into one; the read timeout
-        will be set to the time leftover from the connect attempt. In the
-        event that both a connect timeout and a total are specified, or a read
-        timeout and a total are specified, the shorter timeout will be applied.
-
-        Defaults to None.
-
-    :type total: integer, float, or None
-
     .. note::
 
         Many factors can affect the total amount of time for urllib3 to return
-        an HTTP response. Specifically, Python's DNS resolver does not obey the
-        timeout specified on the socket. Other factors that can affect total
-        request time include high CPU load, high swap, the program running at a
-        low priority level, or other behaviors. The observed running time for
-        urllib3 to return a response may be greater than the value passed to
-        `total`.
+        an HTTP response.
+
+        For example, Python's DNS resolver does not obey the timeout specified
+        on the socket. Other factors that can affect total request time include
+        high CPU load, high swap, the program running at a low priority level,
+        or other behaviors.
 
         In addition, the read and total timeouts only measure the time between
         read operations on the socket connecting the client and the server,
@@ -73,8 +80,8 @@ class Timeout(object):
         response. For most requests, the timeout is raised because the server
         has not sent the first byte in the specified time. This is not always
         the case; if a server streams one byte every fifteen seconds, a timeout
-        of 20 seconds will not ever trigger, even though the request will
-        take several minutes to complete.
+        of 20 seconds will not trigger, even though the request will take
+        several minutes to complete.
 
         If your goal is to cut off any request after a set amount of wall clock
         time, consider having a second "watcher" thread to cut off a slow
@@ -94,17 +101,16 @@ class Timeout(object):
         return '%s(connect=%r, read=%r, total=%r)' % (
             type(self).__name__, self._connect, self._read, self.total)
 
-
     @classmethod
     def _validate_timeout(cls, value, name):
-        """ Check that a timeout attribute is valid
+        """ Check that a timeout attribute is valid.
 
         :param value: The timeout value to validate
-        :param name: The name of the timeout attribute to validate. This is used
-            for clear error messages
-        :return: the value
-        :raises ValueError: if the type is not an integer or a float, or if it
-            is a numeric value less than zero
+        :param name: The name of the timeout attribute to validate. This is
+            used to specify in error messages.
+        :return: The validated and casted version of the given value.
+        :raises ValueError: If the type is not an integer or a float, or if it
+            is a numeric value less than zero.
         """
         if value is _Default:
             return cls.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
@@ -123,7 +129,7 @@ class Timeout(object):
                 raise ValueError("Attempted to set %s timeout to %s, but the "
                                  "timeout cannot be set to a value less "
                                  "than 0." % (name, value))
-        except TypeError: # Python 3
+        except TypeError:  # Python 3
             raise ValueError("Timeout value %s was %s, but it must be an "
                              "int or float." % (name, value))
 
@@ -135,12 +141,12 @@ class Timeout(object):
 
         The timeout value used by httplib.py sets the same timeout on the
         connect(), and recv() socket requests. This creates a :class:`Timeout`
-        object that sets the individual timeouts to the ``timeout`` value passed
-        to this function.
+        object that sets the individual timeouts to the ``timeout`` value
+        passed to this function.
 
-        :param timeout: The legacy timeout value
+        :param timeout: The legacy timeout value.
         :type timeout: integer, float, sentinel default object, or None
-        :return: a Timeout object
+        :return: Timeout object
         :rtype: :class:`Timeout`
         """
         return Timeout(read=timeout, connect=timeout)
@@ -174,7 +180,7 @@ class Timeout(object):
     def get_connect_duration(self):
         """ Gets the time elapsed since the call to :meth:`start_connect`.
 
-        :return: the elapsed time
+        :return: Elapsed time.
         :rtype: float
         :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: if you attempt
             to get duration for a timer that hasn't been started.
@@ -191,7 +197,7 @@ class Timeout(object):
         This will be a positive float or integer, the value None
         (never timeout), or the default system timeout.
 
-        :return: the connect timeout
+        :return: Connect timeout.
         :rtype: int, float, :attr:`Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` or None
         """
         if self.total is None:
@@ -214,7 +220,7 @@ class Timeout(object):
         established, a :exc:`~urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError` will be
         raised.
 
-        :return: the value to use for the read timeout
+        :return: Value to use for the read timeout.
         :rtype: int, float, :attr:`Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` or None
         :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: If :meth:`start_connect`
             has not yet been called on this object.
@@ -223,7 +229,7 @@ class Timeout(object):
             self.total is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT and
             self._read is not None and
             self._read is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
-            # in case the connect timeout has not yet been established.
+            # In case the connect timeout has not yet been established.
             if self._start_connect is None:
                 return self._read
             return max(0, min(self.total - self.get_connect_duration(),

requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py

@@ -3,15 +3,20 @@ from collections import namedtuple
 from ..exceptions import LocationParseError
 
 
-class Url(namedtuple('Url', ['scheme', 'auth', 'host', 'port', 'path', 'query', 'fragment'])):
+url_attrs = ['scheme', 'auth', 'host', 'port', 'path', 'query', 'fragment']
+
+
+class Url(namedtuple('Url', url_attrs)):
     """
     Datastructure for representing an HTTP URL. Used as a return value for
     :func:`parse_url`.
     """
     slots = ()
 
-    def __new__(cls, scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path=None, query=None, fragment=None):
-        return super(Url, cls).__new__(cls, scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment)
+    def __new__(cls, scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path=None,
+                query=None, fragment=None):
+        return super(Url, cls).__new__(cls, scheme, auth, host, port, path,
+                                       query, fragment)
 
     @property
     def hostname(self):
@@ -35,6 +40,48 @@ class Url(namedtuple('Url', ['scheme', 'auth', 'host', 'port', 'path', 'query',
             return '%s:%d' % (self.host, self.port)
         return self.host
 
+    @property
+    def url(self):
+        """
+        Convert self into a url
+
+        This function should more or less round-trip with :func:`.parse_url`. The
+        returned url may not be exactly the same as the url inputted to
+        :func:`.parse_url`, but it should be equivalent by the RFC (e.g., urls
+        with a blank port will have : removed).
+
+        Example: ::
+
+            >>> U = parse_url('http://google.com/mail/')
+            >>> U.url
+            'http://google.com/mail/'
+            >>> Url('http', 'username:password', 'host.com', 80,
+            ... '/path', 'query', 'fragment').url
+            'http://username:password@host.com:80/path?query#fragment'
+        """
+        scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = self
+        url = ''
+
+        # We use "is not None" we want things to happen with empty strings (or 0 port)
+        if scheme is not None:
+            url += scheme + '://'
+        if auth is not None:
+            url += auth + '@'
+        if host is not None:
+            url += host
+        if port is not None:
+            url += ':' + str(port)
+        if path is not None:
+            url += path
+        if query is not None:
+            url += '?' + query
+        if fragment is not None:
+            url += '#' + fragment
+
+        return url
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.url
 
 def split_first(s, delims):
     """
@@ -43,7 +90,7 @@ def split_first(s, delims):
 
     If not found, then the first part is the full input string.
 
-    Example: ::
+    Example::
 
         >>> split_first('foo/bar?baz', '?/=')
         ('foo', 'bar?baz', '/')
@@ -76,10 +123,10 @@ def parse_url(url):
 
     Partly backwards-compatible with :mod:`urlparse`.
 
-    Example: ::
+    Example::
 
         >>> parse_url('http://google.com/mail/')
-        Url(scheme='http', host='google.com', port=None, path='/', ...)
+        Url(scheme='http', host='google.com', port=None, path='/mail/', ...)
         >>> parse_url('google.com:80')
         Url(scheme=None, host='google.com', port=80, path=None, ...)
         >>> parse_url('/foo?bar')
@@ -91,6 +138,10 @@ def parse_url(url):
     # Additionally, this implementations does silly things to be optimal
     # on CPython.
 
+    if not url:
+        # Empty
+        return Url()
+
     scheme = None
     auth = None
     host = None
@@ -153,7 +204,6 @@ def parse_url(url):
 
     return Url(scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment)
 
-
 def get_host(url):
     """
     Deprecated. Use :func:`.parse_url` instead.

requests/sessions.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from collections import Mapping
 from datetime import datetime
 
 from .auth import _basic_auth_str
-from .compat import cookielib, OrderedDict, urljoin, urlparse, builtin_str
+from .compat import cookielib, OrderedDict, urljoin, urlparse
 from .cookies import (
     cookiejar_from_dict, extract_cookies_to_jar, RequestsCookieJar, merge_cookies)
 from .models import Request, PreparedRequest, DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ from .hooks import default_hooks, dispatch_hook
 from .utils import to_key_val_list, default_headers, to_native_string
 from .exceptions import (
     TooManyRedirects, InvalidSchema, ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError)
+from .packages.urllib3._collections import RecentlyUsedContainer
 from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
 
 from .adapters import HTTPAdapter
@@ -35,6 +36,8 @@ from .status_codes import codes
 # formerly defined here, reexposed here for backward compatibility
 from .models import REDIRECT_STATI
 
+REDIRECT_CACHE_SIZE = 1000
+
 
 def merge_setting(request_setting, session_setting, dict_class=OrderedDict):
     """
@@ -87,14 +90,21 @@ def merge_hooks(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class=OrderedDict):
 
 class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
     def resolve_redirects(self, resp, req, stream=False, timeout=None,
-                          verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None):
+                          verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None, **adapter_kwargs):
         """Receives a Response. Returns a generator of Responses."""
 
         i = 0
+        hist = [] # keep track of history
 
         while resp.is_redirect:
             prepared_request = req.copy()
 
+            if i > 0:
+                # Update history and keep track of redirects.
+                hist.append(resp)
+                new_hist = list(hist)
+                resp.history = new_hist
+
             try:
                 resp.content  # Consume socket so it can be released
             except (ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError, RuntimeError):
@@ -118,17 +128,20 @@ class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
             parsed = urlparse(url)
             url = parsed.geturl()
 
-            # Facilitate non-RFC2616-compliant 'location' headers
+            # Facilitate relative 'location' headers, as allowed by RFC 7231.
             # (e.g. '/path/to/resource' instead of 'http://domain.tld/path/to/resource')
             # Compliant with RFC3986, we percent encode the url.
-            if not urlparse(url).netloc:
+            if not parsed.netloc:
                 url = urljoin(resp.url, requote_uri(url))
             else:
                 url = requote_uri(url)
 
             prepared_request.url = to_native_string(url)
+            # Cache the url, unless it redirects to itself.
+            if resp.is_permanent_redirect and req.url != prepared_request.url:
+                self.redirect_cache[req.url] = prepared_request.url
 
-            # http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.4
+            # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.4
             if (resp.status_code == codes.see_other and
                     method != 'HEAD'):
                 method = 'GET'
@@ -146,7 +159,7 @@ class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
             prepared_request.method = method
 
             # https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/1084
-            if resp.status_code not in (codes.temporary, codes.resume):
+            if resp.status_code not in (codes.temporary_redirect, codes.permanent_redirect):
                 if 'Content-Length' in prepared_request.headers:
                     del prepared_request.headers['Content-Length']
 
@@ -158,7 +171,10 @@ class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
             except KeyError:
                 pass
 
-            extract_cookies_to_jar(prepared_request._cookies, prepared_request, resp.raw)
+            # Extract any cookies sent on the response to the cookiejar
+            # in the new request. Because we've mutated our copied prepared
+            # request, use the old one that we haven't yet touched.
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(prepared_request._cookies, req, resp.raw)
             prepared_request._cookies.update(self.cookies)
             prepared_request.prepare_cookies(prepared_request._cookies)
 
@@ -177,6 +193,7 @@ class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
                 cert=cert,
                 proxies=proxies,
                 allow_redirects=False,
+                **adapter_kwargs
             )
 
             extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, prepared_request, resp.raw)
@@ -261,9 +278,10 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
     """
 
     __attrs__ = [
-        'headers', 'cookies', 'auth', 'timeout', 'proxies', 'hooks',
-        'params', 'verify', 'cert', 'prefetch', 'adapters', 'stream',
-        'trust_env', 'max_redirects']
+        'headers', 'cookies', 'auth', 'proxies', 'hooks', 'params', 'verify',
+        'cert', 'prefetch', 'adapters', 'stream', 'trust_env',
+        'max_redirects',
+    ]
 
     def __init__(self):
 
@@ -316,6 +334,9 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         self.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter())
         self.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter())
 
+        # Only store 1000 redirects to prevent using infinite memory
+        self.redirect_cache = RecentlyUsedContainer(REDIRECT_CACHE_SIZE)
+
     def __enter__(self):
         return self
 
@@ -353,6 +374,7 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
             url=request.url,
             files=request.files,
             data=request.data,
+            json=request.json,
             headers=merge_setting(request.headers, self.headers, dict_class=CaseInsensitiveDict),
             params=merge_setting(request.params, self.params),
             auth=merge_setting(auth, self.auth),
@@ -374,7 +396,8 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         hooks=None,
         stream=None,
         verify=None,
-        cert=None):
+        cert=None,
+        json=None):
         """Constructs a :class:`Request <Request>`, prepares it and sends it.
         Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object.
 
@@ -384,17 +407,22 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
             string for the :class:`Request`.
         :param data: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to send in the body of the
             :class:`Request`.
+        :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the
+            :class:`Request`.
         :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the
             :class:`Request`.
         :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the
             :class:`Request`.
-        :param files: (optional) Dictionary of 'filename': file-like-objects
+        :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'filename': file-like-objects``
             for multipart encoding upload.
         :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable
             Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
-        :param timeout: (optional) Float describing the timeout of the
-            request in seconds.
-        :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True by default.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a (`connect timeout, read
+            timeout <user/advanced.html#timeouts>`_) tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple
+        :param allow_redirects: (optional) Set to True by default.
+        :type allow_redirects: bool
         :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of
             the proxy.
         :param stream: (optional) whether to immediately download the response
@@ -405,7 +433,7 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
             If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
         """
 
-        method = builtin_str(method)
+        method = to_native_string(method)
 
         # Create the Request.
         req = Request(
@@ -414,6 +442,7 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
             headers = headers,
             files = files,
             data = data or {},
+            json = json,
             params = params or {},
             auth = auth,
             cookies = cookies,
@@ -423,36 +452,16 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
 
         proxies = proxies or {}
 
-        # Gather clues from the surrounding environment.
-        if self.trust_env:
-            # Set environment's proxies.
-            env_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url) or {}
-            for (k, v) in env_proxies.items():
-                proxies.setdefault(k, v)
-
-            # Look for configuration.
-            if not verify and verify is not False:
-                verify = os.environ.get('REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE')
-
-            # Curl compatibility.
-            if not verify and verify is not False:
-                verify = os.environ.get('CURL_CA_BUNDLE')
-
-        # Merge all the kwargs.
-        proxies = merge_setting(proxies, self.proxies)
-        stream = merge_setting(stream, self.stream)
-        verify = merge_setting(verify, self.verify)
-        cert = merge_setting(cert, self.cert)
+        settings = self.merge_environment_settings(
+            prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert
+        )
 
         # Send the request.
         send_kwargs = {
-            'stream': stream,
             'timeout': timeout,
-            'verify': verify,
-            'cert': cert,
-            'proxies': proxies,
             'allow_redirects': allow_redirects,
         }
+        send_kwargs.update(settings)
         resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
 
         return resp
@@ -487,15 +496,16 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', False)
         return self.request('HEAD', url, **kwargs)
 
-    def post(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
+    def post(self, url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
         """Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
 
         :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
         :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
         :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
         """
 
-        return self.request('POST', url, data=data, **kwargs)
+        return self.request('POST', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
 
     def put(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
         """Sends a PUT request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
@@ -540,13 +550,17 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         if not isinstance(request, PreparedRequest):
             raise ValueError('You can only send PreparedRequests.')
 
+        checked_urls = set()
+        while request.url in self.redirect_cache:
+            checked_urls.add(request.url)
+            new_url = self.redirect_cache.get(request.url)
+            if new_url in checked_urls:
+                break
+            request.url = new_url
+
         # Set up variables needed for resolve_redirects and dispatching of hooks
         allow_redirects = kwargs.pop('allow_redirects', True)
         stream = kwargs.get('stream')
-        timeout = kwargs.get('timeout')
-        verify = kwargs.get('verify')
-        cert = kwargs.get('cert')
-        proxies = kwargs.get('proxies')
         hooks = request.hooks
 
         # Get the appropriate adapter to use
@@ -574,12 +588,7 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, request, r.raw)
 
         # Redirect resolving generator.
-        gen = self.resolve_redirects(r, request,
-            stream=stream,
-            timeout=timeout,
-            verify=verify,
-            cert=cert,
-            proxies=proxies)
+        gen = self.resolve_redirects(r, request, **kwargs)
 
         # Resolve redirects if allowed.
         history = [resp for resp in gen] if allow_redirects else []
@@ -597,6 +606,30 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
 
         return r
 
+    def merge_environment_settings(self, url, proxies, stream, verify, cert):
+        """Check the environment and merge it with some settings."""
+        # Gather clues from the surrounding environment.
+        if self.trust_env:
+            # Set environment's proxies.
+            env_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url) or {}
+            for (k, v) in env_proxies.items():
+                proxies.setdefault(k, v)
+
+            # Look for requests environment configuration and be compatible
+            # with cURL.
+            if verify is True or verify is None:
+                verify = (os.environ.get('REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE') or
+                          os.environ.get('CURL_CA_BUNDLE'))
+
+        # Merge all the kwargs.
+        proxies = merge_setting(proxies, self.proxies)
+        stream = merge_setting(stream, self.stream)
+        verify = merge_setting(verify, self.verify)
+        cert = merge_setting(cert, self.cert)
+
+        return {'verify': verify, 'proxies': proxies, 'stream': stream,
+                'cert': cert}
+
     def get_adapter(self, url):
         """Returns the appropriate connnection adapter for the given URL."""
         for (prefix, adapter) in self.adapters.items():
@@ -624,12 +657,19 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
             self.adapters[key] = self.adapters.pop(key)
 
     def __getstate__(self):
-        return dict((attr, getattr(self, attr, None)) for attr in self.__attrs__)
+        state = dict((attr, getattr(self, attr, None)) for attr in self.__attrs__)
+        state['redirect_cache'] = dict(self.redirect_cache)
+        return state
 
     def __setstate__(self, state):
+        redirect_cache = state.pop('redirect_cache', {})
         for attr, value in state.items():
             setattr(self, attr, value)
 
+        self.redirect_cache = RecentlyUsedContainer(REDIRECT_CACHE_SIZE)
+        for redirect, to in redirect_cache.items():
+            self.redirect_cache[redirect] = to
+
 
 def session():
     """Returns a :class:`Session` for context-management."""

requests/status_codes.py

@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ _codes = {
     305: ('use_proxy',),
     306: ('switch_proxy',),
     307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
-    308: ('resume_incomplete', 'resume'),
+    308: ('permanent_redirect',
+          'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
 
     # Client Error.
     400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),

requests/structures.py

@@ -8,30 +8,7 @@ Data structures that power Requests.
 
 """
 
-import os
 import collections
-from itertools import islice
-
-
-class IteratorProxy(object):
-    """docstring for IteratorProxy"""
-    def __init__(self, i):
-        self.i = i
-        # self.i = chain.from_iterable(i)
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return self.i
-
-    def __len__(self):
-        if hasattr(self.i, '__len__'):
-            return len(self.i)
-        if hasattr(self.i, 'len'):
-            return self.i.len
-        if hasattr(self.i, 'fileno'):
-            return os.fstat(self.i.fileno()).st_size
-
-    def read(self, n):
-        return "".join(islice(self.i, None, n))
 
 
 class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
@@ -46,7 +23,7 @@ class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
     case of the last key to be set, and ``iter(instance)``,
     ``keys()``, ``items()``, ``iterkeys()``, and ``iteritems()``
     will contain case-sensitive keys. However, querying and contains
-    testing is case insensitive:
+    testing is case insensitive::
 
         cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
         cid['Accept'] = 'application/json'

requests/utils.py

@@ -19,12 +19,14 @@ import re
 import sys
 import socket
 import struct
+import warnings
 
 from . import __version__
 from . import certs
 from .compat import parse_http_list as _parse_list_header
 from .compat import (quote, urlparse, bytes, str, OrderedDict, unquote, is_py2,
-                     builtin_str, getproxies, proxy_bypass, urlunparse)
+                     builtin_str, getproxies, proxy_bypass, urlunparse,
+                     basestring)
 from .cookies import RequestsCookieJar, cookiejar_from_dict
 from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
 from .exceptions import InvalidURL
@@ -114,7 +116,8 @@ def get_netrc_auth(url):
 def guess_filename(obj):
     """Tries to guess the filename of the given object."""
     name = getattr(obj, 'name', None)
-    if name and name[0] != '<' and name[-1] != '>':
+    if (name and isinstance(name, basestring) and name[0] != '<' and
+            name[-1] != '>'):
         return os.path.basename(name)
 
 
@@ -287,6 +290,11 @@ def get_encodings_from_content(content):
 
     :param content: bytestring to extract encodings from.
     """
+    warnings.warn((
+        'In requests 3.0, get_encodings_from_content will be removed. For '
+        'more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This'
+        ' warning should only appear once.)'),
+        DeprecationWarning)
 
     charset_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?charset=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
     pragma_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?content=["\']*;?charset=(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
@@ -351,12 +359,14 @@ def get_unicode_from_response(r):
     Tried:
 
     1. charset from content-type
-
-    2. every encodings from ``<meta ... charset=XXX>``
-
-    3. fall back and replace all unicode characters
+    2. fall back and replace all unicode characters
 
     """
+    warnings.warn((
+        'In requests 3.0, get_unicode_from_response will be removed. For '
+        'more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This'
+        ' warning should only appear once.)'),
+        DeprecationWarning)
 
     tried_encodings = []
 
@@ -410,10 +420,18 @@ def requote_uri(uri):
     This function passes the given URI through an unquote/quote cycle to
     ensure that it is fully and consistently quoted.
     """
-    # Unquote only the unreserved characters
-    # Then quote only illegal characters (do not quote reserved, unreserved,
-    # or '%')
-    return quote(unquote_unreserved(uri), safe="!#$%&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~")
+    safe_with_percent = "!#$%&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
+    safe_without_percent = "!#$&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
+    try:
+        # Unquote only the unreserved characters
+        # Then quote only illegal characters (do not quote reserved,
+        # unreserved, or '%')
+        return quote(unquote_unreserved(uri), safe=safe_with_percent)
+    except InvalidURL:
+        # We couldn't unquote the given URI, so let's try quoting it, but
+        # there may be unquoted '%'s in the URI. We need to make sure they're
+        # properly quoted so they do not cause issues elsewhere.
+        return quote(uri, safe=safe_without_percent)
 
 
 def address_in_network(ip, net):
@@ -554,7 +572,8 @@ def default_headers():
     return CaseInsensitiveDict({
         'User-Agent': default_user_agent(),
         'Accept-Encoding': ', '.join(('gzip', 'deflate')),
-        'Accept': '*/*'
+        'Accept': '*/*',
+        'Connection': 'keep-alive',
     })
 
 
@@ -569,7 +588,7 @@ def parse_header_links(value):
 
     replace_chars = " '\""
 
-    for val in value.split(","):
+    for val in re.split(", *<", value):
         try:
             url, params = val.split(";", 1)
         except ValueError:
@@ -671,3 +690,18 @@ def to_native_string(string, encoding='ascii'):
             out = string.decode(encoding)
 
     return out
+
+
+def urldefragauth(url):
+    """
+    Given a url remove the fragment and the authentication part
+    """
+    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url)
+
+    # see func:`prepend_scheme_if_needed`
+    if not netloc:
+        netloc, path = path, netloc
+
+    netloc = netloc.rsplit('@', 1)[-1]
+
+    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, ''))

requirements.txt

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 py==1.4.12
 pytest==2.3.4
 pytest-cov==1.6
-invoke==0.2.0
 wheel

setup.py

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 
 import os
+import re
 import sys
 
-import requests
+from codecs import open
 
 try:
     from setuptools import setup
@@ -27,14 +28,22 @@ packages = [
 
 requires = []
 
-with open('README.rst') as f:
+version = ''
+with open('requests/__init__.py', 'r') as fd:
+    version = re.search(r'^__version__\s*=\s*[\'"]([^\'"]*)[\'"]',
+                        fd.read(), re.MULTILINE).group(1)
+
+if not version:
+    raise RuntimeError('Cannot find version information')
+
+with open('README.rst', 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
     readme = f.read()
-with open('HISTORY.rst') as f:
+with open('HISTORY.rst', 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
     history = f.read()
 
 setup(
     name='requests',
-    version=requests.__version__,
+    version=version,
     description='Python HTTP for Humans.',
     long_description=readme + '\n\n' + history,
     author='Kenneth Reitz',
@@ -57,6 +66,9 @@ setup(
         'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
         'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
         'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3',
-
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4'
     ),
+    extras_require={
+        'security': ['pyOpenSSL', 'ndg-httpsclient', 'pyasn1'],
+    },
 )

test_requests.py

@@ -14,15 +14,17 @@ import io
 import requests
 import pytest
 from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
-from requests.auth import HTTPDigestAuth
+from requests.auth import HTTPDigestAuth, _basic_auth_str
 from requests.compat import (
-    Morsel, cookielib, getproxies, str, urljoin, urlparse)
+    Morsel, cookielib, getproxies, str, urljoin, urlparse, is_py3, builtin_str)
 from requests.cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, morsel_to_cookie
-from requests.exceptions import InvalidURL, MissingSchema
-from requests.models import PreparedRequest, Response
+from requests.exceptions import (ConnectionError, ConnectTimeout,
+                                 InvalidSchema, InvalidURL, MissingSchema,
+                                 ReadTimeout, Timeout, RetryError)
+from requests.models import PreparedRequest
 from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
 from requests.sessions import SessionRedirectMixin
-from requests.models import PreparedRequest, urlencode
+from requests.models import urlencode
 from requests.hooks import default_hooks
 
 try:
@@ -30,6 +32,17 @@ try:
 except ImportError:
     import io as StringIO
 
+if is_py3:
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+else:
+    def u(s):
+        return s.decode('unicode-escape')
+
+
+# Requests to this URL should always fail with a connection timeout (nothing
+# listening on that port)
+TARPIT = "http://10.255.255.1"
 HTTPBIN = os.environ.get('HTTPBIN_URL', 'http://httpbin.org/')
 # Issue #1483: Make sure the URL always has a trailing slash
 HTTPBIN = HTTPBIN.rstrip('/') + '/'
@@ -66,6 +79,12 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_invalid_url(self):
         with pytest.raises(MissingSchema):
             requests.get('hiwpefhipowhefopw')
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidSchema):
+            requests.get('localhost:3128')
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidSchema):
+            requests.get('localhost.localdomain:3128/')
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidSchema):
+            requests.get('10.122.1.1:3128/')
         with pytest.raises(InvalidURL):
             requests.get('http://')
 
@@ -84,6 +103,14 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         head_req = requests.Request('HEAD', httpbin('head')).prepare()
         assert 'Content-Length' not in head_req.headers
 
+    def test_override_content_length(self):
+        headers = {
+            'Content-Length': 'not zero'
+        }
+        r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), headers=headers).prepare()
+        assert 'Content-Length' in r.headers
+        assert r.headers['Content-Length'] == 'not zero'
+
     def test_path_is_not_double_encoded(self):
         request = requests.Request('GET', "http://0.0.0.0/get/test case").prepare()
 
@@ -145,7 +172,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_set_cookie_on_301(self):
         s = requests.session()
         url = httpbin('cookies/set?foo=bar')
-        r = s.get(url)
+        s.get(url)
         assert s.cookies['foo'] == 'bar'
 
     def test_cookie_sent_on_redirect(self):
@@ -205,7 +232,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_param_cookiejar_works(self):
         cj = cookielib.CookieJar()
-        cookiejar_from_dict({'foo' : 'bar'}, cj)
+        cookiejar_from_dict({'foo': 'bar'}, cj)
         s = requests.session()
         r = s.get(httpbin('cookies'), cookies=cj)
         # Make sure the cookie was sent
@@ -231,7 +258,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         """Do not send headers in Session.headers with None values."""
         ses = requests.Session()
         ses.headers['Accept-Encoding'] = None
-        req = requests.Request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
+        req = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'))
         prep = ses.prepare_request(req)
         assert 'Accept-Encoding' not in prep.headers
 
@@ -274,6 +301,21 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         r = s.get(url)
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
+    def test_connection_error_invalid_domain(self):
+        """Connecting to an unknown domain should raise a ConnectionError"""
+        with pytest.raises(ConnectionError):
+            requests.get("http://doesnotexist.google.com")
+
+    def test_connection_error_invalid_port(self):
+        """Connecting to an invalid port should raise a ConnectionError"""
+        with pytest.raises(ConnectionError):
+            requests.get("http://httpbin.org:1", timeout=1)
+
+    def test_LocationParseError(self):
+        """Inputing a URL that cannot be parsed should raise an InvalidURL error"""
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidURL):
+            requests.get("http://fe80::5054:ff:fe5a:fc0")
+
     def test_basicauth_with_netrc(self):
         auth = ('user', 'pass')
         wrong_auth = ('wronguser', 'wrongpass')
@@ -385,7 +427,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert post4.status_code == 200
 
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            requests.post(url, files = ['bad file data'])
+            requests.post(url, files=['bad file data'])
 
     def test_POSTBIN_GET_POST_FILES_WITH_DATA(self):
 
@@ -396,20 +438,21 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert post1.status_code == 200
 
         with open('requirements.txt') as f:
-            post2 = requests.post(url, data={'some': 'data'}, files={'some': f})
+            post2 = requests.post(url,
+                data={'some': 'data'}, files={'some': f})
         assert post2.status_code == 200
 
         post4 = requests.post(url, data='[{"some": "json"}]')
         assert post4.status_code == 200
 
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            requests.post(url, files = ['bad file data'])
+            requests.post(url, files=['bad file data'])
 
     def test_conflicting_post_params(self):
         url = httpbin('post')
         with open('requirements.txt') as f:
             pytest.raises(ValueError, "requests.post(url, data='[{\"some\": \"data\"}]', files={'some': f})")
-            pytest.raises(ValueError, "requests.post(url, data=u'[{\"some\": \"data\"}]', files={'some': f})")
+            pytest.raises(ValueError, "requests.post(url, data=u('[{\"some\": \"data\"}]'), files={'some': f})")
 
     def test_request_ok_set(self):
         r = requests.get(httpbin('status', '404'))
@@ -436,7 +479,10 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         requests.get(httpbin('ø'), params={'foo': 'foo'})
 
     def test_unicode_header_name(self):
-        requests.put(httpbin('put'), headers={str('Content-Type'): 'application/octet-stream'}, data='\xff') # compat.str is unicode.
+        requests.put(
+            httpbin('put'),
+            headers={str('Content-Type'): 'application/octet-stream'},
+            data='\xff')  # compat.str is unicode.
 
     def test_pyopenssl_redirect(self):
         requests.get('https://httpbin.org/status/301')
@@ -449,30 +495,30 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_different_encodings_dont_break_post(self):
         r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
-                          data={'stuff': json.dumps({'a': 123})},
-                          params={'blah': 'asdf1234'},
-                          files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
+            data={'stuff': json.dumps({'a': 123})},
+            params={'blah': 'asdf1234'},
+            files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
     def test_unicode_multipart_post(self):
         r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
-                          data={'stuff': u'ëlïxr'},
-                          files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
+            data={'stuff': u('ëlïxr')},
+            files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
         r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
-                          data={'stuff': u'ëlïxr'.encode('utf-8')},
-                          files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
+            data={'stuff': u('ëlïxr').encode('utf-8')},
+            files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
         r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
-                          data={'stuff': 'elixr'},
-                          files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
+            data={'stuff': 'elixr'},
+            files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
         r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
-                          data={'stuff': 'elixr'.encode('utf-8')},
-                          files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
+            data={'stuff': 'elixr'.encode('utf-8')},
+            files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
     def test_unicode_multipart_post_fieldnames(self):
@@ -488,15 +534,17 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_unicode_method_name(self):
         files = {'file': open('test_requests.py', 'rb')}
-        r = requests.request(method=u'POST', url=httpbin('post'), files=files)
+        r = requests.request(
+            method=u('POST'), url=httpbin('post'), files=files)
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
     def test_custom_content_type(self):
-        r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
-                          data={'stuff': json.dumps({'a': 123})},
-                          files={'file1': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb')),
-                                 'file2': ('test_requests', open(__file__, 'rb'),
-                                           'text/py-content-type')})
+        r = requests.post(
+            httpbin('post'),
+            data={'stuff': json.dumps({'a': 123})},
+            files={'file1': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb')),
+                   'file2': ('test_requests', open(__file__, 'rb'),
+                             'text/py-content-type')})
         assert r.status_code == 200
         assert b"text/py-content-type" in r.request.body
 
@@ -555,7 +603,14 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         prep = s.prepare_request(req)
         resp = s.send(prep)
 
-        assert resp.json()['headers']['Dummy-Auth-Test'] == 'dummy-auth-test-ok'
+        assert resp.json()['headers'][
+            'Dummy-Auth-Test'] == 'dummy-auth-test-ok'
+
+    def test_prepare_request_with_bytestring_url(self):
+        req = requests.Request('GET', b'https://httpbin.org/')
+        s = requests.Session()
+        prep = s.prepare_request(req)
+        assert prep.url == "https://httpbin.org/"
 
     def test_links(self):
         r = requests.Response()
@@ -686,7 +741,6 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         # make sure one can use items multiple times
         assert list(items) == list(items)
 
-
     def test_time_elapsed_blank(self):
         r = requests.get(httpbin('get'))
         td = r.elapsed
@@ -854,7 +908,6 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         r = s.get(httpbin('get'), params={'FOO': 'bar'})
         assert r.json()['args'] == {'foo': 'bar', 'FOO': 'bar'}
 
-
     def test_long_authinfo_in_url(self):
         url = 'http://{0}:{1}@{2}:9000/path?query#frag'.format(
             'E8A3BE87-9E3F-4620-8858-95478E385B5B',
@@ -865,7 +918,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert r.url == url
 
     def test_header_keys_are_native(self):
-        headers = {u'unicode': 'blah', 'byte'.encode('ascii'): 'blah'}
+        headers = {u('unicode'): 'blah', 'byte'.encode('ascii'): 'blah'}
         r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'), headers=headers)
         p = r.prepare()
 
@@ -882,6 +935,27 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         assert 'multipart/form-data' in p.headers['Content-Type']
 
+    def test_can_send_bytes_bytearray_objects_with_files(self):
+        # Test bytes:
+        data = {'a': 'this is a string'}
+        files = {'b': b'foo'}
+        r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), data=data, files=files)
+        p = r.prepare()
+        assert 'multipart/form-data' in p.headers['Content-Type']
+        # Test bytearrays:
+        files = {'b': bytearray(b'foo')}
+        r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), data=data, files=files)
+        p = r.prepare()
+        assert 'multipart/form-data' in p.headers['Content-Type']
+
+    def test_can_send_file_object_with_non_string_filename(self):
+        f = io.BytesIO()
+        f.name = 2
+        r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), files={'f': f})
+        p = r.prepare()
+
+        assert 'multipart/form-data' in p.headers['Content-Type']
+
     def test_autoset_header_values_are_native(self):
         data = 'this is a string'
         length = '16'
@@ -890,7 +964,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         assert p.headers['Content-Length'] == length
 
-    def test_oddball_schemes_dont_check_URLs(self):
+    def test_nonhttp_schemes_dont_check_URLs(self):
         test_urls = (
             'data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAHAAACH5BAUAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==',
             'file:///etc/passwd',
@@ -956,6 +1030,45 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self._patch_adapter_gzipped_redirect(s, url)
         s.get(url)
 
+    def test_basic_auth_str_is_always_native(self):
+        s = _basic_auth_str("test", "test")
+        assert isinstance(s, builtin_str)
+        assert s == "Basic dGVzdDp0ZXN0"
+
+    def test_requests_history_is_saved(self):
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('redirect/5'))
+        total = r.history[-1].history
+        i = 0
+        for item in r.history:
+            assert item.history == total[0:i]
+            i = i + 1
+
+    def test_json_param_post_content_type_works(self):
+        r = requests.post(
+            httpbin('post'),
+            json={'life': 42}
+        )
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+        assert 'application/json' in r.request.headers['Content-Type']
+        assert {'life': 42} == r.json()['json']
+
+    def test_response_iter_lines(self):
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('stream/4'), stream=True)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+        it = r.iter_lines()
+        next(it)
+        assert len(list(it)) == 3
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail
+    def test_response_iter_lines_reentrant(self):
+        """Response.iter_lines() is not reentrant safe"""
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('stream/4'), stream=True)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+        next(r.iter_lines())
+        assert len(list(r.iter_lines())) == 3
+
 
 class TestContentEncodingDetection(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -1004,7 +1117,7 @@ class TestContentEncodingDetection(unittest.TestCase):
 class TestCaseInsensitiveDict(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_mapping_init(self):
-        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Foo': 'foo','BAr': 'bar'})
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Foo': 'foo', 'BAr': 'bar'})
         assert len(cid) == 2
         assert 'foo' in cid
         assert 'bar' in cid
@@ -1078,7 +1191,7 @@ class TestCaseInsensitiveDict(unittest.TestCase):
         cid['spam'] = 'blueval'
         cid.update({'sPam': 'notblueval'})
         assert cid['spam'] == 'notblueval'
-        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Foo': 'foo','BAr': 'bar'})
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Foo': 'foo', 'BAr': 'bar'})
         cid.update({'fOO': 'anotherfoo', 'bAR': 'anotherbar'})
         assert len(cid) == 2
         assert cid['foo'] == 'anotherfoo'
@@ -1148,20 +1261,24 @@ class UtilsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         from requests.utils import super_len
 
         assert super_len(StringIO.StringIO()) == 0
-        assert super_len(StringIO.StringIO('with so much drama in the LBC')) == 29
+        assert super_len(
+            StringIO.StringIO('with so much drama in the LBC')) == 29
 
         assert super_len(BytesIO()) == 0
-        assert super_len(BytesIO(b"it's kinda hard bein' snoop d-o-double-g")) == 40
+        assert super_len(
+            BytesIO(b"it's kinda hard bein' snoop d-o-double-g")) == 40
 
         try:
             import cStringIO
         except ImportError:
             pass
         else:
-            assert super_len(cStringIO.StringIO('but some how, some way...')) == 25
+            assert super_len(
+                cStringIO.StringIO('but some how, some way...')) == 25
 
     def test_get_environ_proxies_ip_ranges(self):
-        """ Ensures that IP addresses are correctly matches with ranges in no_proxy variable """
+        """Ensures that IP addresses are correctly matches with ranges
+        in no_proxy variable."""
         from requests.utils import get_environ_proxies
         os.environ['no_proxy'] = "192.168.0.0/24,127.0.0.1,localhost.localdomain,172.16.1.1"
         assert get_environ_proxies('http://192.168.0.1:5000/') == {}
@@ -1172,12 +1289,40 @@ class UtilsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert get_environ_proxies('http://192.168.1.1/') != {}
 
     def test_get_environ_proxies(self):
-        """ Ensures that IP addresses are correctly matches with ranges in no_proxy variable """
+        """Ensures that IP addresses are correctly matches with ranges
+        in no_proxy variable."""
         from requests.utils import get_environ_proxies
         os.environ['no_proxy'] = "127.0.0.1,localhost.localdomain,192.168.0.0/24,172.16.1.1"
-        assert get_environ_proxies('http://localhost.localdomain:5000/v1.0/') == {}
+        assert get_environ_proxies(
+            'http://localhost.localdomain:5000/v1.0/') == {}
         assert get_environ_proxies('http://www.requests.com/') != {}
 
+    def test_guess_filename_when_int(self):
+        from requests.utils import guess_filename
+        assert None is guess_filename(1)
+
+    def test_guess_filename_when_filename_is_an_int(self):
+        from requests.utils import guess_filename
+        fake = type('Fake', (object,), {'name': 1})()
+        assert None is guess_filename(fake)
+
+    def test_guess_filename_with_file_like_obj(self):
+        from requests.utils import guess_filename
+        from requests import compat
+        fake = type('Fake', (object,), {'name': b'value'})()
+        guessed_name = guess_filename(fake)
+        assert b'value' == guessed_name
+        assert isinstance(guessed_name, compat.bytes)
+
+    def test_guess_filename_with_unicode_name(self):
+        from requests.utils import guess_filename
+        from requests import compat
+        filename = b'value'.decode('utf-8')
+        fake = type('Fake', (object,), {'name': filename})()
+        guessed_name = guess_filename(fake)
+        assert filename == guessed_name
+        assert isinstance(guessed_name, compat.str)
+
     def test_is_ipv4_address(self):
         from requests.utils import is_ipv4_address
         assert is_ipv4_address('8.8.8.8')
@@ -1201,16 +1346,35 @@ class UtilsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert not address_in_network('172.16.0.1', '192.168.1.0/24')
 
     def test_get_auth_from_url(self):
-        """ Ensures that username and password in well-encoded URI as per RFC 3986 are correclty extracted """
+        """Ensures that username and password in well-encoded URI as per
+        RFC 3986 are correclty extracted."""
         from requests.utils import get_auth_from_url
         from requests.compat import quote
         percent_encoding_test_chars = "%!*'();:@&=+$,/?#[] "
         url_address = "request.com/url.html#test"
-        url = "http://" + quote(percent_encoding_test_chars, '') + ':' + quote(percent_encoding_test_chars, '') + '@' + url_address
+        url = "http://" + quote(
+            percent_encoding_test_chars, '') + ':' + quote(
+            percent_encoding_test_chars, '') + '@' + url_address
         (username, password) = get_auth_from_url(url)
         assert username == percent_encoding_test_chars
         assert password == percent_encoding_test_chars
 
+    def test_requote_uri_with_unquoted_percents(self):
+        """Ensure we handle unquoted percent signs in redirects.
+
+        See: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2356
+        """
+        from requests.utils import requote_uri
+        bad_uri = 'http://example.com/fiz?buz=%ppicture'
+        quoted = 'http://example.com/fiz?buz=%25ppicture'
+        assert quoted == requote_uri(bad_uri)
+
+    def test_requote_uri_properly_requotes(self):
+        """Ensure requoting doesn't break expectations."""
+        from requests.utils import requote_uri
+        quoted = 'http://example.com/fiz?buz=%25ppicture'
+        assert quoted == requote_uri(quoted)
+
 
 class TestMorselToCookieExpires(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -1273,10 +1437,58 @@ class TestMorselToCookieMaxAge(unittest.TestCase):
 class TestTimeout:
     def test_stream_timeout(self):
         try:
-            r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/delay/10', timeout=5.0)
+            requests.get(httpbin('delay/10'), timeout=2.0)
         except requests.exceptions.Timeout as e:
             assert 'Read timed out' in e.args[0].args[0]
 
+    def test_invalid_timeout(self):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
+            requests.get(httpbin('get'), timeout=(3, 4, 5))
+        assert '(connect, read)' in str(e)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
+            requests.get(httpbin('get'), timeout="foo")
+        assert 'must be an int or float' in str(e)
+
+    def test_none_timeout(self):
+        """ Check that you can set None as a valid timeout value.
+
+        To actually test this behavior, we'd want to check that setting the
+        timeout to None actually lets the request block past the system default
+        timeout. However, this would make the test suite unbearably slow.
+        Instead we verify that setting the timeout to None does not prevent the
+        request from succeeding.
+        """
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), timeout=None)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_read_timeout(self):
+        try:
+            requests.get(httpbin('delay/10'), timeout=(None, 0.1))
+            assert False, "The recv() request should time out."
+        except ReadTimeout:
+            pass
+
+    def test_connect_timeout(self):
+        try:
+            requests.get(TARPIT, timeout=(0.1, None))
+            assert False, "The connect() request should time out."
+        except ConnectTimeout as e:
+            assert isinstance(e, ConnectionError)
+            assert isinstance(e, Timeout)
+
+    def test_total_timeout_connect(self):
+        try:
+            requests.get(TARPIT, timeout=(0.1, 0.1))
+            assert False, "The connect() request should time out."
+        except ConnectTimeout:
+            pass
+
+    def test_encoded_methods(self):
+        """See: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2316"""
+        r = requests.request(b'GET', httpbin('get'))
+        assert r.ok
+
 
 SendCall = collections.namedtuple('SendCall', ('args', 'kwargs'))
 
@@ -1325,7 +1537,7 @@ class TestRedirects:
 
     def test_requests_are_updated_each_time(self):
         session = RedirectSession([303, 307])
-        prep = requests.Request('POST', 'http://httpbin.org/post').prepare()
+        prep = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post')).prepare()
         r0 = session.send(prep)
         assert r0.request.method == 'POST'
         assert session.calls[-1] == SendCall((r0.request,), {})
@@ -1337,13 +1549,14 @@ class TestRedirects:
             assert session.calls[-1] == send_call
 
 
+
 @pytest.fixture
 def list_of_tuples():
     return [
-            (('a', 'b'), ('c', 'd')),
-            (('c', 'd'), ('a', 'b')),
-            (('a', 'b'), ('c', 'd'), ('e', 'f')),
-            ]
+        (('a', 'b'), ('c', 'd')),
+        (('c', 'd'), ('a', 'b')),
+        (('a', 'b'), ('c', 'd'), ('e', 'f')),
+        ]
 
 
 def test_data_argument_accepts_tuples(list_of_tuples):
@@ -1362,5 +1575,64 @@ def test_data_argument_accepts_tuples(list_of_tuples):
         assert p.body == urlencode(data)
 
 
+def assert_copy(p, p_copy):
+    for attr in ('method', 'url', 'headers', '_cookies', 'body', 'hooks'):
+        assert getattr(p, attr) == getattr(p_copy, attr)
+
+
+def test_prepared_request_empty_copy():
+    p = PreparedRequest()
+    assert_copy(p, p.copy())
+
+
+def test_prepared_request_no_cookies_copy():
+    p = PreparedRequest()
+    p.prepare(
+        method='GET',
+        url='http://www.example.com',
+        data='foo=bar',
+        hooks=default_hooks()
+    )
+    assert_copy(p, p.copy())
+
+
+def test_prepared_request_complete_copy():
+    p = PreparedRequest()
+    p.prepare(
+        method='GET',
+        url='http://www.example.com',
+        data='foo=bar',
+        hooks=default_hooks(),
+        cookies={'foo': 'bar'}
+    )
+    assert_copy(p, p.copy())
+
+
+def test_prepare_unicode_url():
+    p = PreparedRequest()
+    p.prepare(
+        method='GET',
+        url=u('http://www.example.com/üniçø∂é'),
+    )
+    assert_copy(p, p.copy())
+
+
+def test_urllib3_retries():
+    from requests.packages.urllib3.util import Retry
+    s = requests.Session()
+    s.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter(max_retries=Retry(
+        total=2, status_forcelist=[500]
+    )))
+
+    with pytest.raises(RetryError):
+        s.get(httpbin('status/500'))
+
+def test_vendor_aliases():
+    from requests.packages import urllib3
+    from requests.packages import chardet
+
+    with pytest.raises(ImportError):
+        from requests.packages import webbrowser
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()