v2.9.0

Prepare 2.9.0 release.

AUTHORS.rst

@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 Requests is written and maintained by Kenneth Reitz and
 various contributors:
 
-Development Lead
-````````````````
-
-- Kenneth Reitz <me@kennethreitz.org> `@kennethreitz <https://github.com/kennethreitz>`_
-
-Core Contributors
-`````````````````
+Keepers of the Three Crystals
+`````````````````````````````
 
+- Kenneth Reitz <me@kennethreitz.org> `@kennethreitz <https://github.com/kennethreitz>`_, Keeper of the Master Crystal.
 - Cory Benfield <cory@lukasa.co.uk> `@lukasa <https://github.com/lukasa>`_
 - Ian Cordasco <graffatcolmingov@gmail.com> `@sigmavirus24 <https://github.com/sigmavirus24>`_
 
@@ -138,7 +134,7 @@ Patches and Suggestions
 - Kevin Burke <kev@inburke.com>
 - Flavio Curella
 - David Pursehouse <david.pursehouse@gmail.com> (`@dpursehouse <https://github.com/dpursehouse>`_)
-- Jon Parise
+- Jon Parise (`@jparise <https://github.com/jparise>`_)
 - Alexander Karpinsky (`@homm86 <https://twitter.com/homm86>`_)
 - Marc Schlaich (`@schlamar <https://github.com/schlamar>`_)
 - Park Ilsu <daftonshady@gmail.com> (`@daftshady <https://github.com/daftshady>`_)
@@ -159,3 +155,11 @@ Patches and Suggestions
 - Syed Suhail Ahmed <ssuhail.ahmed93@gmail.com> (`@syedsuhail <https://github.com/syedsuhail>`_)
 - Scott Sadler (`@ssadler <https://github.com/ssadler>`_)
 - Arthur Darcet (`@arthurdarcet <https://github.com/arthurdarcet>`_)
+- Ulrich Petri (`@ulope <https://github.com/ulope>`_)
+- Muhammad Yasoob Ullah Khalid <yasoob.khld@gmail.com> (`@yasoob <https://github.com/yasoob>`_)
+- Paul van der Linden (`@pvanderlinden <https://github.com/pvanderlinden>`_)
+- Colin Dickson (`@colindickson <https://github.com/colindickson>`_)
+- Smiley Barry (`@smiley <https://github.com/smiley>`_)
+- Shagun Sodhani (`@shagunsodhani <https://github.com/shagunsodhani>`_)
+- Robin Linderborg (`@vienno <https://github.com/vienno>`_)
+- Brian Samek(`@bsamek <https://github.com/bsamek`_)

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# Contribution Guidelines
+
+Before opening any issues or proposing any pull requests, please do the
+following:
+
+1. Read our [Contributor's Guide](http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/dev/contributing/).
+2. Understand our [development philosophy](http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/dev/philosophy/).
+
+To get the greatest chance of helpful responses, please also observe the
+following additional notes.
+
+## Questions
+
+The GitHub issue tracker is for *bug reports* and *feature requests*. Please do
+not use it to ask questions about how to use Requests. These questions should
+instead be directed to [Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/). Make sure
+that your question is tagged with the `python-requests` tag when asking it on
+Stack Overflow, to ensure that it is answered promptly and accurately.
+
+## Good Bug Reports
+
+Please be aware of the following things when filing bug reports:
+
+1. Avoid raising duplicate issues. *Please* use the GitHub issue search feature
+   to check whether your bug report or feature request has been mentioned in
+   the past. Duplicate bug reports and feature requests are a huge maintenance
+   burden on the limited resources of the project. If it is clear from your
+   report that you would have struggled to find the original, that's ok, but
+   if searching for a selection of words in your issue title would have found
+   the duplicate then the issue will likely be closed extremely abruptly.
+2. When filing bug reports about exceptions or tracebacks, please include the
+   *complete* traceback. Partial tracebacks, or just the exception text, are
+   not helpful. Issues that do not contain complete tracebacks may be closed
+   without warning.
+3. Make sure you provide a suitable amount of information to work with. This
+   means you should provide:
+
+   - Guidance on **how to reproduce the issue**. Ideally, this should be a
+     *small* code sample that can be run immediately by the maintainers.
+     Failing that, let us know what you're doing, how often it happens, what
+     environment you're using, etc. Be thorough: it prevents us needing to ask
+     further questions.
+   - Tell us **what you expected to happen**. When we run your example code,
+     what are we expecting to happen? What does "success" look like for your
+     code?
+   - Tell us **what actually happens**. It's not helpful for you to say "it
+     doesn't work" or "it fails". Tell us *how* it fails: do you get an
+     exception? A hang? A non-200 status code? How was the actual result
+     different from your expected result?
+   - Tell us **what version of Requests you're using**, and
+     **how you installed it**. Different versions of Requests behave
+     differently and have different bugs, and some distributors of Requests
+     ship patches on top of the code we supply.
+
+   If you do not provide all of these things, it will take us much longer to
+   fix your problem. If we ask you to clarify these and you never respond, we
+   will close your issue without fixing it.

HISTORY.rst

@@ -3,6 +3,160 @@
 Release History
 ---------------
 
+2.9.0 (2015-12-15)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Minor Improvements** (Backwards compatible)
+
+- The ``verify`` keyword argument now supports being passed a path to a
+  directory of CA certificates, not just a single-file bundle.
+- Warnings are now emitted when sending files opened in text mode.
+- Added the 511 Network Authentication Required status code to the status code
+  registry.
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- For file-like objects that are not seeked to the very beginning, we now
+  send the content length for the number of bytes we will actually read, rather
+  than the total size of the file, allowing partial file uploads.
+- When uploading file-like objects, if they are empty or have no obvious
+  content length we set ``Transfer-Encoding: chunked`` rather than
+  ``Content-Length: 0``.
+- We correctly receive the response in buffered mode when uploading chunked
+  bodies.
+- We now handle being passed a query string as a bytestring on Python 3, by
+  decoding it as UTF-8.
+- Sessions are now closed in all cases (exceptional and not) when using the
+  functional API rather than leaking and waiting for the garbage collector to
+  clean them up.
+- Correctly handle digest auth headers with a malformed ``qop`` directive that
+  contains no token, by treating it the same as if no ``qop`` directive was
+  provided at all.
+- Minor performance improvements when removing specific cookies by name.
+
+2.8.1 (2015-10-13)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Update certificate bundle to match ``certifi`` 2015.9.6.2's weak certificate
+  bundle.
+- Fix a bug in 2.8.0 where requests would raise ``ConnectTimeout`` instead of
+  ``ConnectionError``
+- When using the PreparedRequest flow, requests will now correctly respect the
+  ``json`` parameter. Broken in 2.8.0.
+- When using the PreparedRequest flow, requests will now correctly handle a
+  Unicode-string method name on Python 2. Broken in 2.8.0.
+
+2.8.0 (2015-10-05)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Minor Improvements** (Backwards Compatible)
+
+- Requests now supports per-host proxies. This allows the ``proxies``
+  dictionary to have entries of the form
+  ``{'<scheme>://<hostname>': '<proxy>'}``. Host-specific proxies will be used
+  in preference to the previously-supported scheme-specific ones, but the
+  previous syntax will continue to work.
+- ``Response.raise_for_status`` now prints the URL that failed as part of the
+  exception message.
+- ``requests.utils.get_netrc_auth`` now takes an ``raise_errors`` kwarg,
+  defaulting to ``False``. When ``True``, errors parsing ``.netrc`` files cause
+  exceptions to be thrown.
+- Change to bundled projects import logic to make it easier to unbundle
+  requests downstream.
+- Changed the default User-Agent string to avoid leaking data on Linux: now
+  contains only the requests version.
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- The ``json`` parameter to ``post()`` and friends will now only be used if
+  neither ``data`` nor ``files`` are present, consistent with the
+  documentation.
+- We now ignore empty fields in the ``NO_PROXY`` environment variable.
+- Fixed problem where ``httplib.BadStatusLine`` would get raised if combining
+  ``stream=True`` with ``contextlib.closing``.
+- Prevented bugs where we would attempt to return the same connection back to
+  the connection pool twice when sending a Chunked body.
+- Miscellaneous minor internal changes.
+- Digest Auth support is now thread safe.
+
+**Updates**
+
+- Updated urllib3 to 1.12.
+
+2.7.0 (2015-05-03)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+This is the first release that follows our new release process. For more, see
+`our documentation
+<http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/community/release-process/>`_.
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Updated urllib3 to 1.10.4, resolving several bugs involving chunked transfer
+  encoding and response framing.
+
+2.6.2 (2015-04-23)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Fix regression where compressed data that was sent as chunked data was not
+  properly decompressed. (#2561)
+
+2.6.1 (2015-04-22)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Remove VendorAlias import machinery introduced in v2.5.2.
+
+- Simplify the PreparedRequest.prepare API: We no longer require the user to
+  pass an empty list to the hooks keyword argument. (c.f. #2552)
+
+- Resolve redirects now receives and forwards all of the original arguments to
+  the adapter. (#2503)
+
+- Handle UnicodeDecodeErrors when trying to deal with a unicode URL that
+  cannot be encoded in ASCII. (#2540)
+
+- Populate the parsed path of the URI field when performing Digest
+  Authentication. (#2426)
+
+- Copy a PreparedRequest's CookieJar more reliably when it is not an instance
+  of RequestsCookieJar. (#2527)
+
+2.6.0 (2015-03-14)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- CVE-2015-2296: Fix handling of cookies on redirect. Previously a cookie
+  without a host value set would use the hostname for the redirected URL
+  exposing requests users to session fixation attacks and potentially cookie
+  stealing. This was disclosed privately by Matthew Daley of
+  `BugFuzz <https://bugfuzz.com>`_. This affects all versions of requests from
+  v2.1.0 to v2.5.3 (inclusive on both ends).
+
+- Fix error when requests is an ``install_requires`` dependency and ``python
+  setup.py test`` is run. (#2462)
+
+- Fix error when urllib3 is unbundled and requests continues to use the
+  vendored import location.
+
+- Include fixes to ``urllib3``'s header handling.
+
+- Requests' handling of unvendored dependencies is now more restrictive.
+
+**Features and Improvements**
+
+- Support bytearrays when passed as parameters in the ``files`` argument.
+  (#2468)
+
+- Avoid data duplication when creating a request with ``str``, ``bytes``, or
+  ``bytearray`` input to the ``files`` argument.
+
 2.5.3 (2015-02-24)
 ++++++++++++++++++
 
@@ -90,7 +244,7 @@ Release History
 **Bugfixes**
 
 - Only parse the URL once (#2353)
-- Allow Content-Length header to always be overriden (#2332)
+- Allow Content-Length header to always be overridden (#2332)
 - Properly handle files in HTTPDigestAuth (#2333)
 - Cap redirect_cache size to prevent memory abuse (#2299)
 - Fix HTTPDigestAuth handling of redirects after authenticating successfully
@@ -402,7 +556,7 @@ This is not a backwards compatible change.
 - Improved mime-compatible JSON handling
 - Proxy fixes
 - Path hack fixes
-- Case-Insensistive Content-Encoding headers
+- Case-Insensitive Content-Encoding headers
 - Support for CJK parameters in form posts
 
 
@@ -438,7 +592,7 @@ This is not a backwards compatible change.
 - Digest Authentication improvements.
 - Ensure proxy exclusions work properly.
 - Clearer UnicodeError exceptions.
-- Automatic casting of URLs to tsrings (fURL and such)
+- Automatic casting of URLs to strings (fURL and such)
 - Bugfixes.
 
 0.13.6 (2012-08-06)
@@ -489,8 +643,8 @@ This is not a backwards compatible change.
 +++++++++++++++++++
 
 - Removal of Requests.async in favor of `grequests <https://github.com/kennethreitz/grequests>`_
-- Allow disabling of cookie persistiance.
-- New implimentation of safe_mode
+- Allow disabling of cookie persistence.
+- New implementation of safe_mode
 - cookies.get now supports default argument
 - Session cookies not saved when Session.request is called with return_response=False
 - Env: no_proxy support.
@@ -607,7 +761,7 @@ This is not a backwards compatible change.
 
 * ``Response.content`` is now bytes-only. (*Backwards Incompatible*)
 * New ``Response.text`` is unicode-only.
-* If no ``Response.encoding`` is specified and ``chardet`` is available, ``Respoonse.text`` will guess an encoding.
+* If no ``Response.encoding`` is specified and ``chardet`` is available, ``Response.text`` will guess an encoding.
 * Default to ISO-8859-1 (Western) encoding for "text" subtypes.
 * Removal of `decode_unicode`. (*Backwards Incompatible*)
 * New multiple-hooks system.
@@ -727,7 +881,7 @@ This is not a backwards compatible change.
 0.7.5 (2011-11-04)
 ++++++++++++++++++
 
-* Response.content = None if there was an invalid repsonse.
+* Response.content = None if there was an invalid response.
 * Redirection auth handling.
 
 0.7.4 (2011-10-26)
@@ -814,7 +968,7 @@ This is not a backwards compatible change.
 ++++++++++++++++++
 
 * New callback hook system
-* New persistient sessions object and context manager
+* New persistent sessions object and context manager
 * Transparent Dict-cookie handling
 * Status code reference object
 * Removed Response.cached
@@ -848,7 +1002,7 @@ This is not a backwards compatible change.
 * Redirect Fixes
 * settings.verbose stream writing
 * Querystrings for all methods
-* URLErrors (Connection Refused, Timeout, Invalid URLs) are treated as explicity raised
+* URLErrors (Connection Refused, Timeout, Invalid URLs) are treated as explicitly raised
   ``r.requests.get('hwe://blah'); r.raise_for_status()``
 
 

README.rst

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ Requests: HTTP for Humans
         :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
 
 
+
+
 Requests is an Apache2 Licensed HTTP library, written in Python, for human
 beings.
 
@@ -75,7 +77,6 @@ Contribute
 ----------
 
 #. Check for open issues or open a fresh issue to start a discussion around a feature idea or a bug. There is a `Contributor Friendly`_ tag for issues that should be ideal for people who are not very familiar with the codebase yet.
-#. If you feel uncomfortable or uncertain about an issue or your changes, feel free to email @sigmavirus24 and he will happily help you via email, Skype, remote pairing or whatever you are comfortable with.
 #. Fork `the repository`_ on GitHub to start making your changes to the **master** branch (or branch off of it).
 #. Write a test which shows that the bug was fixed or that the feature works as expected.
 #. Send a pull request and bug the maintainer until it gets merged and published. :) Make sure to add yourself to AUTHORS_.

docs/_templates/sidebarintro.html

@@ -34,14 +34,13 @@
 <li><a href="http://jp.python-requests.org/">Japanese</a></li>
 <li><a href="http://cn.python-requests.org/">Chinese</a></li>
 <li><a href="http://pt.python-requests.org/">Portuguese</a></li>
-
-
+<li><a href="http://it.python-requests.org/">Italian</a></li>
+<li><a href="http://es.python-requests.org/">Spanish</a></li>
 </ul>
 
 <h3>Useful Links</h3>
 <ul>
-  <li><a href="http://certifi.io/en/latest/">Certifi: Best CA Bundle</a></li>
-  <li><a href="https://github.com/sigmavirus24/requests-toolbelt">Requests-Toolbelt</a></li>
+  <li><a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/community/recommended/">Recommended Packages and Extensions</a></li>
 
   <p></p>
 

docs/api.rst

@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ Status Code Lookup
     >>> requests.codes['\o/']
     200
 
+.. _api-cookies:
+
 Cookies
 ~~~~~~~
 

docs/community/faq.rst

@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ when servers are using `Virtual Hosting`_. When such servers are hosting
 more than one SSL site they need to be able to return the appropriate
 certificate based on the hostname the client is connecting to.
 
-Python3's SSL module includes native support for SNI. This support has not been
-back ported to Python2. For information on using SNI with Requests on Python2
-refer to this `Stack Overflow answer`_.
+Python3 and Python 2.7.9+ include native support for SNI in their SSL modules.
+For information on using SNI with Requests on Python < 2.7.9 refer to this
+`Stack Overflow answer`_.
 
 .. _`Server-Name-Indication`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication
 .. _`virtual hosting`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_hosting

docs/community/out-there.rst

@@ -30,3 +30,4 @@ Articles & Talks
 - `Issac Kelly's 'Consuming Web APIs' talk <http://issackelly.github.com/Consuming-Web-APIs-with-Python-Talk/slides/slides.html>`_
 - `Blog post about Requests via Yum <http://arunsag.wordpress.com/2011/08/17/new-package-python-requests-http-for-humans/>`_
 - `Russian blog post introducing Requests <http://habrahabr.ru/blogs/python/126262/>`_
+- `Sending JSON in Requests <http://www.coglib.com/~icordasc/blog/2014/11/sending-json-in-requests.html>`_

docs/community/recommended.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+.. _recommended:
+
+Recommended Packages and Extensions
+===================================
+
+Requests has a great variety of powerful and useful third-party extensions.
+This page provides an overview of some of the best of them.
+
+Certifi CA Bundle
+-----------------
+
+`Certifi`_ is a carefully curated collection of Root Certificates for
+validating the trustworthiness of SSL certificates while verifying the
+identity of TLS hosts. It has been extracted from the Requests project.
+
+.. _Certifi: http://certifi.io/en/latest/
+
+CacheControl
+------------
+
+`CacheControl`_ is an extension that adds a full HTTP cache to Requests. This
+makes your web requests substantially more efficient, and should be used
+whenever you're making a lot of web requests.
+
+.. _CacheControl: https://cachecontrol.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
+
+Requests-Toolbelt
+-----------------
+
+`Requests-Toolbelt`_ is a collection of utilities that some users of Requests may desire,
+but do not belong in Requests proper. This library is actively maintained
+by members of the Requests core team, and reflects the functionality most
+requested by users within the community.
+
+.. _Requests-Toolbelt: http://toolbelt.readthedocs.org/en/latest/index.html
+
+Requests-OAuthlib
+-----------------
+
+`requests-oauthlib`_ makes it possible to do the OAuth dance from Requests
+automatically. This is useful for the large number of websites that use OAuth
+to provide authentication. It also provides a lot of tweaks that handle ways
+that specific OAuth providers differ from the standard specifications.
+
+.. _requests-oauthlib: https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
+
+
+Betamax
+-------
+
+`Betamax`_ records your HTTP interactions so the NSA does not have to.
+A VCR imitation designed only for Python-Requests.
+
+.. _betamax: https://github.com/sigmavirus24/betamax
+
+
+

docs/community/release-process.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+Release Process and Rules
+=========================
+
+.. versionadded:: v2.6.2
+
+Starting with the version to be released after ``v2.6.2``, the following rules
+will govern and describe how the Requests core team produces a new release.
+
+Major Releases
+--------------
+
+A major release will include breaking changes. When it is versioned, it will
+be versioned as ``vX.0.0``. For example, if the previous release was
+``v10.2.7`` the next version will be ``v11.0.0``.
+
+Breaking changes are changes that break backwards compatibility with prior
+versions. If the project were to change the ``text`` attribute on a
+``Response`` object to a method, that would only happen in a Major release.
+
+Major releases may also include miscellaneous bug fixes and upgrades to
+vendored packages. The core developers of Requests are committed to providing
+a good user experience. This means we're also committed to preserving
+backwards compatibility as much as possible. Major releases will be infrequent
+and will need strong justifications before they are considered.
+
+Minor Releases
+--------------
+
+A minor release will not include breaking changes but may include
+miscellaneous bug fixes and upgrades to vendored packages. If the previous
+version of Requests released was ``v10.2.7`` a minor release would be
+versioned as ``v10.3.0``.
+
+Minor releases will be backwards compatible with releases that have the same
+major version number. In other words, all versions that would start with
+``v10.`` should be compatible with each other.
+
+Hotfix Releases
+---------------
+
+A hotfix release will only include bug fixes that were missed when the project
+released the previous version. If the previous version of Requests released
+``v10.2.7`` the hotfix release would be versioned as ``v10.2.8``.
+
+Hotfixes will **not** include upgrades to vendored dependences after
+``v2.6.2``
+
+Reasoning
+---------
+
+In the 2.5 and 2.6 release series, the Requests core team upgraded vendored
+dependencies and caused a great deal of headaches for both users and the core
+team. To reduce this pain, we're forming a concrete set of procedures so
+expectations will be properly set.

docs/community/support.rst

@@ -5,12 +5,21 @@ Support
 
 If you have questions or issues about Requests, there are several options:
 
+StackOverflow
+-------------
+
+If your question does not contain sensitive (possibly proprietary)
+information or can be properly anonymized, please ask a question on
+`StackOverflow <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/python-requests>`_
+and use the tag ``python-requests``.
+
 Send a Tweet
 ------------
 
 If your question is less than 140 characters, feel free to send a tweet to
-`@kennethreitz <http://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_.
-
+`@kennethreitz <https://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_,
+`@sigmavirus24 <https://twitter.com/sigmavirus24>`_, or
+`@lukasaoz <https://twitter.com/lukasaoz>`_.
 
 File an Issue
 -------------
@@ -34,4 +43,9 @@ IRC
 The official Freenode channel for Requests is
 `#python-requests <irc://irc.freenode.net/python-requests>`_
 
-I'm also available as **kennethreitz** on Freenode.
+The core developers of requests are on IRC throughout the day.
+You can find them in ``#python-requests`` as:
+
+- kennethreitz
+- lukasa
+- sigmavirus24

docs/community/updates.rst

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 .. _updates:
 
 
-
-
 Community Updates
 =================
 
@@ -19,23 +17,14 @@ The best way to track the development of Requests is through
 Twitter
 -------
 
-I often tweet about new features and releases of Requests.
+The author, Kenneth Reitz, often tweets about new features and releases of Requests.
 
 Follow `@kennethreitz <https://twitter.com/kennethreitz>`_ for updates.
 
 
-Mailing List
-------------
 
-There's a low-volume mailing list for Requests. To subscribe to the
-mailing list, send an email to
-`requests@librelist.org <mailto:requests@librelist.org>`_.
-
-
-
-
-Software Updates
-================
+Release and Version History
+===========================
 
 .. include:: ../../HISTORY.rst
 

docs/community/vulnerabilities.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+Vulnerability Disclosure
+========================
+
+If you think you have found a potential security vulnerability in requests,
+please email `sigmavirus24 <mailto:graffatcolmingov@gmail.com>`_ and
+`Lukasa <mailto:cory@lukasa.co.uk>`_ directly. **Do not file a public issue.**
+
+Our PGP Key fingerprints are:
+
+- 0161 BB7E B208 B5E0 4FDC  9F81 D9DA 0A04 9113 F853 (@sigmavirus24)
+
+- 90DC AE40 FEA7 4B14 9B70  662D F25F 2144 EEC1 373D (@lukasa)
+
+If English is not your first language, please try to describe the problem and
+its impact to the best of your ability. For greater detail, please use your
+native language and we will try our best to translate it using online services.
+
+Please also include the code you used to find the problem and the shortest
+amount of code necessary to reproduce it.
+
+Please do not disclose this to anyone else. We will retrieve a CVE identifier
+if necessary and give you full credit under whatever name or alias you provide.
+We will only request an identifier when we have a fix and can publish it in a
+release.
+
+We will respect your privacy and will only publicize your involvement if you
+grant us permission.
+
+Process
+-------
+
+This following information discusses the process the requests project follows
+in response to vulnerability disclosures. If you are disclosing a
+vulnerability, this section of the documentation lets you know how we will
+respond to your disclosure.
+
+Timeline
+~~~~~~~~
+
+When you report an issue, one of the project members will respond to you within
+two days *at the outside*. In most cases responses will be faster, usually
+within 12 hours. This initial response will at the very least confirm receipt
+of the report.
+
+If we were able to rapidly reproduce the issue, the initial response will also
+contain confirmation of the issue. If we are not, we will often ask for more
+information about the reproduction scenario.
+
+Our goal is to have a fix for any vulnerability released within two weeks of
+the initial disclosure. This may potentially involve shipping an interim
+release that simply disables function while a more mature fix can be prepared,
+but will in the vast majority of cases mean shipping a complete release as soon
+as possible.
+
+Throughout the fix process we will keep you up to speed with how the fix is
+progressing. Once the fix is prepared, we will notify you that we believe we
+have a fix. Often we will ask you to confirm the fix resolves the problem in
+your environment, especially if we are not confident of our reproduction
+scenario.
+
+At this point, we will prepare for the release. We will obtain a CVE number
+if one is required, providing you with full credit for the discovery. We will
+also decide on a planned release date, and let you know when it is. This
+release date will *always* be on a weekday.
+
+At this point we will reach out to our major downstream packagers to notify
+them of an impending security-related patch so they can make arrangements. In
+addition, these packagers will be provided with the intended patch ahead of
+time, to ensure that they are able to promptly release their downstream
+packages. Currently the list of people we actively contact *ahead of a public
+release* is:
+
+- Ralph Bean, Red Hat (@ralphbean)
+- Daniele Tricoli, Debian (@eriol)
+
+We will notify these individuals at least a week ahead of our planned release
+date to ensure that they have sufficient time to prepare. If you believe you
+should be on this list, please let one of the maintainers know at one of the
+email addresses at the top of this article.
+
+On release day, we will push the patch to our public repository, along with an
+updated changelog that describes the issue and credits you. We will then issue
+a PyPI release containing the patch.
+
+At this point, we will publicise the release. This will involve mails to
+mailing lists, Tweets, and all other communication mechanisms available to the
+core team.
+
+We will also explicitly mention which commits contain the fix to make it easier
+for other distributors and users to easily patch their own versions of requests
+if upgrading is not an option.
+
+Previous CVEs
+-------------
+
+- Fixed in 2.6.0
+
+  - `CVE 2015-2296 <http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2015-2296>`_,
+    reported by Matthew Daley of `BugFuzz <https://bugfuzz.com/>`_.
+
+- Fixed in 2.3.0
+
+  - `CVE 2014-1829 <http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2014-1829>`_
+
+  - `CVE 2014-1830 <http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2014-1830>`_

docs/dev/contributing.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+.. _contributing:
+
+Contributor's Guide
+===================
+
+If you're reading this you're probably interested in contributing to
+Requests. First, We'd like to say: thank you! Open source projects
+live-and-die based on the support they receive from others, and the fact that
+you're even considering supporting Requests is very generous of
+you.
+
+This document lays out guidelines and advice for contributing to Requests.
+If you're thinking of contributing, start by reading this thoroughly and
+getting a feel for how contributing to the project works. If you have any
+questions, feel free to reach out to either `Ian Cordasco`_ or `Cory Benfield`_,
+the primary maintainers.
+
+The guide is split into sections based on the type of contribution you're
+thinking of making, with a section that covers general guidelines for all
+contributors.
+
+.. _Ian Cordasco: http://www.coglib.com/~icordasc/
+.. _Cory Benfield: https://lukasa.co.uk/about
+
+
+All Contributions
+-----------------
+
+Be Cordial
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+**Be cordial or be on your way.**
+
+Requests has one very important rule governing all forms of contribution,
+including reporting bugs or requesting features. This golden rule is
+`be cordial or be on your way`_. **All contributions are welcome**, as long as
+everyone involved is treated with respect.
+
+.. _be cordial or be on your way: http://kennethreitz.org/be-cordial-or-be-on-your-way/
+
+.. _early-feedback:
+
+Get Early Feedback
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If you are contributing, do not feel the need to sit on your contribution until
+it is perfectly polished and complete. It helps everyone involved for you to
+seek feedback as early as you possibly can. Submitting an early, unfinished
+version of your contribution for feedback in no way prejudices your chances of
+getting that contribution accepted, and can save you from putting a lot of work
+into a contribution that is not suitable for the project.
+
+Contribution Suitability
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The project maintainer has the last word on whether or not a contribution is
+suitable for Requests. All contributions will be considered, but from time
+to time contributions will be rejected because they do not suit the project.
+
+If your contribution is rejected, don't despair! So long as you followed these
+guidelines, you'll have a much better chance of getting your next contribution
+accepted.
+
+
+Code Contributions
+------------------
+
+Steps
+~~~~~
+
+When contributing code, you'll want to follow this checklist:
+
+1. Fork the repository on GitHub.
+2. Run the tests to confirm they all pass on your system. If they don't, you'll
+   need to investigate why they fail. If you're unable to diagnose this
+   yourself, raise it as a bug report by following the guidelines in this
+   document: :ref:`bug-reports`.
+3. Write tests that demonstrate your bug or feature. Ensure that they fail.
+4. Make your change.
+5. Run the entire test suite again, confirming that all tests pass *including
+   the ones you just added*.
+6. Send a GitHub Pull Request to the main repository's ``master`` branch.
+   GitHub Pull Requests are the expected method of code collaboration on this
+   project.
+
+The following sub-sections go into more detail on some of the points above.
+
+Code Review
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Contributions will not be merged until they've been code reviewed. You should
+implement any code review feedback unless you strongly object to it. In the
+event that you object to the code review feedback, you should make your case
+clearly and calmly. If, after doing so, the feedback is judged to still apply,
+you must either apply the feedback or withdraw your contribution.
+
+New Contributors
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If you are new or relatively new to Open Source, welcome! Requests aims to
+be a gentle introduction to the world of Open Source. If you're concerned about
+how best to contribute, please consider mailing a maintainer (listed above) and
+asking for help.
+
+Please also check the :ref:`early-feedback` section.
+
+Documentation Contributions
+---------------------------
+
+Documentation improvements are always welcome! The documentation files live in
+the ``docs/`` directory of the codebase. They're written in
+`reStructuredText`_, and use `Sphinx`_ to generate the full suite of
+documentation.
+
+When contributing documentation, please attempt to follow the style of the
+documentation files. This means a soft-limit of 79 characters wide in your text
+files and a semi-formal prose style.
+
+.. _reStructuredText: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
+.. _Sphinx: http://sphinx-doc.org/index.html
+
+
+.. _bug-reports:
+
+Bug Reports
+-----------
+
+Bug reports are hugely important! Before you raise one, though, please check
+through the `GitHub issues`_, **both open and closed**, to confirm that the bug
+hasn't been reported before. Duplicate bug reports are a huge drain on the time
+of other contributors, and should be avoided as much as possible.
+
+.. _GitHub issues: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues
+
+
+Feature Requests
+----------------
+
+Requests is in a perpetual feature freeze. The maintainers believe that
+requests contains every major feature currently required by the vast majority
+of users.
+
+If you believe there is a feature missing, feel free to raise a feature
+request, but please do be aware that the overwhelming likelihood is that your
+feature request will not be accepted.

docs/index.rst

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Testimonials
 Her Majesty's Government, Amazon, Google, Twilio, Runscope, Mozilla, Heroku,
 PayPal, NPR, Obama for America, Transifex, Native Instruments, The Washington
 Post, Twitter, SoundCloud, Kippt, Readability, Sony, and Federal US Institutions that prefer to be unnamed
-use Requests internally. It has been downloaded over 23,000,000 times from PyPI.
+use Requests internally. It has been downloaded over 60,000,000 times from PyPI.
 
 **Armin Ronacher**
     Requests is the perfect example how beautiful an API can be with the
@@ -114,9 +114,12 @@ Requests ecosystem and community.
    :maxdepth: 1
 
    community/faq
-   community/out-there.rst
+   community/recommended
+   community/out-there
    community/support
+   community/vulnerabilities
    community/updates
+   community/release-process
 
 API Documentation
 -----------------
@@ -139,6 +142,7 @@ you.
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 1
 
+   dev/contributing
    dev/philosophy
    dev/todo
    dev/authors

docs/user/advanced.rst

@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ Session Objects
 
 The Session object allows you to persist certain parameters across
 requests. It also persists cookies across all requests made from the
-Session instance.
+Session instance, and will use ``urllib3``'s `connection pooling`_. So if
+you're making several requests to the same host, the underlying TCP
+connection will be reused, which can result in a significant performance
+increase (see `HTTP persistent connection`_).
 
 A Session object has all the methods of the main Requests API.
 
@@ -42,6 +45,33 @@ Any dictionaries that you pass to a request method will be merged with the
 session-level values that are set. The method-level parameters override session
 parameters.
 
+Note, however, that method-level parameters will *not* be persisted across
+requests, even if using a session. This example will only send the cookies
+with the first request, but not the second::
+
+    s = requests.Session()
+    r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies', cookies={'from-my': 'browser'})
+    print(r.text)
+    # '{"cookies": {"from-my": "browser"}}'
+
+    r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
+    print(r.text)
+    # '{"cookies": {}}'
+
+
+If you want to manually add cookies to your session, use the
+:ref:`Cookie utility functions <api-cookies>` to manipulate
+:attr:`Session.cookies <requests.Session.cookies>`.
+
+Sessions can also be used as context managers::
+
+    with requests.Session() as s:
+        s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
+
+This will make sure the session is closed as soon as the ``with`` block is
+exited, even if unhandled exceptions occurred.
+
+
 .. admonition:: Remove a Value From a Dict Parameter
 
     Sometimes you'll want to omit session-level keys from a dict parameter. To
@@ -171,7 +201,11 @@ I don't have SSL setup on this domain, so it fails. Excellent. GitHub does thoug
     >>> requests.get('https://github.com', verify=True)
     <Response [200]>
 
-You can pass ``verify`` the path to a CA_BUNDLE file with certificates of trusted CAs. This list of trusted CAs can also be specified through the ``REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE`` environment variable.
+You can pass ``verify`` the path to a CA_BUNDLE file or directory with certificates of trusted CAs::
+
+    >>> requests.get('https://github.com', verify='/path/to/certfile')
+
+This list of trusted CAs can also be specified through the ``REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE`` environment variable.
 
 Requests can also ignore verifying the SSL certificate if you set ``verify`` to False.
 
@@ -194,6 +228,28 @@ If you specify a wrong path or an invalid cert::
     >>> requests.get('https://kennethreitz.com', cert='/wrong_path/server.pem')
     SSLError: [Errno 336265225] _ssl.c:347: error:140B0009:SSL routines:SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file:PEM lib
 
+.. _ca-certificates:
+
+CA Certificates
+---------------
+
+By default Requests bundles a set of root CAs that it trusts, sourced from the
+`Mozilla trust store`_. However, these are only updated once for each Requests
+version. This means that if you pin a Requests version your certificates can
+become extremely out of date.
+
+From Requests version 2.4.0 onwards, Requests will attempt to use certificates
+from `certifi`_ if it is present on the system. This allows for users to update
+their trusted certificates without having to change the code that runs on their
+system.
+
+For the sake of security we recommend upgrading certifi frequently!
+
+.. _HTTP persistent connection: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_persistent_connection
+.. _connection pooling: https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/pools.html
+.. _certifi: http://certifi.io/
+.. _Mozilla trust store: https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/raw-file/tip/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt
+
 .. _body-content-workflow:
 
 Body Content Workflow
@@ -259,6 +315,15 @@ file-like object for your body::
     with open('massive-body', 'rb') as f:
         requests.post('http://some.url/streamed', data=f)
 
+.. warning:: It is strongly recommended that you open files in `binary mode`_.
+             This is because Requests may attempt to provide the
+             ``Content-Length`` header for you, and if it does this value will
+             be set to the number of *bytes* in the file. Errors may occur if
+             you open the file in *text mode*.
+
+.. _binary mode: https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files
+
+
 .. _chunk-encoding:
 
 Chunk-Encoded Requests
@@ -268,13 +333,19 @@ Requests also supports Chunked transfer encoding for outgoing and incoming reque
 To send a chunk-encoded request, simply provide a generator (or any iterator without
 a length) for your body::
 
-
     def gen():
         yield 'hi'
         yield 'there'
 
     requests.post('http://some.url/chunked', data=gen())
 
+For chunked encoded responses, it's best to iterate over the data using
+:meth:`Response.iter_content() <requests.models.Response.iter_content>`. In
+an ideal situation you'll have set ``stream=True`` on the request, in which
+case you can iterate chunk-by-chunk by calling ``iter_content`` with a chunk
+size parameter of ``None``. If you want to set a maximum size of the chunk,
+you can set a chunk size parameter to any integer.
+
 
 .. _multipart:
 
@@ -300,6 +371,15 @@ To do that, just set files to a list of tuples of (form_field_name, file_info):
       ...
     }
 
+.. warning:: It is strongly recommended that you open files in `binary mode`_.
+             This is because Requests may attempt to provide the
+             ``Content-Length`` header for you, and if it does this value will
+             be set to the number of *bytes* in the file. Errors may occur if
+             you open the file in *text mode*.
+
+.. _binary mode: https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files
+
+
 .. _event-hooks:
 
 Event Hooks
@@ -399,6 +479,19 @@ set ``stream`` to ``True`` and iterate over the response with
         if line:
             print(json.loads(line))
 
+.. warning::
+
+    :class:`~requests.Response.iter_lines()` is not reentrant safe.
+    Calling this method multiple times causes some of the received data
+    being lost. In case you need to call it from multiple places, use
+    the resulting iterator object instead::
+
+        lines = r.iter_lines()
+        # Save the first line for later or just skip it
+        first_line = next(lines)
+        for line in lines:
+            print(line)
+
 .. _proxies:
 
 Proxies
@@ -433,8 +526,20 @@ To use HTTP Basic Auth with your proxy, use the `http://user:password@host/` syn
         "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/",
     }
 
+To give a proxy for a specific scheme and host, use the
+`scheme://hostname` form for the key.  This will match for
+any request to the given scheme and exact hostname.
+
+::
+
+    proxies = {
+      "http://10.20.1.128": "http://10.10.1.10:5323",
+    }
+
 Note that proxy URLs must include the scheme.
 
+.. _compliance:
+
 Compliance
 ----------
 
@@ -461,6 +566,8 @@ specification in this case. If you require a different encoding, you can
 manually set the :attr:`Response.encoding <requests.Response.encoding>`
 property, or use the raw :attr:`Response.content <requests.Response.content>`.
 
+.. _http-verbs:
+
 HTTP Verbs
 ----------
 
@@ -634,6 +741,8 @@ headers.
 Excellent. Time to write a Python program that abuses the GitHub API in all
 kinds of exciting ways, 4995 more times.
 
+.. _link-headers:
+
 Link Headers
 ------------
 
@@ -656,6 +765,8 @@ Requests will automatically parse these link headers and make them easily consum
     >>> r.links["last"]
     {'url': 'https://api.github.com/users/kennethreitz/repos?page=7&per_page=10', 'rel': 'last'}
 
+.. _transport-adapters:
+
 Transport Adapters
 ------------------
 
@@ -724,6 +835,8 @@ SSLv3:
 .. _`described here`: http://www.kennethreitz.org/essays/the-future-of-python-http
 .. _`urllib3`: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3
 
+.. _blocking-or-nonblocking:
+
 Blocking Or Non-Blocking?
 -------------------------
 
@@ -741,6 +854,8 @@ Two excellent examples are `grequests`_ and `requests-futures`_.
 .. _`grequests`: https://github.com/kennethreitz/grequests
 .. _`requests-futures`: https://github.com/ross/requests-futures
 
+.. _timeouts:
+
 Timeouts
 --------
 
@@ -778,21 +893,3 @@ coffee.
     r = requests.get('https://github.com', timeout=None)
 
 .. _`connect()`: http://linux.die.net/man/2/connect
-
-CA Certificates
----------------
-
-By default Requests bundles a set of root CAs that it trusts, sourced from the
-`Mozilla trust store`_. However, these are only updated once for each Requests
-version. This means that if you pin a Requests version your certificates can
-become extremely out of date.
-
-From Requests version 2.4.0 onwards, Requests will attempt to use certificates
-from `certifi`_ if it is present on the system. This allows for users to update
-their trusted certificates without having to change the code that runs on their
-system.
-
-For the sake of security we recommend upgrading certifi frequently!
-
-.. _certifi: http://certifi.io/
-.. _Mozilla trust store: https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/raw-file/tip/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt

docs/user/quickstart.rst

@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ get all the information we need from this object.
 Requests' simple API means that all forms of HTTP request are as obvious. For
 example, this is how you make an HTTP POST request::
 
-    >>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post")
+    >>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data = {"key":"value"})
 
 Nice, right? What about the other HTTP request types: PUT, DELETE, HEAD and
 OPTIONS? These are all just as simple::
 
-    >>> r = requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")
+    >>> r = requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put", data = {"key":"value"})
     >>> r = requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete")
     >>> r = requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")
     >>> r = requests.options("http://httpbin.org/get")
@@ -73,13 +73,12 @@ You can see that the URL has been correctly encoded by printing the URL::
 Note that any dictionary key whose value is ``None`` will not be added to the
 URL's query string.
 
-In order to pass a list of items as a value you must mark the key as
-referring to a list like string by appending ``[]`` to the key::
+You can also pass a list of items as a value::
 
-    >>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2[]': ['value2', 'value3']}
+    >>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': ['value2', 'value3']}
     >>> r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
     >>> print(r.url)
-    http://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2%5B%5D=value2&key2%5B%5D=value3
+    http://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2=value2&key2=value3
 
 Response Content
 ----------------
@@ -146,8 +145,14 @@ There's also a builtin JSON decoder, in case you're dealing with JSON data::
     [{u'repository': {u'open_issues': 0, u'url': 'https://github.com/...
 
 In case the JSON decoding fails, ``r.json`` raises an exception. For example, if
-the response gets a 401 (Unauthorized), attempting ``r.json`` raises ``ValueError:
-No JSON object could be decoded``
+the response gets a 204 (No Content), or if the response contains invalid JSON,
+attempting ``r.json`` raises ``ValueError: No JSON object could be decoded``.
+
+It should be noted that the success of the call to ``r.json`` does **not**
+indicate the success of the response. Some servers may return a JSON object in a
+failed response (e.g. error details with HTTP 500). Such JSON will be decoded
+and returned. To check that a request is successful, use
+``r.raise_for_status()`` or check ``r.status_code`` is what you expect.
 
 
 Raw Response Content
@@ -182,14 +187,22 @@ Custom Headers
 If you'd like to add HTTP headers to a request, simply pass in a ``dict`` to the
 ``headers`` parameter.
 
-For example, we didn't specify our content-type in the previous example::
+For example, we didn't specify our user-agent in the previous example::
 
     >>> import json
     >>> url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
-    >>> payload = {'some': 'data'}
-    >>> headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
+    >>> headers = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1'}
 
-    >>> r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
+    >>> r = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
+
+Note: Custom headers are given less precedence than more specific sources of information. For instance:
+
+* Authorization headers will be overridden if credentials are passed via the ``auth`` parameter or are specified in a ``.netrc`` accessible in the environment.
+* Authorization headers will be removed if you get redirected off-host.
+* Proxy-Authorization headers will be overridden by proxy credentials provided in the URL.
+* Content-Length headers will be overridden when we can determine the length of the content.
+
+Furthermore, Requests does not change its behavior at all based on which custom headers are specified. The headers are simply passed on into the final request.
 
 
 More complicated POST requests
@@ -222,6 +235,14 @@ For example, the GitHub API v3 accepts JSON-Encoded POST/PATCH data::
 
     >>> r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload))
 
+Instead of encoding the ``dict`` yourself, you can also pass it directly using
+the ``json`` parameter (added in version 2.4.2) and it will be encoded automatically::
+
+    >>> url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
+    >>> payload = {'some': 'data'}
+
+    >>> r = requests.post(url, json=payload)
+
 
 POST a Multipart-Encoded File
 -----------------------------
@@ -241,7 +262,7 @@ Requests makes it simple to upload Multipart-encoded files::
       ...
     }
 
-You can set the filename, content_type and headers explicitly:
+You can set the filename, content_type and headers explicitly::
 
     >>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
     >>> files = {'file': ('report.xls', open('report.xls', 'rb'), 'application/vnd.ms-excel', {'Expires': '0'})}
@@ -280,6 +301,14 @@ support this, but there is a separate package which does -
 For sending multiple files in one request refer to the :ref:`advanced <advanced>`
 section.
 
+.. warning:: It is strongly recommended that you open files in `binary mode`_.
+             This is because Requests may attempt to provide the
+             ``Content-Length`` header for you, and if it does this value will
+             be set to the number of *bytes* in the file. Errors may occur if
+             you open the file in *text mode*.
+
+.. _binary mode: https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files
+
 
 Response Status Codes
 ---------------------
@@ -352,10 +381,10 @@ times with different values, but requests combines them so they can be
 represented in the dictionary within a single mapping, as per
 `RFC 7230 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2>`_:
 
-    > A recipient MAY combine multiple header fields with the same field name
-    > into one "field-name: field-value" pair, without changing the semantics
-    > of the message, by appending each subsequent field value to the combined
-    > field value in order, separated by a comma.
+    A recipient MAY combine multiple header fields with the same field name
+    into one "field-name: field-value" pair, without changing the semantics
+    of the message, by appending each subsequent field value to the combined
+    field value in order, separated by a comma.
 
 Cookies
 -------

requests/__init__.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #          /
 
 """
-requests HTTP library
+Requests HTTP library
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings. Basic GET
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ is at <http://python-requests.org>.
 """
 
 __title__ = 'requests'
-__version__ = '2.5.3'
-__build__ = 0x020503
+__version__ = '2.9.0'
+__build__ = 0x020900
 __author__ = 'Kenneth Reitz'
 __license__ = 'Apache 2.0'
 __copyright__ = 'Copyright 2015 Kenneth Reitz'
@@ -62,7 +62,8 @@ from .sessions import session, Session
 from .status_codes import codes
 from .exceptions import (
     RequestException, Timeout, URLRequired,
-    TooManyRedirects, HTTPError, ConnectionError
+    TooManyRedirects, HTTPError, ConnectionError,
+    FileModeWarning,
 )
 
 # Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
@@ -75,3 +76,8 @@ except ImportError:
             pass
 
 logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
+
+import warnings
+
+# FileModeWarnings go off per the default.
+warnings.simplefilter('default', FileModeWarning, append=True)

requests/adapters.py

@@ -8,20 +8,24 @@ This module contains the transport adapters that Requests uses to define
 and maintain connections.
 """
 
+import os.path
 import socket
 
 from .models import Response
-from .packages.urllib3 import Retry
 from .packages.urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager, proxy_from_url
 from .packages.urllib3.response import HTTPResponse
 from .packages.urllib3.util import Timeout as TimeoutSauce
+from .packages.urllib3.util.retry import Retry
 from .compat import urlparse, basestring
 from .utils import (DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH, get_encoding_from_headers,
-                    prepend_scheme_if_needed, get_auth_from_url, urldefragauth)
+                    prepend_scheme_if_needed, get_auth_from_url, urldefragauth,
+                    select_proxy)
 from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ClosedPoolError
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ConnectTimeoutError
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as _HTTPError
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import MaxRetryError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import NewConnectionError
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ProxyError as _ProxyError
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ProtocolError
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ReadTimeoutError
@@ -35,6 +39,7 @@ from .auth import _basic_auth_str
 DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK = False
 DEFAULT_POOLSIZE = 10
 DEFAULT_RETRIES = 0
+DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT = None
 
 
 class BaseAdapter(object):
@@ -103,7 +108,7 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
 
     def __setstate__(self, state):
         # Can't handle by adding 'proxy_manager' to self.__attrs__ because
-        # because self.poolmanager uses a lambda function, which isn't pickleable.
+        # self.poolmanager uses a lambda function, which isn't pickleable.
         self.proxy_manager = {}
         self.config = {}
 
@@ -181,10 +186,15 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
                 raise Exception("Could not find a suitable SSL CA certificate bundle.")
 
             conn.cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
-            conn.ca_certs = cert_loc
+
+            if not os.path.isdir(cert_loc):
+                conn.ca_certs = cert_loc
+            else:
+                conn.ca_cert_dir = cert_loc
         else:
             conn.cert_reqs = 'CERT_NONE'
             conn.ca_certs = None
+            conn.ca_cert_dir = None
 
         if cert:
             if not isinstance(cert, basestring):
@@ -237,8 +247,7 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         :param url: The URL to connect to.
         :param proxies: (optional) A Requests-style dictionary of proxies used on this request.
         """
-        proxies = proxies or {}
-        proxy = proxies.get(urlparse(url.lower()).scheme)
+        proxy = select_proxy(url, proxies)
 
         if proxy:
             proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, 'http')
@@ -271,12 +280,10 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
 
         :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
-        :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes to proxy URLs.
+        :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs.
         """
-        proxies = proxies or {}
+        proxy = select_proxy(request.url, proxies)
         scheme = urlparse(request.url).scheme
-        proxy = proxies.get(scheme)
-
         if proxy and scheme != 'https':
             url = urldefragauth(request.url)
         else:
@@ -309,7 +316,6 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
 
         :param proxies: The url of the proxy being used for this request.
-        :param kwargs: Optional additional keyword arguments.
         """
         headers = {}
         username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
@@ -326,8 +332,8 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
         :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
         :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
-            data before giving up, as a float, or a (`connect timeout, read
-            timeout <user/advanced.html#timeouts>`_) tuple.
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
         :type timeout: float or tuple
         :param verify: (optional) Whether to verify SSL certificates.
         :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
@@ -375,7 +381,7 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
                 if hasattr(conn, 'proxy_pool'):
                     conn = conn.proxy_pool
 
-                low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=timeout)
+                low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT)
 
                 try:
                     low_conn.putrequest(request.method,
@@ -394,7 +400,15 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
                         low_conn.send(b'\r\n')
                     low_conn.send(b'0\r\n\r\n')
 
-                    r = low_conn.getresponse()
+                    # Receive the response from the server
+                    try:
+                        # For Python 2.7+ versions, use buffering of HTTP
+                        # responses
+                        r = low_conn.getresponse(buffering=True)
+                    except TypeError:
+                        # For compatibility with Python 2.6 versions and back
+                        r = low_conn.getresponse()
+
                     resp = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(
                         r,
                         pool=conn,
@@ -407,22 +421,24 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
                     # Then, reraise so that we can handle the actual exception.
                     low_conn.close()
                     raise
-                else:
-                    # All is well, return the connection to the pool.
-                    conn._put_conn(low_conn)
 
         except (ProtocolError, socket.error) as err:
             raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
 
         except MaxRetryError as e:
             if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
-                raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
+                # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811
+                if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError):
+                    raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
 
             if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
                 raise RetryError(e, request=request)
 
             raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
 
+        except ClosedPoolError as e:
+            raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
+
         except _ProxyError as e:
             raise ProxyError(e)
 

requests/api.py

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ from . import sessions
 
 def request(method, url, **kwargs):
     """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
-    Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object.
 
     :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
@@ -28,15 +27,17 @@ def request(method, url, **kwargs):
     :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': ('filename', fileobj)}``) for multipart encoding upload.
     :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
     :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
-        before giving up, as a float, or a (`connect timeout, read timeout
-        <user/advanced.html#timeouts>`_) tuple.
+        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
+        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
     :type timeout: float or tuple
     :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
     :type allow_redirects: bool
     :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
-    :param verify: (optional) if ``True``, the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided.
+    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
     :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
     :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
 
     Usage::
 
@@ -45,31 +46,34 @@ def request(method, url, **kwargs):
       <Response [200]>
     """
 
-    session = sessions.Session()
-    response = session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
-    # By explicitly closing the session, we avoid leaving sockets open which
-    # can trigger a ResourceWarning in some cases, and look like a memory leak
-    # in others.
-    session.close()
-    return response
+    # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
+    # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some
+    # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
+    with sessions.Session() as session:
+        return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
 
 
-def get(url, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a GET request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a GET request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
-    return request('get', url, **kwargs)
+    return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)
 
 
 def options(url, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a OPTIONS request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a OPTIONS request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
@@ -77,10 +81,12 @@ def options(url, **kwargs):
 
 
 def head(url, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a HEAD request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a HEAD request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', False)
@@ -88,44 +94,52 @@ def head(url, **kwargs):
 
 
 def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a POST request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
 
 
 def put(url, data=None, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a PUT request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a PUT request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     return request('put', url, data=data, **kwargs)
 
 
 def patch(url, data=None, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a PATCH request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a PATCH request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     return request('patch', url,  data=data, **kwargs)
 
 
 def delete(url, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a DELETE request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a DELETE request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     return request('delete', url, **kwargs)

requests/auth.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import os
 import re
 import time
 import hashlib
+import threading
 
 from base64 import b64encode
 
@@ -63,19 +64,26 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
     def __init__(self, username, password):
         self.username = username
         self.password = password
-        self.last_nonce = ''
-        self.nonce_count = 0
-        self.chal = {}
-        self.pos = None
-        self.num_401_calls = 1
+        # Keep state in per-thread local storage
+        self._thread_local = threading.local()
+
+    def init_per_thread_state(self):
+        # Ensure state is initialized just once per-thread
+        if not hasattr(self._thread_local, 'init'):
+            self._thread_local.init = True
+            self._thread_local.last_nonce = ''
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 0
+            self._thread_local.chal = {}
+            self._thread_local.pos = None
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = None
 
     def build_digest_header(self, method, url):
 
-        realm = self.chal['realm']
-        nonce = self.chal['nonce']
-        qop = self.chal.get('qop')
-        algorithm = self.chal.get('algorithm')
-        opaque = self.chal.get('opaque')
+        realm = self._thread_local.chal['realm']
+        nonce = self._thread_local.chal['nonce']
+        qop = self._thread_local.chal.get('qop')
+        algorithm = self._thread_local.chal.get('algorithm')
+        opaque = self._thread_local.chal.get('opaque')
 
         if algorithm is None:
             _algorithm = 'MD5'
@@ -103,7 +111,8 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
         # XXX not implemented yet
         entdig = None
         p_parsed = urlparse(url)
-        path = p_parsed.path
+        #: path is request-uri defined in RFC 2616 which should not be empty
+        path = p_parsed.path or "/"
         if p_parsed.query:
             path += '?' + p_parsed.query
 
@@ -113,12 +122,12 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
         HA1 = hash_utf8(A1)
         HA2 = hash_utf8(A2)
 
-        if nonce == self.last_nonce:
-            self.nonce_count += 1
+        if nonce == self._thread_local.last_nonce:
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count += 1
         else:
-            self.nonce_count = 1
-        ncvalue = '%08x' % self.nonce_count
-        s = str(self.nonce_count).encode('utf-8')
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 1
+        ncvalue = '%08x' % self._thread_local.nonce_count
+        s = str(self._thread_local.nonce_count).encode('utf-8')
         s += nonce.encode('utf-8')
         s += time.ctime().encode('utf-8')
         s += os.urandom(8)
@@ -127,7 +136,7 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
         if _algorithm == 'MD5-SESS':
             HA1 = hash_utf8('%s:%s:%s' % (HA1, nonce, cnonce))
 
-        if qop is None:
+        if not qop:
             respdig = KD(HA1, "%s:%s" % (nonce, HA2))
         elif qop == 'auth' or 'auth' in qop.split(','):
             noncebit = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (
@@ -138,7 +147,7 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
             # XXX handle auth-int.
             return None
 
-        self.last_nonce = nonce
+        self._thread_local.last_nonce = nonce
 
         # XXX should the partial digests be encoded too?
         base = 'username="%s", realm="%s", nonce="%s", uri="%s", ' \
@@ -157,28 +166,27 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
     def handle_redirect(self, r, **kwargs):
         """Reset num_401_calls counter on redirects."""
         if r.is_redirect:
-            self.num_401_calls = 1
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
 
     def handle_401(self, r, **kwargs):
         """Takes the given response and tries digest-auth, if needed."""
 
-        if self.pos is not None:
+        if self._thread_local.pos is not None:
             # Rewind the file position indicator of the body to where
             # it was to resend the request.
-            r.request.body.seek(self.pos)
-        num_401_calls = getattr(self, 'num_401_calls', 1)
+            r.request.body.seek(self._thread_local.pos)
         s_auth = r.headers.get('www-authenticate', '')
 
-        if 'digest' in s_auth.lower() and num_401_calls < 2:
+        if 'digest' in s_auth.lower() and self._thread_local.num_401_calls < 2:
 
-            self.num_401_calls += 1
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls += 1
             pat = re.compile(r'digest ', flags=re.IGNORECASE)
-            self.chal = parse_dict_header(pat.sub('', s_auth, count=1))
+            self._thread_local.chal = parse_dict_header(pat.sub('', s_auth, count=1))
 
             # Consume content and release the original connection
             # to allow our new request to reuse the same one.
             r.content
-            r.raw.release_conn()
+            r.close()
             prep = r.request.copy()
             extract_cookies_to_jar(prep._cookies, r.request, r.raw)
             prep.prepare_cookies(prep._cookies)
@@ -191,21 +199,25 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
 
             return _r
 
-        self.num_401_calls = 1
+        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
         return r
 
     def __call__(self, r):
+        # Initialize per-thread state, if needed
+        self.init_per_thread_state()
         # If we have a saved nonce, skip the 401
-        if self.last_nonce:
+        if self._thread_local.last_nonce:
             r.headers['Authorization'] = self.build_digest_header(r.method, r.url)
         try:
-            self.pos = r.body.tell()
+            self._thread_local.pos = r.body.tell()
         except AttributeError:
             # In the case of HTTPDigestAuth being reused and the body of
             # the previous request was a file-like object, pos has the
             # file position of the previous body. Ensure it's set to
             # None.
-            self.pos = None
+            self._thread_local.pos = None
         r.register_hook('response', self.handle_401)
         r.register_hook('response', self.handle_redirect)
+        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+
         return r

requests/cookies.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ Compatibility code to be able to use `cookielib.CookieJar` with requests.
 requests.utils imports from here, so be careful with imports.
 """
 
+import copy
 import time
 import collections
 from .compat import cookielib, urlparse, urlunparse, Morsel
@@ -142,10 +143,13 @@ def remove_cookie_by_name(cookiejar, name, domain=None, path=None):
     """
     clearables = []
     for cookie in cookiejar:
-        if cookie.name == name:
-            if domain is None or domain == cookie.domain:
-                if path is None or path == cookie.path:
-                    clearables.append((cookie.domain, cookie.path, cookie.name))
+        if cookie.name != name:
+            continue
+        if domain is not None and domain != cookie.domain:
+            continue
+        if path is not None and path != cookie.path:
+            continue
+        clearables.append((cookie.domain, cookie.path, cookie.name))
 
     for domain, path, name in clearables:
         cookiejar.clear(domain, path, name)
@@ -302,7 +306,7 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         """Updates this jar with cookies from another CookieJar or dict-like"""
         if isinstance(other, cookielib.CookieJar):
             for cookie in other:
-                self.set_cookie(cookie)
+                self.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
         else:
             super(RequestsCookieJar, self).update(other)
 
@@ -359,6 +363,21 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         return new_cj
 
 
+def _copy_cookie_jar(jar):
+    if jar is None:
+        return None
+
+    if hasattr(jar, 'copy'):
+        # We're dealing with an instance of RequestsCookieJar
+        return jar.copy()
+    # We're dealing with a generic CookieJar instance
+    new_jar = copy.copy(jar)
+    new_jar.clear()
+    for cookie in jar:
+        new_jar.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
+    return new_jar
+
+
 def create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs):
     """Make a cookie from underspecified parameters.
 
@@ -399,11 +418,14 @@ def morsel_to_cookie(morsel):
 
     expires = None
     if morsel['max-age']:
-        expires = time.time() + morsel['max-age']
+        try:
+            expires = int(time.time() + int(morsel['max-age']))
+        except ValueError:
+            raise TypeError('max-age: %s must be integer' % morsel['max-age'])
     elif morsel['expires']:
         time_template = '%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT'
-        expires = time.mktime(
-            time.strptime(morsel['expires'], time_template)) - time.timezone
+        expires = int(time.mktime(
+            time.strptime(morsel['expires'], time_template)) - time.timezone)
     return create_cookie(
         comment=morsel['comment'],
         comment_url=bool(morsel['comment']),

requests/exceptions.py

@@ -97,3 +97,18 @@ class StreamConsumedError(RequestException, TypeError):
 
 class RetryError(RequestException):
     """Custom retries logic failed"""
+
+
+# Warnings
+
+
+class RequestsWarning(Warning):
+    """Base warning for Requests."""
+    pass
+
+
+class FileModeWarning(RequestsWarning, DeprecationWarning):
+    """
+    A file was opened in text mode, but Requests determined its binary length.
+    """
+    pass

requests/hooks.py

@@ -12,34 +12,23 @@ Available hooks:
     The response generated from a Request.
 
 """
-
-
 HOOKS = ['response']
 
-
 def default_hooks():
-    hooks = {}
-    for event in HOOKS:
-        hooks[event] = []
-    return hooks
+    return dict((event, []) for event in HOOKS)
 
 # TODO: response is the only one
 
 
 def dispatch_hook(key, hooks, hook_data, **kwargs):
     """Dispatches a hook dictionary on a given piece of data."""
-
     hooks = hooks or dict()
-
-    if key in hooks:
-        hooks = hooks.get(key)
-
+    hooks = hooks.get(key)
+    if hooks:
         if hasattr(hooks, '__call__'):
             hooks = [hooks]
-
         for hook in hooks:
             _hook_data = hook(hook_data, **kwargs)
             if _hook_data is not None:
                 hook_data = _hook_data
-
     return hook_data

requests/models.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from .hooks import default_hooks
 from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
 
 from .auth import HTTPBasicAuth
-from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, get_cookie_header
+from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, get_cookie_header, _copy_cookie_jar
 from .packages.urllib3.fields import RequestField
 from .packages.urllib3.filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
 from .packages.urllib3.util import parse_url
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ from .utils import (
     iter_slices, guess_json_utf, super_len, to_native_string)
 from .compat import (
     cookielib, urlunparse, urlsplit, urlencode, str, bytes, StringIO,
-    is_py2, chardet, json, builtin_str, basestring)
+    is_py2, chardet, builtin_str, basestring)
+from .compat import json as complexjson
 from .status_codes import codes
 
 #: The set of HTTP status codes that indicate an automatically
@@ -42,12 +43,11 @@ REDIRECT_STATI = (
     codes.temporary_redirect, # 307
     codes.permanent_redirect, # 308
 )
+
 DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT = 30
 CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE = 10 * 1024
 ITER_CHUNK_SIZE = 512
 
-json_dumps = json.dumps
-
 
 class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
     @property
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
         """
 
         if isinstance(data, (str, bytes)):
-            return data
+            return to_native_string(data)
         elif hasattr(data, 'read'):
             return data
         elif hasattr(data, '__iter__'):
@@ -143,13 +143,13 @@ class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
             else:
                 fn = guess_filename(v) or k
                 fp = v
-            if isinstance(fp, str):
-                fp = StringIO(fp)
-            if isinstance(fp, bytes):
-                fp = BytesIO(fp)
 
-            rf = RequestField(name=k, data=fp.read(),
-                              filename=fn, headers=fh)
+            if isinstance(fp, (str, bytes, bytearray)):
+                fdata = fp
+            else:
+                fdata = fp.read()
+
+            rf = RequestField(name=k, data=fdata, filename=fn, headers=fh)
             rf.make_multipart(content_type=ft)
             new_fields.append(rf)
 
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
     :param headers: dictionary of headers to send.
     :param files: dictionary of {filename: fileobject} files to multipart upload.
     :param data: the body to attach to the request. If a dictionary is provided, form-encoding will take place.
-    :param json: json for the body to attach to the request (if data is not specified).
+    :param json: json for the body to attach to the request (if files or data is not specified).
     :param params: dictionary of URL parameters to append to the URL.
     :param auth: Auth handler or (user, pass) tuple.
     :param cookies: dictionary or CookieJar of cookies to attach to this request.
@@ -206,17 +206,8 @@ class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
       <PreparedRequest [GET]>
 
     """
-    def __init__(self,
-        method=None,
-        url=None,
-        headers=None,
-        files=None,
-        data=None,
-        params=None,
-        auth=None,
-        cookies=None,
-        hooks=None,
-        json=None):
+    def __init__(self, method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None,
+        data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None, json=None):
 
         # Default empty dicts for dict params.
         data = [] if data is None else data
@@ -295,8 +286,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         self.hooks = default_hooks()
 
     def prepare(self, method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None,
-                data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None,
-                json=None):
+        data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None, json=None):
         """Prepares the entire request with the given parameters."""
 
         self.prepare_method(method)
@@ -305,6 +295,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         self.prepare_cookies(cookies)
         self.prepare_body(data, files, json)
         self.prepare_auth(auth, url)
+
         # Note that prepare_auth must be last to enable authentication schemes
         # such as OAuth to work on a fully prepared request.
 
@@ -319,7 +310,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         p.method = self.method
         p.url = self.url
         p.headers = self.headers.copy() if self.headers is not None else None
-        p._cookies = self._cookies.copy() if self._cookies is not None else None
+        p._cookies = _copy_cookie_jar(self._cookies)
         p.body = self.body
         p.hooks = self.hooks
         return p
@@ -328,12 +319,12 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         """Prepares the given HTTP method."""
         self.method = method
         if self.method is not None:
-            self.method = self.method.upper()
+            self.method = to_native_string(self.method.upper())
 
     def prepare_url(self, url, params):
         """Prepares the given HTTP URL."""
         #: Accept objects that have string representations.
-        #: We're unable to blindy call unicode/str functions
+        #: We're unable to blindly call unicode/str functions
         #: as this will include the bytestring indicator (b'')
         #: on python 3.x.
         #: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2238
@@ -356,8 +347,10 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             raise InvalidURL(*e.args)
 
         if not scheme:
-            raise MissingSchema("Invalid URL {0!r}: No schema supplied. "
-                                "Perhaps you meant http://{0}?".format(url))
+            error = ("Invalid URL {0!r}: No schema supplied. Perhaps you meant http://{0}?")
+            error = error.format(to_native_string(url, 'utf8'))
+
+            raise MissingSchema(error)
 
         if not host:
             raise InvalidURL("Invalid URL %r: No host supplied" % url)
@@ -421,9 +414,9 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         content_type = None
         length = None
 
-        if json is not None:
+        if not data and json is not None:
             content_type = 'application/json'
-            body = json_dumps(json)
+            body = complexjson.dumps(json)
 
         is_stream = all([
             hasattr(data, '__iter__'),
@@ -441,7 +434,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             if files:
                 raise NotImplementedError('Streamed bodies and files are mutually exclusive.')
 
-            if length is not None:
+            if length:
                 self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(length)
             else:
                 self.headers['Transfer-Encoding'] = 'chunked'
@@ -450,7 +443,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             if files:
                 (body, content_type) = self._encode_files(files, data)
             else:
-                if data and json is None:
+                if data:
                     body = self._encode_params(data)
                     if isinstance(data, basestring) or hasattr(data, 'read'):
                         content_type = None
@@ -500,7 +493,15 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             self.prepare_content_length(self.body)
 
     def prepare_cookies(self, cookies):
-        """Prepares the given HTTP cookie data."""
+        """Prepares the given HTTP cookie data.
+
+        This function eventually generates a ``Cookie`` header from the
+        given cookies using cookielib. Due to cookielib's design, the header
+        will not be regenerated if it already exists, meaning this function
+        can only be called once for the life of the
+        :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object. Any subsequent calls
+        to ``prepare_cookies`` will have no actual effect, unless the "Cookie"
+        header is removed beforehand."""
 
         if isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
             self._cookies = cookies
@@ -513,6 +514,10 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
 
     def prepare_hooks(self, hooks):
         """Prepares the given hooks."""
+        # hooks can be passed as None to the prepare method and to this
+        # method. To prevent iterating over None, simply use an empty list
+        # if hooks is False-y
+        hooks = hooks or []
         for event in hooks:
             self.register_hook(event, hooks[event])
 
@@ -523,16 +528,8 @@ class Response(object):
     """
 
     __attrs__ = [
-        '_content',
-        'status_code',
-        'headers',
-        'url',
-        'history',
-        'encoding',
-        'reason',
-        'cookies',
-        'elapsed',
-        'request',
+        '_content', 'status_code', 'headers', 'url', 'history',
+        'encoding', 'reason', 'cookies', 'elapsed', 'request'
     ]
 
     def __init__(self):
@@ -572,7 +569,11 @@ class Response(object):
         self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({})
 
         #: The amount of time elapsed between sending the request
-        #: and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta)
+        #: and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta).
+        #: This property specifically measures the time taken between sending
+        #: the first byte of the request and finishing parsing the headers. It
+        #: is therefore unaffected by consuming the response content or the
+        #: value of the ``stream`` keyword argument.
         self.elapsed = datetime.timedelta(0)
 
         #: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object to which this
@@ -630,7 +631,7 @@ class Response(object):
 
     @property
     def is_permanent_redirect(self):
-        """True if this Response one of the permanant versions of redirect"""
+        """True if this Response one of the permanent versions of redirect"""
         return ('location' in self.headers and self.status_code in (codes.moved_permanently, codes.permanent_redirect))
 
     @property
@@ -648,9 +649,10 @@ class Response(object):
         If decode_unicode is True, content will be decoded using the best
         available encoding based on the response.
         """
+
         def generate():
-            try:
-                # Special case for urllib3.
+            # Special case for urllib3.
+            if hasattr(self.raw, 'stream'):
                 try:
                     for chunk in self.raw.stream(chunk_size, decode_content=True):
                         yield chunk
@@ -660,7 +662,7 @@ class Response(object):
                     raise ContentDecodingError(e)
                 except ReadTimeoutError as e:
                     raise ConnectionError(e)
-            except AttributeError:
+            else:
                 # Standard file-like object.
                 while True:
                     chunk = self.raw.read(chunk_size)
@@ -688,6 +690,8 @@ class Response(object):
         """Iterates over the response data, one line at a time.  When
         stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the
         content at once into memory for large responses.
+
+        .. note:: This method is not reentrant safe.
         """
 
         pending = None
@@ -789,14 +793,16 @@ class Response(object):
             encoding = guess_json_utf(self.content)
             if encoding is not None:
                 try:
-                    return json.loads(self.content.decode(encoding), **kwargs)
+                    return complexjson.loads(
+                        self.content.decode(encoding), **kwargs
+                    )
                 except UnicodeDecodeError:
                     # Wrong UTF codec detected; usually because it's not UTF-8
                     # but some other 8-bit codec.  This is an RFC violation,
                     # and the server didn't bother to tell us what codec *was*
                     # used.
                     pass
-        return json.loads(self.text, **kwargs)
+        return complexjson.loads(self.text, **kwargs)
 
     @property
     def links(self):
@@ -822,10 +828,10 @@ class Response(object):
         http_error_msg = ''
 
         if 400 <= self.status_code < 500:
-            http_error_msg = '%s Client Error: %s' % (self.status_code, self.reason)
+            http_error_msg = '%s Client Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, self.reason, self.url)
 
         elif 500 <= self.status_code < 600:
-            http_error_msg = '%s Server Error: %s' % (self.status_code, self.reason)
+            http_error_msg = '%s Server Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, self.reason, self.url)
 
         if http_error_msg:
             raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)
@@ -836,4 +842,7 @@ class Response(object):
 
         *Note: Should not normally need to be called explicitly.*
         """
+        if not self._content_consumed:
+            return self.raw.close()
+
         return self.raw.release_conn()

requests/packages/README.rst

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 If you are planning to submit a pull request to requests with any changes in 
-this library do not go any further. These are independent libraries which we 
-vendor into requests. Any changes necessary to these libraries must be made in 
+this library do not go any further. These are independent libraries which we
+vendor into requests. Any changes necessary to these libraries must be made in
 them and submitted as separate pull requests to those libraries.
 
 urllib3 pull requests go here: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3
 
 chardet pull requests go here: https://github.com/chardet/chardet
+
+See https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/1812#issuecomment-30854316
+for the reasoning behind this.

requests/packages/__init__.py

@@ -1,95 +1,36 @@
-"""
-Copyright (c) Donald Stufft, pip, and individual contributors
+'''
+Debian and other distributions "unbundle" requests' vendored dependencies, and
+rewrite all imports to use the global versions of ``urllib3`` and ``chardet``.
+The problem with this is that not only requests itself imports those
+dependencies, but third-party code outside of the distros' control too.
 
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
-a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
-permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
-the following conditions:
+In reaction to these problems, the distro maintainers replaced
+``requests.packages`` with a magical "stub module" that imports the correct
+modules. The implementations were varying in quality and all had severe
+problems. For example, a symlink (or hardlink) that links the correct modules
+into place introduces problems regarding object identity, since you now have
+two modules in `sys.modules` with the same API, but different identities::
 
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
-included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+    requests.packages.urllib3 is not urllib3
+
+With version ``2.5.2``, requests started to maintain its own stub, so that
+distro-specific breakage would be reduced to a minimum, even though the whole
+issue is not requests' fault in the first place. See
+https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2375 for the corresponding pull
+request.
+'''
 
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
-NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
-LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
-OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
-WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-"""
 from __future__ import absolute_import
-
 import sys
 
+try:
+    from . import urllib3
+except ImportError:
+    import urllib3
+    sys.modules['%s.urllib3' % __name__] = urllib3
 
-class VendorAlias(object):
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self._vendor_name = __name__
-        self._vendor_pkg = self._vendor_name + "."
-
-    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
-        if fullname.startswith(self._vendor_pkg):
-            return self
-
-    def load_module(self, name):
-        # Ensure that this only works for the vendored name
-        if not name.startswith(self._vendor_pkg):
-            raise ImportError(
-                "Cannot import %s, must be a subpackage of '%s'." % (
-                    name, self._vendor_name,
-                )
-            )
-
-        # Check to see if we already have this item in sys.modules, if we do
-        # then simply return that.
-        if name in sys.modules:
-            return sys.modules[name]
-
-        # Check to see if we can import the vendor name
-        try:
-            # We do this dance here because we want to try and import this
-            # module without hitting a recursion error because of a bunch of
-            # VendorAlias instances on sys.meta_path
-            real_meta_path = sys.meta_path[:]
-            try:
-                sys.meta_path = [
-                    m for m in sys.meta_path
-                    if not isinstance(m, VendorAlias)
-                ]
-                __import__(name)
-                module = sys.modules[name]
-            finally:
-                # Re-add any additions to sys.meta_path that were made while
-                # during the import we just did, otherwise things like
-                # requests.packages.urllib3.poolmanager will fail.
-                for m in sys.meta_path:
-                    if m not in real_meta_path:
-                        real_meta_path.append(m)
-
-                # Restore sys.meta_path with any new items.
-                sys.meta_path = real_meta_path
-        except ImportError:
-            # We can't import the vendor name, so we'll try to import the
-            # "real" name.
-            real_name = name[len(self._vendor_pkg):]
-            try:
-                __import__(real_name)
-                module = sys.modules[real_name]
-            except ImportError:
-                raise ImportError("No module named '%s'" % (name,))
-
-        # If we've gotten here we've found the module we're looking for, either
-        # as part of our vendored package, or as the real name, so we'll add
-        # it to sys.modules as the vendored name so that we don't have to do
-        # the lookup again.
-        sys.modules[name] = module
-
-        # Finally, return the loaded module
-        return module
-
-
-sys.meta_path.append(VendorAlias())
+try:
+    from . import chardet
+except ImportError:
+    import chardet
+    sys.modules['%s.chardet' % __name__] = chardet

requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py

@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@
 urllib3 - Thread-safe connection pooling and re-using.
 """
 
-__author__ = 'Andrey Petrov (andrey.petrov@shazow.net)'
-__license__ = 'MIT'
-__version__ = 'dev'
-
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import warnings
 
 from .connectionpool import (
     HTTPConnectionPool,
@@ -32,8 +30,30 @@ except ImportError:
         def emit(self, record):
             pass
 
+__author__ = 'Andrey Petrov (andrey.petrov@shazow.net)'
+__license__ = 'MIT'
+__version__ = '1.13'
+
+__all__ = (
+    'HTTPConnectionPool',
+    'HTTPSConnectionPool',
+    'PoolManager',
+    'ProxyManager',
+    'HTTPResponse',
+    'Retry',
+    'Timeout',
+    'add_stderr_logger',
+    'connection_from_url',
+    'disable_warnings',
+    'encode_multipart_formdata',
+    'get_host',
+    'make_headers',
+    'proxy_from_url',
+)
+
 logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
 
+
 def add_stderr_logger(level=logging.DEBUG):
     """
     Helper for quickly adding a StreamHandler to the logger. Useful for
@@ -55,9 +75,16 @@ def add_stderr_logger(level=logging.DEBUG):
 del NullHandler
 
 
-# Set security warning to always go off by default.
-import warnings
-warnings.simplefilter('always', exceptions.SecurityWarning)
+# SecurityWarning's always go off by default.
+warnings.simplefilter('always', exceptions.SecurityWarning, append=True)
+# SubjectAltNameWarning's should go off once per host
+warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.SubjectAltNameWarning)
+# InsecurePlatformWarning's don't vary between requests, so we keep it default.
+warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.InsecurePlatformWarning,
+                      append=True)
+# SNIMissingWarnings should go off only once.
+warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.SNIMissingWarning)
+
 
 def disable_warnings(category=exceptions.HTTPWarning):
     """

requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
 from collections import Mapping, MutableMapping
 try:
     from threading import RLock
@@ -20,8 +21,6 @@ from .packages.six import iterkeys, itervalues, PY3
 __all__ = ['RecentlyUsedContainer', 'HTTPHeaderDict']
 
 
-MULTIPLE_HEADERS_ALLOWED = frozenset(['cookie', 'set-cookie', 'set-cookie2'])
-
 _Null = object()
 
 
@@ -99,14 +98,7 @@ class RecentlyUsedContainer(MutableMapping):
             return list(iterkeys(self._container))
 
 
-_dict_setitem = dict.__setitem__
-_dict_getitem = dict.__getitem__
-_dict_delitem = dict.__delitem__
-_dict_contains = dict.__contains__
-_dict_setdefault = dict.setdefault
-
-
-class HTTPHeaderDict(dict):
+class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
     """
     :param headers:
         An iterable of field-value pairs. Must not contain multiple field names
@@ -141,45 +133,55 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(dict):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, headers=None, **kwargs):
-        dict.__init__(self)
+        super(HTTPHeaderDict, self).__init__()
+        self._container = {}
         if headers is not None:
-            self.extend(headers)
+            if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+                self._copy_from(headers)
+            else:
+                self.extend(headers)
         if kwargs:
             self.extend(kwargs)
 
     def __setitem__(self, key, val):
-        return _dict_setitem(self, key.lower(), (key, val))
+        self._container[key.lower()] = (key, val)
+        return self._container[key.lower()]
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
-        val = _dict_getitem(self, key.lower())
+        val = self._container[key.lower()]
         return ', '.join(val[1:])
 
     def __delitem__(self, key):
-        return _dict_delitem(self, key.lower())
+        del self._container[key.lower()]
 
     def __contains__(self, key):
-        return _dict_contains(self, key.lower())
+        return key.lower() in self._container
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if not isinstance(other, Mapping) and not hasattr(other, 'keys'):
             return False
         if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
             other = type(self)(other)
-        return dict((k1, self[k1]) for k1 in self) == dict((k2, other[k2]) for k2 in other)
+        return (dict((k.lower(), v) for k, v in self.itermerged()) ==
+                dict((k.lower(), v) for k, v in other.itermerged()))
 
     def __ne__(self, other):
         return not self.__eq__(other)
 
-    values = MutableMapping.values
-    get = MutableMapping.get
-    update = MutableMapping.update
-    
-    if not PY3: # Python 2
+    if not PY3:  # Python 2
         iterkeys = MutableMapping.iterkeys
         itervalues = MutableMapping.itervalues
 
     __marker = object()
 
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._container)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        # Only provide the originally cased names
+        for vals in self._container.values():
+            yield vals[0]
+
     def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
         '''D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
           If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
@@ -215,7 +217,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(dict):
         key_lower = key.lower()
         new_vals = key, val
         # Keep the common case aka no item present as fast as possible
-        vals = _dict_setdefault(self, key_lower, new_vals)
+        vals = self._container.setdefault(key_lower, new_vals)
         if new_vals is not vals:
             # new_vals was not inserted, as there was a previous one
             if isinstance(vals, list):
@@ -223,26 +225,23 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(dict):
                 vals.append(val)
             else:
                 # vals should be a tuple then, i.e. only one item so far
-                if key_lower in MULTIPLE_HEADERS_ALLOWED:
-                    # Need to convert the tuple to list for further extension
-                    _dict_setitem(self, key_lower, [vals[0], vals[1], val])
-                else:
-                    _dict_setitem(self, key_lower, new_vals)
+                # Need to convert the tuple to list for further extension
+                self._container[key_lower] = [vals[0], vals[1], val]
 
-    def extend(*args, **kwargs):
+    def extend(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """Generic import function for any type of header-like object.
         Adapted version of MutableMapping.update in order to insert items
         with self.add instead of self.__setitem__
         """
-        if len(args) > 2:
-            raise TypeError("update() takes at most 2 positional "
-                            "arguments ({} given)".format(len(args)))
-        elif not args:
-            raise TypeError("update() takes at least 1 argument (0 given)")
-        self = args[0]
-        other = args[1] if len(args) >= 2 else ()
-        
-        if isinstance(other, Mapping):
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise TypeError("extend() takes at most 1 positional "
+                            "arguments ({0} given)".format(len(args)))
+        other = args[0] if len(args) >= 1 else ()
+
+        if isinstance(other, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            for key, val in other.iteritems():
+                self.add(key, val)
+        elif isinstance(other, Mapping):
             for key in other:
                 self.add(key, other[key])
         elif hasattr(other, "keys"):
@@ -259,7 +258,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(dict):
         """Returns a list of all the values for the named field. Returns an
         empty list if the key doesn't exist."""
         try:
-            vals = _dict_getitem(self, key.lower())
+            vals = self._container[key.lower()]
         except KeyError:
             return []
         else:
@@ -276,44 +275,50 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(dict):
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s(%s)" % (type(self).__name__, dict(self.itermerged()))
 
-    def copy(self):
-        clone = type(self)()
-        for key in self:
-            val = _dict_getitem(self, key)
+    def _copy_from(self, other):
+        for key in other:
+            val = other.getlist(key)
             if isinstance(val, list):
                 # Don't need to convert tuples
                 val = list(val)
-            _dict_setitem(clone, key, val)
+            self._container[key.lower()] = [key] + val
+
+    def copy(self):
+        clone = type(self)()
+        clone._copy_from(self)
         return clone
 
     def iteritems(self):
         """Iterate over all header lines, including duplicate ones."""
         for key in self:
-            vals = _dict_getitem(self, key)
+            vals = self._container[key.lower()]
             for val in vals[1:]:
                 yield vals[0], val
 
     def itermerged(self):
         """Iterate over all headers, merging duplicate ones together."""
         for key in self:
-            val = _dict_getitem(self, key)
+            val = self._container[key.lower()]
             yield val[0], ', '.join(val[1:])
 
     def items(self):
         return list(self.iteritems())
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_httplib(cls, message, duplicates=('set-cookie',)): # Python 2
+    def from_httplib(cls, message):  # Python 2
         """Read headers from a Python 2 httplib message object."""
-        ret = cls(message.items())
-        # ret now contains only the last header line for each duplicate.
-        # Importing with all duplicates would be nice, but this would
-        # mean to repeat most of the raw parsing already done, when the
-        # message object was created. Extracting only the headers of interest 
-        # separately, the cookies, should be faster and requires less
-        # extra code.
-        for key in duplicates:
-            ret.discard(key)
-            for val in message.getheaders(key):
-                ret.add(key, val)
-            return ret
+        # python2.7 does not expose a proper API for exporting multiheaders
+        # efficiently. This function re-reads raw lines from the message
+        # object and extracts the multiheaders properly.
+        headers = []
+
+        for line in message.headers:
+            if line.startswith((' ', '\t')):
+                key, value = headers[-1]
+                headers[-1] = (key, value + '\r\n' + line.rstrip())
+                continue
+
+            key, value = line.split(':', 1)
+            headers.append((key, value.strip()))
+
+        return cls(headers)

requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py

@@ -1,23 +1,20 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
 import datetime
+import os
 import sys
 import socket
-from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
+from socket import error as SocketError, timeout as SocketTimeout
 import warnings
 from .packages import six
 
 try:  # Python 3
-    from http.client import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection, HTTPException
+    from http.client import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection
+    from http.client import HTTPException  # noqa: unused in this module
 except ImportError:
-    from httplib import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection, HTTPException
-
-
-class DummyConnection(object):
-    "Used to detect a failed ConnectionCls import."
-    pass
-
+    from httplib import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection
+    from httplib import HTTPException  # noqa: unused in this module
 
 try:  # Compiled with SSL?
-    HTTPSConnection = DummyConnection
     import ssl
     BaseSSLError = ssl.SSLError
 except (ImportError, AttributeError):  # Platform-specific: No SSL.
@@ -36,9 +33,10 @@ except NameError:  # Python 2:
 
 
 from .exceptions import (
+    NewConnectionError,
     ConnectTimeoutError,
+    SubjectAltNameWarning,
     SystemTimeWarning,
-    SecurityWarning,
 )
 from .packages.ssl_match_hostname import match_hostname
 
@@ -60,6 +58,11 @@ port_by_scheme = {
 RECENT_DATE = datetime.date(2014, 1, 1)
 
 
+class DummyConnection(object):
+    """Used to detect a failed ConnectionCls import."""
+    pass
+
+
 class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
     """
     Based on httplib.HTTPConnection but provides an extra constructor
@@ -133,11 +136,15 @@ class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
             conn = connection.create_connection(
                 (self.host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw)
 
-        except SocketTimeout:
+        except SocketTimeout as e:
             raise ConnectTimeoutError(
                 self, "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)" %
                 (self.host, self.timeout))
 
+        except SocketError as e:
+            raise NewConnectionError(
+                self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % e)
+
         return conn
 
     def _prepare_conn(self, conn):
@@ -185,19 +192,25 @@ class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
     """
     cert_reqs = None
     ca_certs = None
+    ca_cert_dir = None
     ssl_version = None
     assert_fingerprint = None
 
     def set_cert(self, key_file=None, cert_file=None,
                  cert_reqs=None, ca_certs=None,
-                 assert_hostname=None, assert_fingerprint=None):
+                 assert_hostname=None, assert_fingerprint=None,
+                 ca_cert_dir=None):
+
+        if (ca_certs or ca_cert_dir) and cert_reqs is None:
+            cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
 
         self.key_file = key_file
         self.cert_file = cert_file
         self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
-        self.ca_certs = ca_certs
         self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
         self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs and os.path.expanduser(ca_certs)
+        self.ca_cert_dir = ca_cert_dir and os.path.expanduser(ca_cert_dir)
 
     def connect(self):
         # Add certificate verification
@@ -234,6 +247,7 @@ class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
         self.sock = ssl_wrap_socket(conn, self.key_file, self.cert_file,
                                     cert_reqs=resolved_cert_reqs,
                                     ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
+                                    ca_cert_dir=self.ca_cert_dir,
                                     server_hostname=hostname,
                                     ssl_version=resolved_ssl_version)
 
@@ -245,18 +259,21 @@ class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
             cert = self.sock.getpeercert()
             if not cert.get('subjectAltName', ()):
                 warnings.warn((
-                    'Certificate has no `subjectAltName`, falling back to check for a `commonName` for now. '
-                    'This feature is being removed by major browsers and deprecated by RFC 2818. '
-                    '(See https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/497 for details.)'),
-                    SecurityWarning
+                    'Certificate for {0} has no `subjectAltName`, falling back to check for a '
+                    '`commonName` for now. This feature is being removed by major browsers and '
+                    'deprecated by RFC 2818. (See https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/497 '
+                    'for details.)'.format(hostname)),
+                    SubjectAltNameWarning
                 )
             match_hostname(cert, self.assert_hostname or hostname)
 
-        self.is_verified = (resolved_cert_reqs == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
-                            or self.assert_fingerprint is not None)
+        self.is_verified = (resolved_cert_reqs == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED or
+                            self.assert_fingerprint is not None)
 
 
 if ssl:
     # Make a copy for testing.
     UnverifiedHTTPSConnection = HTTPSConnection
     HTTPSConnection = VerifiedHTTPSConnection
+else:
+    HTTPSConnection = DummyConnection

requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
 import errno
 import logging
 import sys
@@ -10,13 +11,15 @@ try:  # Python 3
     from queue import LifoQueue, Empty, Full
 except ImportError:
     from Queue import LifoQueue, Empty, Full
-    import Queue as _  # Platform-specific: Windows
+    # Queue is imported for side effects on MS Windows
+    import Queue as _unused_module_Queue  # noqa: unused
 
 
 from .exceptions import (
     ClosedPoolError,
     ProtocolError,
     EmptyPoolError,
+    HeaderParsingError,
     HostChangedError,
     LocationValueError,
     MaxRetryError,
@@ -25,6 +28,7 @@ from .exceptions import (
     SSLError,
     TimeoutError,
     InsecureRequestWarning,
+    NewConnectionError,
 )
 from .packages.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError
 from .packages import six
@@ -32,15 +36,16 @@ from .connection import (
     port_by_scheme,
     DummyConnection,
     HTTPConnection, HTTPSConnection, VerifiedHTTPSConnection,
-    HTTPException, BaseSSLError, ConnectionError
+    HTTPException, BaseSSLError,
 )
 from .request import RequestMethods
 from .response import HTTPResponse
 
 from .util.connection import is_connection_dropped
+from .util.response import assert_header_parsing
 from .util.retry import Retry
 from .util.timeout import Timeout
-from .util.url import get_host
+from .util.url import get_host, Url
 
 
 xrange = six.moves.xrange
@@ -50,7 +55,7 @@ log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 _Default = object()
 
 
-## Pool objects
+# Pool objects
 class ConnectionPool(object):
     """
     Base class for all connection pools, such as
@@ -64,8 +69,7 @@ class ConnectionPool(object):
         if not host:
             raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
 
-        # httplib doesn't like it when we include brackets in ipv6 addresses
-        self.host = host.strip('[]')
+        self.host = host
         self.port = port
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -120,7 +124,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
 
     :param maxsize:
         Number of connections to save that can be reused. More than 1 is useful
-        in multithreaded situations. If ``block`` is set to false, more
+        in multithreaded situations. If ``block`` is set to False, more
         connections will be created but they will not be saved once they've
         been used.
 
@@ -381,8 +385,19 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         log.debug("\"%s %s %s\" %s %s" % (method, url, http_version,
                                           httplib_response.status,
                                           httplib_response.length))
+
+        try:
+            assert_header_parsing(httplib_response.msg)
+        except HeaderParsingError as hpe:  # Platform-specific: Python 3
+            log.warning(
+                'Failed to parse headers (url=%s): %s',
+                self._absolute_url(url), hpe, exc_info=True)
+
         return httplib_response
 
+    def _absolute_url(self, path):
+        return Url(scheme=self.scheme, host=self.host, port=self.port, path=path).url
+
     def close(self):
         """
         Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.
@@ -568,27 +583,24 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             # Close the connection. If a connection is reused on which there
             # was a Certificate error, the next request will certainly raise
             # another Certificate error.
-            if conn:
-                conn.close()
-                conn = None
+            conn = conn and conn.close()
+            release_conn = True
             raise SSLError(e)
 
         except SSLError:
             # Treat SSLError separately from BaseSSLError to preserve
             # traceback.
-            if conn:
-                conn.close()
-                conn = None
+            conn = conn and conn.close()
+            release_conn = True
             raise
 
-        except (TimeoutError, HTTPException, SocketError, ConnectionError) as e:
-            if conn:
-                # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
-                # be replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
-                conn.close()
-                conn = None
+        except (TimeoutError, HTTPException, SocketError, ProtocolError) as e:
+            # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
+            # be replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
+            conn = conn and conn.close()
+            release_conn = True
 
-            if isinstance(e, SocketError) and self.proxy:
+            if isinstance(e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)) and self.proxy:
                 e = ProxyError('Cannot connect to proxy.', e)
             elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, HTTPException)):
                 e = ProtocolError('Connection aborted.', e)
@@ -626,26 +638,31 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
                 retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
             except MaxRetryError:
                 if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                    # Release the connection for this response, since we're not
+                    # returning it to be released manually.
+                    response.release_conn()
                     raise
                 return response
 
             log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s" % (url, redirect_location))
-            return self.urlopen(method, redirect_location, body, headers,
-                    retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
-                    assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
-                    timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
-                    release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method, redirect_location, body, headers,
+                retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
 
         # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
         if retries.is_forced_retry(method, status_code=response.status):
             retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
             retries.sleep()
             log.info("Forced retry: %s" % url)
-            return self.urlopen(method, url, body, headers,
-                    retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
-                    assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
-                    timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
-                    release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method, url, body, headers,
+                retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
 
         return response
 
@@ -662,10 +679,10 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
     ``assert_hostname`` and ``host`` in this order to verify connections.
     If ``assert_hostname`` is False, no verification is done.
 
-    The ``key_file``, ``cert_file``, ``cert_reqs``, ``ca_certs`` and
-    ``ssl_version`` are only used if :mod:`ssl` is available and are fed into
-    :meth:`urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket` to upgrade the connection socket
-    into an SSL socket.
+    The ``key_file``, ``cert_file``, ``cert_reqs``, ``ca_certs``,
+    ``ca_cert_dir``, and ``ssl_version`` are only used if :mod:`ssl` is
+    available and are fed into :meth:`urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket` to upgrade
+    the connection socket into an SSL socket.
     """
 
     scheme = 'https'
@@ -678,15 +695,20 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
                  key_file=None, cert_file=None, cert_reqs=None,
                  ca_certs=None, ssl_version=None,
                  assert_hostname=None, assert_fingerprint=None,
-                 **conn_kw):
+                 ca_cert_dir=None, **conn_kw):
 
         HTTPConnectionPool.__init__(self, host, port, strict, timeout, maxsize,
                                     block, headers, retries, _proxy, _proxy_headers,
                                     **conn_kw)
+
+        if ca_certs and cert_reqs is None:
+            cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
+
         self.key_file = key_file
         self.cert_file = cert_file
         self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
         self.ca_certs = ca_certs
+        self.ca_cert_dir = ca_cert_dir
         self.ssl_version = ssl_version
         self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
         self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
@@ -702,6 +724,7 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
                           cert_file=self.cert_file,
                           cert_reqs=self.cert_reqs,
                           ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
+                          ca_cert_dir=self.ca_cert_dir,
                           assert_hostname=self.assert_hostname,
                           assert_fingerprint=self.assert_fingerprint)
             conn.ssl_version = self.ssl_version
@@ -735,7 +758,6 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
                  % (self.num_connections, self.host))
 
         if not self.ConnectionCls or self.ConnectionCls is DummyConnection:
-            # Platform-specific: Python without ssl
             raise SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL "
                            "module is not available.")
 

requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/appengine.py

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import logging
+import os
+import warnings
+
+from ..exceptions import (
+    HTTPError,
+    HTTPWarning,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    TimeoutError,
+    SSLError
+)
+
+from ..packages.six import BytesIO
+from ..request import RequestMethods
+from ..response import HTTPResponse
+from ..util.timeout import Timeout
+from ..util.retry import Retry
+
+try:
+    from google.appengine.api import urlfetch
+except ImportError:
+    urlfetch = None
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class AppEnginePlatformWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    pass
+
+
+class AppEnginePlatformError(HTTPError):
+    pass
+
+
+class AppEngineManager(RequestMethods):
+    """
+    Connection manager for Google App Engine sandbox applications.
+
+    This manager uses the URLFetch service directly instead of using the
+    emulated httplib, and is subject to URLFetch limitations as described in
+    the App Engine documentation here:
+
+        https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/python/urlfetch
+
+    Notably it will raise an AppEnginePlatformError if:
+        * URLFetch is not available.
+        * If you attempt to use this on GAEv2 (Managed VMs), as full socket
+          support is available.
+        * If a request size is more than 10 megabytes.
+        * If a response size is more than 32 megabtyes.
+        * If you use an unsupported request method such as OPTIONS.
+
+    Beyond those cases, it will raise normal urllib3 errors.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers=None, retries=None, validate_certificate=True):
+        if not urlfetch:
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "URLFetch is not available in this environment.")
+
+        if is_prod_appengine_mvms():
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "Use normal urllib3.PoolManager instead of AppEngineManager"
+                "on Managed VMs, as using URLFetch is not necessary in "
+                "this environment.")
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "urllib3 is using URLFetch on Google App Engine sandbox instead "
+            "of sockets. To use sockets directly instead of URLFetch see "
+            "https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/contrib.html.",
+            AppEnginePlatformWarning)
+
+        RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
+        self.validate_certificate = validate_certificate
+
+        self.retries = retries or Retry.DEFAULT
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None,
+                retries=None, redirect=True, timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+                **response_kw):
+
+        retries = self._get_retries(retries, redirect)
+
+        try:
+            response = urlfetch.fetch(
+                url,
+                payload=body,
+                method=method,
+                headers=headers or {},
+                allow_truncated=False,
+                follow_redirects=(
+                    redirect and
+                    retries.redirect != 0 and
+                    retries.total),
+                deadline=self._get_absolute_timeout(timeout),
+                validate_certificate=self.validate_certificate,
+            )
+        except urlfetch.DeadlineExceededError as e:
+            raise TimeoutError(self, e)
+
+        except urlfetch.InvalidURLError as e:
+            if 'too large' in str(e):
+                raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                    "URLFetch request too large, URLFetch only "
+                    "supports requests up to 10mb in size.", e)
+            raise ProtocolError(e)
+
+        except urlfetch.DownloadError as e:
+            if 'Too many redirects' in str(e):
+                raise MaxRetryError(self, url, reason=e)
+            raise ProtocolError(e)
+
+        except urlfetch.ResponseTooLargeError as e:
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "URLFetch response too large, URLFetch only supports"
+                "responses up to 32mb in size.", e)
+
+        except urlfetch.SSLCertificateError as e:
+            raise SSLError(e)
+
+        except urlfetch.InvalidMethodError as e:
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "URLFetch does not support method: %s" % method, e)
+
+        http_response = self._urlfetch_response_to_http_response(
+            response, **response_kw)
+
+        # Check for redirect response
+        if (http_response.get_redirect_location() and
+                retries.raise_on_redirect and redirect):
+            raise MaxRetryError(self, url, "too many redirects")
+
+        # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
+        if retries.is_forced_retry(method, status_code=http_response.status):
+            retries = retries.increment(
+                method, url, response=http_response, _pool=self)
+            log.info("Forced retry: %s" % url)
+            retries.sleep()
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method, url,
+                body=body, headers=headers,
+                retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                timeout=timeout, **response_kw)
+
+        return http_response
+
+    def _urlfetch_response_to_http_response(self, urlfetch_resp, **response_kw):
+
+        if is_prod_appengine():
+            # Production GAE handles deflate encoding automatically, but does
+            # not remove the encoding header.
+            content_encoding = urlfetch_resp.headers.get('content-encoding')
+
+            if content_encoding == 'deflate':
+                del urlfetch_resp.headers['content-encoding']
+
+        return HTTPResponse(
+            # In order for decoding to work, we must present the content as
+            # a file-like object.
+            body=BytesIO(urlfetch_resp.content),
+            headers=urlfetch_resp.headers,
+            status=urlfetch_resp.status_code,
+            **response_kw
+        )
+
+    def _get_absolute_timeout(self, timeout):
+        if timeout is Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return 5  # 5s is the default timeout for URLFetch.
+        if isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            if timeout.read is not timeout.connect:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "URLFetch does not support granular timeout settings, "
+                    "reverting to total timeout.", AppEnginePlatformWarning)
+            return timeout.total
+        return timeout
+
+    def _get_retries(self, retries, redirect):
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(
+                retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
+
+        if retries.connect or retries.read or retries.redirect:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "URLFetch only supports total retries and does not "
+                "recognize connect, read, or redirect retry parameters.",
+                AppEnginePlatformWarning)
+
+        return retries
+
+
+def is_appengine():
+    return (is_local_appengine() or
+            is_prod_appengine() or
+            is_prod_appengine_mvms())
+
+
+def is_appengine_sandbox():
+    return is_appengine() and not is_prod_appengine_mvms()
+
+
+def is_local_appengine():
+    return ('APPENGINE_RUNTIME' in os.environ and
+            'Development/' in os.environ['SERVER_SOFTWARE'])
+
+
+def is_prod_appengine():
+    return ('APPENGINE_RUNTIME' in os.environ and
+            'Google App Engine/' in os.environ['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] and
+            not is_prod_appengine_mvms())
+
+
+def is_prod_appengine_mvms():
+    return os.environ.get('GAE_VM', False) == 'true'

requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ NTLM authenticating pool, contributed by erikcederstran
 
 Issue #10, see: http://code.google.com/p/urllib3/issues/detail?id=10
 """
+from __future__ import absolute_import
 
 try:
     from http.client import HTTPSConnection

requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py

@@ -38,13 +38,12 @@ Module Variables
 ----------------
 
 :var DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST: The list of supported SSL/TLS cipher suites.
-    Default: ``ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:
-    ECDH+3DES:DH+3DES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:RSA+3DES:!aNULL:!MD5:!DSS``
 
 .. _sni: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication
 .. _crime attack: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRIME_(security_exploit)
 
 '''
+from __future__ import absolute_import
 
 try:
     from ndg.httpsclient.ssl_peer_verification import SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ except SyntaxError as e:
 import OpenSSL.SSL
 from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder as der_decoder
 from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
-from socket import _fileobject, timeout
+from socket import _fileobject, timeout, error as SocketError
 import ssl
 import select
 
@@ -73,6 +72,12 @@ _openssl_versions = {
     ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1: OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_METHOD,
 }
 
+if hasattr(ssl, 'PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1') and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, 'TLSv1_1_METHOD'):
+    _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_1_METHOD
+
+if hasattr(ssl, 'PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2') and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, 'TLSv1_2_METHOD'):
+    _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_2_METHOD
+
 try:
     _openssl_versions.update({ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv3_METHOD})
 except AttributeError:
@@ -81,27 +86,14 @@ except AttributeError:
 _openssl_verify = {
     ssl.CERT_NONE: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_NONE,
     ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER,
-    ssl.CERT_REQUIRED: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER
-                       + OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT,
+    ssl.CERT_REQUIRED:
+        OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER + OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT,
 }
 
-# A secure default.
-# Sources for more information on TLS ciphers:
-#
-# - https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server_Side_TLS
-# - https://www.ssllabs.com/projects/best-practices/index.html
-# - https://hynek.me/articles/hardening-your-web-servers-ssl-ciphers/
-#
-# The general intent is:
-# - Prefer cipher suites that offer perfect forward secrecy (DHE/ECDHE),
-# - prefer ECDHE over DHE for better performance,
-# - prefer any AES-GCM over any AES-CBC for better performance and security,
-# - use 3DES as fallback which is secure but slow,
-# - disable NULL authentication, MD5 MACs and DSS for security reasons.
-DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST = "ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:" + \
-    "ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:ECDH+3DES:DH+3DES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:RSA+3DES:" + \
-    "!aNULL:!MD5:!DSS"
+DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST = util.ssl_.DEFAULT_CIPHERS
 
+# OpenSSL will only write 16K at a time
+SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE = 16384
 
 orig_util_HAS_SNI = util.HAS_SNI
 orig_connection_ssl_wrap_socket = connection.ssl_wrap_socket
@@ -121,7 +113,7 @@ def extract_from_urllib3():
     util.HAS_SNI = orig_util_HAS_SNI
 
 
-### Note: This is a slightly bug-fixed version of same from ndg-httpsclient.
+# Note: This is a slightly bug-fixed version of same from ndg-httpsclient.
 class SubjectAltName(BaseSubjectAltName):
     '''ASN.1 implementation for subjectAltNames support'''
 
@@ -132,7 +124,7 @@ class SubjectAltName(BaseSubjectAltName):
         constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, 1024)
 
 
-### Note: This is a slightly bug-fixed version of same from ndg-httpsclient.
+# Note: This is a slightly bug-fixed version of same from ndg-httpsclient.
 def get_subj_alt_name(peer_cert):
     # Search through extensions
     dns_name = []
@@ -190,7 +182,7 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
             if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, 'Unexpected EOF'):
                 return b''
             else:
-                raise
+                raise SocketError(e)
         except OpenSSL.SSL.ZeroReturnError as e:
             if self.connection.get_shutdown() == OpenSSL.SSL.RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN:
                 return b''
@@ -221,13 +213,21 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
                 continue
 
     def sendall(self, data):
-        while len(data):
-            sent = self._send_until_done(data)
-            data = data[sent:]
+        total_sent = 0
+        while total_sent < len(data):
+            sent = self._send_until_done(data[total_sent:total_sent + SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE])
+            total_sent += sent
+
+    def shutdown(self):
+        # FIXME rethrow compatible exceptions should we ever use this
+        self.connection.shutdown()
 
     def close(self):
         if self._makefile_refs < 1:
-            return self.connection.shutdown()
+            try:
+                return self.connection.close()
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.Error:
+                return
         else:
             self._makefile_refs -= 1
 
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ def _verify_callback(cnx, x509, err_no, err_depth, return_code):
 
 def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
                     ca_certs=None, server_hostname=None,
-                    ssl_version=None):
+                    ssl_version=None, ca_cert_dir=None):
     ctx = OpenSSL.SSL.Context(_openssl_versions[ssl_version])
     if certfile:
         keyfile = keyfile or certfile  # Match behaviour of the normal python ssl library
@@ -277,9 +277,9 @@ def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
         ctx.use_privatekey_file(keyfile)
     if cert_reqs != ssl.CERT_NONE:
         ctx.set_verify(_openssl_verify[cert_reqs], _verify_callback)
-    if ca_certs:
+    if ca_certs or ca_cert_dir:
         try:
-            ctx.load_verify_locations(ca_certs, None)
+            ctx.load_verify_locations(ca_certs, ca_cert_dir)
         except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
             raise ssl.SSLError('bad ca_certs: %r' % ca_certs, e)
     else:
@@ -299,10 +299,12 @@ def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
         try:
             cnx.do_handshake()
         except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
-            select.select([sock], [], [])
+            rd, _, _ = select.select([sock], [], [], sock.gettimeout())
+            if not rd:
+                raise timeout('select timed out')
             continue
         except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
-            raise ssl.SSLError('bad handshake', e)
+            raise ssl.SSLError('bad handshake: %r' % e)
         break
 
     return WrappedSocket(cnx, sock)

requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py

@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+# Base Exceptions
 
-## Base Exceptions
 
 class HTTPError(Exception):
     "Base exception used by this module."
     pass
 
+
 class HTTPWarning(Warning):
     "Base warning used by this module."
     pass
 
 
-
 class PoolError(HTTPError):
     "Base exception for errors caused within a pool."
     def __init__(self, pool, message):
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ class ProtocolError(HTTPError):
 ConnectionError = ProtocolError
 
 
-## Leaf Exceptions
+# Leaf Exceptions
 
 class MaxRetryError(RequestError):
     """Raised when the maximum number of retries is exceeded.
@@ -113,6 +114,11 @@ class ConnectTimeoutError(TimeoutError):
     pass
 
 
+class NewConnectionError(ConnectTimeoutError, PoolError):
+    "Raised when we fail to establish a new connection. Usually ECONNREFUSED."
+    pass
+
+
 class EmptyPoolError(PoolError):
     "Raised when a pool runs out of connections and no more are allowed."
     pass
@@ -149,6 +155,11 @@ class SecurityWarning(HTTPWarning):
     pass
 
 
+class SubjectAltNameWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when connecting to a host with a certificate missing a SAN."
+    pass
+
+
 class InsecureRequestWarning(SecurityWarning):
     "Warned when making an unverified HTTPS request."
     pass
@@ -157,3 +168,34 @@ class InsecureRequestWarning(SecurityWarning):
 class SystemTimeWarning(SecurityWarning):
     "Warned when system time is suspected to be wrong"
     pass
+
+
+class InsecurePlatformWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when certain SSL configuration is not available on a platform."
+    pass
+
+
+class SNIMissingWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    "Warned when making a HTTPS request without SNI available."
+    pass
+
+
+class ResponseNotChunked(ProtocolError, ValueError):
+    "Response needs to be chunked in order to read it as chunks."
+    pass
+
+
+class ProxySchemeUnknown(AssertionError, ValueError):
+    "ProxyManager does not support the supplied scheme"
+    # TODO(t-8ch): Stop inheriting from AssertionError in v2.0.
+
+    def __init__(self, scheme):
+        message = "Not supported proxy scheme %s" % scheme
+        super(ProxySchemeUnknown, self).__init__(message)
+
+
+class HeaderParsingError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised by assert_header_parsing, but we convert it to a log.warning statement."
+    def __init__(self, defects, unparsed_data):
+        message = '%s, unparsed data: %r' % (defects or 'Unknown', unparsed_data)
+        super(HeaderParsingError, self).__init__(message)

requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
 import email.utils
 import mimetypes
 

requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
 import codecs
 
 from uuid import uuid4

requests/packages/urllib3/packages/__init__.py

@@ -2,3 +2,4 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import
 
 from . import ssl_match_hostname
 
+__all__ = ('ssl_match_hostname', )

requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+env

requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
 import logging
 
 try:  # Python 3
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ except ImportError:
 from ._collections import RecentlyUsedContainer
 from .connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool
 from .connectionpool import port_by_scheme
-from .exceptions import LocationValueError, MaxRetryError
+from .exceptions import LocationValueError, MaxRetryError, ProxySchemeUnknown
 from .request import RequestMethods
 from .util.url import parse_url
 from .util.retry import Retry
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ pool_classes_by_scheme = {
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 SSL_KEYWORDS = ('key_file', 'cert_file', 'cert_reqs', 'ca_certs',
-                'ssl_version')
+                'ssl_version', 'ca_cert_dir')
 
 
 class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
@@ -227,8 +228,8 @@ class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
             port = port_by_scheme.get(proxy.scheme, 80)
             proxy = proxy._replace(port=port)
 
-        assert proxy.scheme in ("http", "https"), \
-            'Not supported proxy scheme %s' % proxy.scheme
+        if proxy.scheme not in ("http", "https"):
+            raise ProxySchemeUnknown(proxy.scheme)
 
         self.proxy = proxy
         self.proxy_headers = proxy_headers or {}

requests/packages/urllib3/request.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
 try:
     from urllib.parse import urlencode
 except ImportError:
@@ -71,14 +72,22 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
                                             headers=headers,
                                             **urlopen_kw)
 
-    def request_encode_url(self, method, url, fields=None, **urlopen_kw):
+    def request_encode_url(self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None,
+                           **urlopen_kw):
         """
         Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the ``fields`` encoded in
         the url. This is useful for request methods like GET, HEAD, DELETE, etc.
         """
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        extra_kw = {'headers': headers}
+        extra_kw.update(urlopen_kw)
+
         if fields:
             url += '?' + urlencode(fields)
-        return self.urlopen(method, url, **urlopen_kw)
+
+        return self.urlopen(method, url, **extra_kw)
 
     def request_encode_body(self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None,
                             encode_multipart=True, multipart_boundary=None,
@@ -125,7 +134,8 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
 
         if fields:
             if 'body' in urlopen_kw:
-                raise TypeError('request got values for both \'fields\' and \'body\', can only specify one.')
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "request got values for both 'fields' and 'body', can only specify one.")
 
             if encode_multipart:
                 body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(fields, boundary=multipart_boundary)

requests/packages/urllib3/response.py

@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from contextlib import contextmanager
 import zlib
 import io
 from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
+from socket import error as SocketError
 
 from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
-from .exceptions import ProtocolError, DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError
+from .exceptions import (
+    ProtocolError, DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError, ResponseNotChunked
+)
 from .packages.six import string_types as basestring, binary_type, PY3
+from .packages.six.moves import http_client as httplib
 from .connection import HTTPException, BaseSSLError
-from .util.response import is_fp_closed
+from .util.response import is_fp_closed, is_response_to_head
 
 
 class DeflateDecoder(object):
@@ -117,6 +123,16 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         if hasattr(body, 'read'):
             self._fp = body
 
+        # Are we using the chunked-style of transfer encoding?
+        self.chunked = False
+        self.chunk_left = None
+        tr_enc = self.headers.get('transfer-encoding', '').lower()
+        # Don't incur the penalty of creating a list and then discarding it
+        encodings = (enc.strip() for enc in tr_enc.split(","))
+        if "chunked" in encodings:
+            self.chunked = True
+
+        # If requested, preload the body.
         if preload_content and not self._body:
             self._body = self.read(decode_content=decode_content)
 
@@ -157,6 +173,93 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         """
         return self._fp_bytes_read
 
+    def _init_decoder(self):
+        """
+        Set-up the _decoder attribute if necessar.
+        """
+        # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 7230
+        # Section 3.2
+        content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
+        if self._decoder is None and content_encoding in self.CONTENT_DECODERS:
+            self._decoder = _get_decoder(content_encoding)
+
+    def _decode(self, data, decode_content, flush_decoder):
+        """
+        Decode the data passed in and potentially flush the decoder.
+        """
+        try:
+            if decode_content and self._decoder:
+                data = self._decoder.decompress(data)
+        except (IOError, zlib.error) as e:
+            content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
+            raise DecodeError(
+                "Received response with content-encoding: %s, but "
+                "failed to decode it." % content_encoding, e)
+
+        if flush_decoder and decode_content:
+            data += self._flush_decoder()
+
+        return data
+
+    def _flush_decoder(self):
+        """
+        Flushes the decoder. Should only be called if the decoder is actually
+        being used.
+        """
+        if self._decoder:
+            buf = self._decoder.decompress(b'')
+            return buf + self._decoder.flush()
+
+        return b''
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _error_catcher(self):
+        """
+        Catch low-level python exceptions, instead re-raising urllib3
+        variants, so that low-level exceptions are not leaked in the
+        high-level api.
+
+        On exit, release the connection back to the pool.
+        """
+        try:
+            try:
+                yield
+
+            except SocketTimeout:
+                # FIXME: Ideally we'd like to include the url in the ReadTimeoutError but
+                # there is yet no clean way to get at it from this context.
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+
+            except BaseSSLError as e:
+                # FIXME: Is there a better way to differentiate between SSLErrors?
+                if 'read operation timed out' not in str(e):  # Defensive:
+                    # This shouldn't happen but just in case we're missing an edge
+                    # case, let's avoid swallowing SSL errors.
+                    raise
+
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+
+            except (HTTPException, SocketError) as e:
+                # This includes IncompleteRead.
+                raise ProtocolError('Connection broken: %r' % e, e)
+
+        except Exception:
+            # The response may not be closed but we're not going to use it anymore
+            # so close it now to ensure that the connection is released back to the pool.
+            if self._original_response and not self._original_response.isclosed():
+                self._original_response.close()
+
+            # Closing the response may not actually be sufficient to close
+            # everything, so if we have a hold of the connection close that
+            # too.
+            if self._connection is not None:
+                self._connection.close()
+
+            raise
+        finally:
+            if self._original_response and self._original_response.isclosed():
+                self.release_conn()
+
     def read(self, amt=None, decode_content=None, cache_content=False):
         """
         Similar to :meth:`httplib.HTTPResponse.read`, but with two additional
@@ -178,12 +281,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             after having ``.read()`` the file object. (Overridden if ``amt`` is
             set.)
         """
-        # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 7230
-        # Section 3.2
-        content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
-        if self._decoder is None:
-            if content_encoding in self.CONTENT_DECODERS:
-                self._decoder = _get_decoder(content_encoding)
+        self._init_decoder()
         if decode_content is None:
             decode_content = self.decode_content
 
@@ -191,67 +289,36 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             return
 
         flush_decoder = False
+        data = None
 
-        try:
-            try:
-                if amt is None:
-                    # cStringIO doesn't like amt=None
-                    data = self._fp.read()
+        with self._error_catcher():
+            if amt is None:
+                # cStringIO doesn't like amt=None
+                data = self._fp.read()
+                flush_decoder = True
+            else:
+                cache_content = False
+                data = self._fp.read(amt)
+                if amt != 0 and not data:  # Platform-specific: Buggy versions of Python.
+                    # Close the connection when no data is returned
+                    #
+                    # This is redundant to what httplib/http.client _should_
+                    # already do.  However, versions of python released before
+                    # December 15, 2012 (http://bugs.python.org/issue16298) do
+                    # not properly close the connection in all cases. There is
+                    # no harm in redundantly calling close.
+                    self._fp.close()
                     flush_decoder = True
-                else:
-                    cache_content = False
-                    data = self._fp.read(amt)
-                    if amt != 0 and not data:  # Platform-specific: Buggy versions of Python.
-                        # Close the connection when no data is returned
-                        #
-                        # This is redundant to what httplib/http.client _should_
-                        # already do.  However, versions of python released before
-                        # December 15, 2012 (http://bugs.python.org/issue16298) do
-                        # not properly close the connection in all cases. There is
-                        # no harm in redundantly calling close.
-                        self._fp.close()
-                        flush_decoder = True
-
-            except SocketTimeout:
-                # FIXME: Ideally we'd like to include the url in the ReadTimeoutError but
-                # there is yet no clean way to get at it from this context.
-                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
-
-            except BaseSSLError as e:
-                # FIXME: Is there a better way to differentiate between SSLErrors?
-                if 'read operation timed out' not in str(e):  # Defensive:
-                    # This shouldn't happen but just in case we're missing an edge
-                    # case, let's avoid swallowing SSL errors.
-                    raise
-
-                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
-
-            except HTTPException as e:
-                # This includes IncompleteRead.
-                raise ProtocolError('Connection broken: %r' % e, e)
 
+        if data:
             self._fp_bytes_read += len(data)
 
-            try:
-                if decode_content and self._decoder:
-                    data = self._decoder.decompress(data)
-            except (IOError, zlib.error) as e:
-                raise DecodeError(
-                    "Received response with content-encoding: %s, but "
-                    "failed to decode it." % content_encoding, e)
-
-            if flush_decoder and decode_content and self._decoder:
-                buf = self._decoder.decompress(binary_type())
-                data += buf + self._decoder.flush()
+            data = self._decode(data, decode_content, flush_decoder)
 
             if cache_content:
                 self._body = data
 
-            return data
-
-        finally:
-            if self._original_response and self._original_response.isclosed():
-                self.release_conn()
+        return data
 
     def stream(self, amt=2**16, decode_content=None):
         """
@@ -269,11 +336,15 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
             'content-encoding' header.
         """
-        while not is_fp_closed(self._fp):
-            data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
+        if self.chunked:
+            for line in self.read_chunked(amt, decode_content=decode_content):
+                yield line
+        else:
+            while not is_fp_closed(self._fp):
+                data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
 
-            if data:
-                yield data
+                if data:
+                    yield data
 
     @classmethod
     def from_httplib(ResponseCls, r, **response_kw):
@@ -285,10 +356,11 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         with ``original_response=r``.
         """
         headers = r.msg
+
         if not isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
-            if PY3: # Python 3
+            if PY3:  # Python 3
                 headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers.items())
-            else: # Python 2
+            else:  # Python 2
                 headers = HTTPHeaderDict.from_httplib(headers)
 
         # HTTPResponse objects in Python 3 don't have a .strict attribute
@@ -351,3 +423,92 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         else:
             b[:len(temp)] = temp
             return len(temp)
+
+    def _update_chunk_length(self):
+        # First, we'll figure out length of a chunk and then
+        # we'll try to read it from socket.
+        if self.chunk_left is not None:
+            return
+        line = self._fp.fp.readline()
+        line = line.split(b';', 1)[0]
+        try:
+            self.chunk_left = int(line, 16)
+        except ValueError:
+            # Invalid chunked protocol response, abort.
+            self.close()
+            raise httplib.IncompleteRead(line)
+
+    def _handle_chunk(self, amt):
+        returned_chunk = None
+        if amt is None:
+            chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)
+            returned_chunk = chunk
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+        elif amt < self.chunk_left:
+            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)
+            self.chunk_left = self.chunk_left - amt
+            returned_chunk = value
+        elif amt == self.chunk_left:
+            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+            returned_chunk = value
+        else:  # amt > self.chunk_left
+            returned_chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+        return returned_chunk
+
+    def read_chunked(self, amt=None, decode_content=None):
+        """
+        Similar to :meth:`HTTPResponse.read`, but with an additional
+        parameter: ``decode_content``.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+        """
+        self._init_decoder()
+        # FIXME: Rewrite this method and make it a class with a better structured logic.
+        if not self.chunked:
+            raise ResponseNotChunked(
+                "Response is not chunked. "
+                "Header 'transfer-encoding: chunked' is missing.")
+
+        # Don't bother reading the body of a HEAD request.
+        if self._original_response and is_response_to_head(self._original_response):
+            self._original_response.close()
+            return
+
+        with self._error_catcher():
+            while True:
+                self._update_chunk_length()
+                if self.chunk_left == 0:
+                    break
+                chunk = self._handle_chunk(amt)
+                decoded = self._decode(chunk, decode_content=decode_content,
+                                       flush_decoder=False)
+                if decoded:
+                    yield decoded
+
+            if decode_content:
+                # On CPython and PyPy, we should never need to flush the
+                # decoder. However, on Jython we *might* need to, so
+                # lets defensively do it anyway.
+                decoded = self._flush_decoder()
+                if decoded:  # Platform-specific: Jython.
+                    yield decoded
+
+            # Chunk content ends with \r\n: discard it.
+            while True:
+                line = self._fp.fp.readline()
+                if not line:
+                    # Some sites may not end with '\r\n'.
+                    break
+                if line == b'\r\n':
+                    break
+
+            # We read everything; close the "file".
+            if self._original_response:
+                self._original_response.close()

requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
 # For backwards compatibility, provide imports that used to be here.
 from .connection import is_connection_dropped
 from .request import make_headers
@@ -22,3 +23,22 @@ from .url import (
     split_first,
     Url,
 )
+
+__all__ = (
+    'HAS_SNI',
+    'SSLContext',
+    'Retry',
+    'Timeout',
+    'Url',
+    'assert_fingerprint',
+    'current_time',
+    'is_connection_dropped',
+    'is_fp_closed',
+    'get_host',
+    'parse_url',
+    'make_headers',
+    'resolve_cert_reqs',
+    'resolve_ssl_version',
+    'split_first',
+    'ssl_wrap_socket',
+)

requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
 import socket
 try:
     from select import poll, POLLIN
@@ -60,6 +61,8 @@ def create_connection(address, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
     """
 
     host, port = address
+    if host.startswith('['):
+        host = host.strip('[]')
     err = None
     for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
         af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
@@ -78,16 +81,16 @@ def create_connection(address, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
             sock.connect(sa)
             return sock
 
-        except socket.error as _:
-            err = _
+        except socket.error as e:
+            err = e
             if sock is not None:
                 sock.close()
                 sock = None
 
     if err is not None:
         raise err
-    else:
-        raise socket.error("getaddrinfo returns an empty list")
+
+    raise socket.error("getaddrinfo returns an empty list")
 
 
 def _set_socket_options(sock, options):

requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
 from base64 import b64encode
 
 from ..packages.six import b

requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py

@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from ..packages.six.moves import http_client as httplib
+
+from ..exceptions import HeaderParsingError
+
+
 def is_fp_closed(obj):
     """
     Checks whether a given file-like object is closed.
@@ -20,3 +26,49 @@ def is_fp_closed(obj):
         pass
 
     raise ValueError("Unable to determine whether fp is closed.")
+
+
+def assert_header_parsing(headers):
+    """
+    Asserts whether all headers have been successfully parsed.
+    Extracts encountered errors from the result of parsing headers.
+
+    Only works on Python 3.
+
+    :param headers: Headers to verify.
+    :type headers: `httplib.HTTPMessage`.
+
+    :raises urllib3.exceptions.HeaderParsingError:
+        If parsing errors are found.
+    """
+
+    # This will fail silently if we pass in the wrong kind of parameter.
+    # To make debugging easier add an explicit check.
+    if not isinstance(headers, httplib.HTTPMessage):
+        raise TypeError('expected httplib.Message, got {0}.'.format(
+            type(headers)))
+
+    defects = getattr(headers, 'defects', None)
+    get_payload = getattr(headers, 'get_payload', None)
+
+    unparsed_data = None
+    if get_payload:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.
+        unparsed_data = get_payload()
+
+    if defects or unparsed_data:
+        raise HeaderParsingError(defects=defects, unparsed_data=unparsed_data)
+
+
+def is_response_to_head(response):
+    """
+    Checks, wether a the request of a response has been a HEAD-request.
+    Handles the quirks of AppEngine.
+
+    :param conn:
+    :type conn: :class:`httplib.HTTPResponse`
+    """
+    # FIXME: Can we do this somehow without accessing private httplib _method?
+    method = response._method
+    if isinstance(method, int):  # Platform-specific: Appengine
+        return method == 3
+    return method.upper() == 'HEAD'

requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
 import time
 import logging
 
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ class Retry(object):
 
         seconds. If the backoff_factor is 0.1, then :func:`.sleep` will sleep
         for [0.1s, 0.2s, 0.4s, ...] between retries. It will never be longer
-        than :attr:`Retry.MAX_BACKOFF`.
+        than :attr:`Retry.BACKOFF_MAX`.
 
         By default, backoff is disabled (set to 0).
 
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ class Retry(object):
         self.method_whitelist = method_whitelist
         self.backoff_factor = backoff_factor
         self.raise_on_redirect = raise_on_redirect
-        self._observed_errors = _observed_errors # TODO: use .history instead?
+        self._observed_errors = _observed_errors  # TODO: use .history instead?
 
     def new(self, **kw):
         params = dict(
@@ -206,7 +207,8 @@ class Retry(object):
 
         return min(retry_counts) < 0
 
-    def increment(self, method=None, url=None, response=None, error=None, _pool=None, _stacktrace=None):
+    def increment(self, method=None, url=None, response=None, error=None,
+                  _pool=None, _stacktrace=None):
         """ Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.
 
         :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not
@@ -274,7 +276,6 @@ class Retry(object):
 
         return new_retry
 
-
     def __repr__(self):
         return ('{cls.__name__}(total={self.total}, connect={self.connect}, '
                 'read={self.read}, redirect={self.redirect})').format(

requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py

@@ -1,17 +1,45 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import errno
+import warnings
+import hmac
+
 from binascii import hexlify, unhexlify
 from hashlib import md5, sha1, sha256
 
-from ..exceptions import SSLError
+from ..exceptions import SSLError, InsecurePlatformWarning, SNIMissingWarning
 
 
 SSLContext = None
 HAS_SNI = False
 create_default_context = None
 
-import errno
-import ssl
+# Maps the length of a digest to a possible hash function producing this digest
+HASHFUNC_MAP = {
+    32: md5,
+    40: sha1,
+    64: sha256,
+}
+
+
+def _const_compare_digest_backport(a, b):
+    """
+    Compare two digests of equal length in constant time.
+
+    The digests must be of type str/bytes.
+    Returns True if the digests match, and False otherwise.
+    """
+    result = abs(len(a) - len(b))
+    for l, r in zip(bytearray(a), bytearray(b)):
+        result |= l ^ r
+    return result == 0
+
+
+_const_compare_digest = getattr(hmac, 'compare_digest',
+                                _const_compare_digest_backport)
+
 
 try:  # Test for SSL features
+    import ssl
     from ssl import wrap_socket, CERT_NONE, PROTOCOL_SSLv23
     from ssl import HAS_SNI  # Has SNI?
 except ImportError:
@@ -24,14 +52,24 @@ except ImportError:
     OP_NO_SSLv2, OP_NO_SSLv3 = 0x1000000, 0x2000000
     OP_NO_COMPRESSION = 0x20000
 
-try:
-    from ssl import _DEFAULT_CIPHERS
-except ImportError:
-    _DEFAULT_CIPHERS = (
-        'ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:ECDH+HIGH:'
-        'DH+HIGH:ECDH+3DES:DH+3DES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:RSA+HIGH:RSA+3DES:!aNULL:'
-        '!eNULL:!MD5'
-    )
+# A secure default.
+# Sources for more information on TLS ciphers:
+#
+# - https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server_Side_TLS
+# - https://www.ssllabs.com/projects/best-practices/index.html
+# - https://hynek.me/articles/hardening-your-web-servers-ssl-ciphers/
+#
+# The general intent is:
+# - Prefer cipher suites that offer perfect forward secrecy (DHE/ECDHE),
+# - prefer ECDHE over DHE for better performance,
+# - prefer any AES-GCM over any AES-CBC for better performance and security,
+# - use 3DES as fallback which is secure but slow,
+# - disable NULL authentication, MD5 MACs and DSS for security reasons.
+DEFAULT_CIPHERS = (
+    'ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:ECDH+HIGH:'
+    'DH+HIGH:ECDH+3DES:DH+3DES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:RSA+HIGH:RSA+3DES:!aNULL:'
+    '!eNULL:!MD5'
+)
 
 try:
     from ssl import SSLContext  # Modern SSL?
@@ -39,7 +77,8 @@ except ImportError:
     import sys
 
     class SSLContext(object):  # Platform-specific: Python 2 & 3.1
-        supports_set_ciphers = sys.version_info >= (2, 7)
+        supports_set_ciphers = ((2, 7) <= sys.version_info < (3,) or
+                                (3, 2) <= sys.version_info)
 
         def __init__(self, protocol_version):
             self.protocol = protocol_version
@@ -56,8 +95,11 @@ except ImportError:
             self.certfile = certfile
             self.keyfile = keyfile
 
-        def load_verify_locations(self, location):
-            self.ca_certs = location
+        def load_verify_locations(self, cafile=None, capath=None):
+            self.ca_certs = cafile
+
+            if capath is not None:
+                raise SSLError("CA directories not supported in older Pythons")
 
         def set_ciphers(self, cipher_suite):
             if not self.supports_set_ciphers:
@@ -69,6 +111,14 @@ except ImportError:
             self.ciphers = cipher_suite
 
         def wrap_socket(self, socket, server_hostname=None):
+            warnings.warn(
+                'A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents '
+                'urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause '
+                'certain SSL connections to fail. For more information, see '
+                'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html'
+                '#insecureplatformwarning.',
+                InsecurePlatformWarning
+            )
             kwargs = {
                 'keyfile': self.keyfile,
                 'certfile': self.certfile,
@@ -92,31 +142,21 @@ def assert_fingerprint(cert, fingerprint):
         Fingerprint as string of hexdigits, can be interspersed by colons.
     """
 
-    # Maps the length of a digest to a possible hash function producing
-    # this digest.
-    hashfunc_map = {
-        16: md5,
-        20: sha1,
-        32: sha256,
-    }
-
     fingerprint = fingerprint.replace(':', '').lower()
-    digest_length, odd = divmod(len(fingerprint), 2)
-
-    if odd or digest_length not in hashfunc_map:
-        raise SSLError('Fingerprint is of invalid length.')
+    digest_length = len(fingerprint)
+    hashfunc = HASHFUNC_MAP.get(digest_length)
+    if not hashfunc:
+        raise SSLError(
+            'Fingerprint of invalid length: {0}'.format(fingerprint))
 
     # We need encode() here for py32; works on py2 and p33.
     fingerprint_bytes = unhexlify(fingerprint.encode())
 
-    hashfunc = hashfunc_map[digest_length]
-
     cert_digest = hashfunc(cert).digest()
 
-    if not cert_digest == fingerprint_bytes:
+    if not _const_compare_digest(cert_digest, fingerprint_bytes):
         raise SSLError('Fingerprints did not match. Expected "{0}", got "{1}".'
-                       .format(hexlify(fingerprint_bytes),
-                               hexlify(cert_digest)))
+                       .format(fingerprint, hexlify(cert_digest)))
 
 
 def resolve_cert_reqs(candidate):
@@ -158,7 +198,7 @@ def resolve_ssl_version(candidate):
     return candidate
 
 
-def create_urllib3_context(ssl_version=None, cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED,
+def create_urllib3_context(ssl_version=None, cert_reqs=None,
                            options=None, ciphers=None):
     """All arguments have the same meaning as ``ssl_wrap_socket``.
 
@@ -195,6 +235,9 @@ def create_urllib3_context(ssl_version=None, cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED,
     """
     context = SSLContext(ssl_version or ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
 
+    # Setting the default here, as we may have no ssl module on import
+    cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED if cert_reqs is None else cert_reqs
+
     if options is None:
         options = 0
         # SSLv2 is easily broken and is considered harmful and dangerous
@@ -208,7 +251,7 @@ def create_urllib3_context(ssl_version=None, cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED,
     context.options |= options
 
     if getattr(context, 'supports_set_ciphers', True):  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
-        context.set_ciphers(ciphers or _DEFAULT_CIPHERS)
+        context.set_ciphers(ciphers or DEFAULT_CIPHERS)
 
     context.verify_mode = cert_reqs
     if getattr(context, 'check_hostname', None) is not None:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.2
@@ -220,10 +263,11 @@ def create_urllib3_context(ssl_version=None, cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED,
 
 def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
                     ca_certs=None, server_hostname=None,
-                    ssl_version=None, ciphers=None, ssl_context=None):
+                    ssl_version=None, ciphers=None, ssl_context=None,
+                    ca_cert_dir=None):
     """
-    All arguments except for server_hostname and ssl_context have the same
-    meaning as they do when using :func:`ssl.wrap_socket`.
+    All arguments except for server_hostname, ssl_context, and ca_cert_dir have
+    the same meaning as they do when using :func:`ssl.wrap_socket`.
 
     :param server_hostname:
         When SNI is supported, the expected hostname of the certificate
@@ -233,15 +277,19 @@ def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
     :param ciphers:
         A string of ciphers we wish the client to support. This is not
         supported on Python 2.6 as the ssl module does not support it.
+    :param ca_cert_dir:
+        A directory containing CA certificates in multiple separate files, as
+        supported by OpenSSL's -CApath flag or the capath argument to
+        SSLContext.load_verify_locations().
     """
     context = ssl_context
     if context is None:
         context = create_urllib3_context(ssl_version, cert_reqs,
                                          ciphers=ciphers)
 
-    if ca_certs:
+    if ca_certs or ca_cert_dir:
         try:
-            context.load_verify_locations(ca_certs)
+            context.load_verify_locations(ca_certs, ca_cert_dir)
         except IOError as e:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.2
             raise SSLError(e)
         # Py33 raises FileNotFoundError which subclasses OSError
@@ -250,8 +298,20 @@ def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
             if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
                 raise SSLError(e)
             raise
+
     if certfile:
         context.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile)
     if HAS_SNI:  # Platform-specific: OpenSSL with enabled SNI
         return context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
+
+    warnings.warn(
+        'An HTTPS request has been made, but the SNI (Subject Name '
+        'Indication) extension to TLS is not available on this platform. '
+        'This may cause the server to present an incorrect TLS '
+        'certificate, which can cause validation failures. For more '
+        'information, see '
+        'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html'
+        '#snimissingwarning.',
+        SNIMissingWarning
+    )
     return context.wrap_socket(sock)

requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
 # The default socket timeout, used by httplib to indicate that no timeout was
 # specified by the user
 from socket import _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ from ..exceptions import TimeoutStateError
 # urllib3
 _Default = object()
 
+
 def current_time():
     """
     Retrieve the current time. This function is mocked out in unit testing.
@@ -226,9 +228,9 @@ class Timeout(object):
             has not yet been called on this object.
         """
         if (self.total is not None and
-            self.total is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT and
-            self._read is not None and
-            self._read is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
+                self.total is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT and
+                self._read is not None and
+                self._read is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
             # In case the connect timeout has not yet been established.
             if self._start_connect is None:
                 return self._read

requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
 from collections import namedtuple
 
 from ..exceptions import LocationParseError
@@ -15,6 +16,8 @@ class Url(namedtuple('Url', url_attrs)):
 
     def __new__(cls, scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path=None,
                 query=None, fragment=None):
+        if path and not path.startswith('/'):
+            path = '/' + path
         return super(Url, cls).__new__(cls, scheme, auth, host, port, path,
                                        query, fragment)
 
@@ -83,6 +86,7 @@ class Url(namedtuple('Url', url_attrs)):
     def __str__(self):
         return self.url
 
+
 def split_first(s, delims):
     """
     Given a string and an iterable of delimiters, split on the first found
@@ -113,7 +117,7 @@ def split_first(s, delims):
     if min_idx is None or min_idx < 0:
         return s, '', None
 
-    return s[:min_idx], s[min_idx+1:], min_delim
+    return s[:min_idx], s[min_idx + 1:], min_delim
 
 
 def parse_url(url):
@@ -204,6 +208,7 @@ def parse_url(url):
 
     return Url(scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment)
 
+
 def get_host(url):
     """
     Deprecated. Use :func:`.parse_url` instead.

requests/sessions.py

@@ -62,12 +62,11 @@ def merge_setting(request_setting, session_setting, dict_class=OrderedDict):
     merged_setting = dict_class(to_key_val_list(session_setting))
     merged_setting.update(to_key_val_list(request_setting))
 
-    # Remove keys that are set to None.
-    for (k, v) in request_setting.items():
-        if v is None:
-            del merged_setting[k]
-
-    merged_setting = dict((k, v) for (k, v) in merged_setting.items() if v is not None)
+    # Remove keys that are set to None. Extract keys first to avoid altering
+    # the dictionary during iteration.
+    none_keys = [k for (k, v) in merged_setting.items() if v is None]
+    for key in none_keys:
+        del merged_setting[key]
 
     return merged_setting
 
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ def merge_hooks(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class=OrderedDict):
 
 class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
     def resolve_redirects(self, resp, req, stream=False, timeout=None,
-                          verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None):
+                          verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None, **adapter_kwargs):
         """Receives a Response. Returns a generator of Responses."""
 
         i = 0
@@ -171,7 +170,10 @@ class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
             except KeyError:
                 pass
 
-            extract_cookies_to_jar(prepared_request._cookies, prepared_request, resp.raw)
+            # Extract any cookies sent on the response to the cookiejar
+            # in the new request. Because we've mutated our copied prepared
+            # request, use the old one that we haven't yet touched.
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(prepared_request._cookies, req, resp.raw)
             prepared_request._cookies.update(self.cookies)
             prepared_request.prepare_cookies(prepared_request._cookies)
 
@@ -190,6 +192,7 @@ class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
                 cert=cert,
                 proxies=proxies,
                 allow_redirects=False,
+                **adapter_kwargs
             )
 
             extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, prepared_request, resp.raw)
@@ -270,7 +273,13 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
       >>> import requests
       >>> s = requests.Session()
       >>> s.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
-      200
+      <Response [200]>
+
+    Or as a context manager::
+
+      >>> with requests.Session() as s:
+      >>>     s.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
+      <Response [200]>
     """
 
     __attrs__ = [
@@ -290,9 +299,9 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         #: :class:`Request <Request>`.
         self.auth = None
 
-        #: Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy (e.g.
-        #: {'http': 'foo.bar:3128'}) to be used on each
-        #: :class:`Request <Request>`.
+        #: Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and host to the URL of the proxy
+        #: (e.g. {'http': 'foo.bar:3128', 'http://host.name': 'foo.bar:4012'}) to
+        #: be used on each :class:`Request <Request>`.
         self.proxies = {}
 
         #: Event-handling hooks.
@@ -316,7 +325,8 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         #: limit, a :class:`TooManyRedirects` exception is raised.
         self.max_redirects = DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT
 
-        #: Should we trust the environment?
+        #: Trust environment settings for proxy configuration, default
+        #: authentication and similar.
         self.trust_env = True
 
         #: A CookieJar containing all currently outstanding cookies set on this
@@ -401,8 +411,8 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
         :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query
             string for the :class:`Request`.
-        :param data: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to send in the body of the
-            :class:`Request`.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send
+            in the body of the :class:`Request`.
         :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the
             :class:`Request`.
         :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the
@@ -414,23 +424,20 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable
             Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
         :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
-            data before giving up, as a float, or a (`connect timeout, read
-            timeout <user/advanced.html#timeouts>`_) tuple.
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
         :type timeout: float or tuple
         :param allow_redirects: (optional) Set to True by default.
         :type allow_redirects: bool
-        :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of
-            the proxy.
+        :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and
+            hostname to the URL of the proxy.
         :param stream: (optional) whether to immediately download the response
             content. Defaults to ``False``.
-        :param verify: (optional) if ``True``, the SSL cert will be verified.
-            A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided.
+        :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified.
+            A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
         :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem).
             If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
         """
-
-        method = to_native_string(method)
-
         # Create the Request.
         req = Request(
             method = method.upper(),
@@ -557,10 +564,6 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         # Set up variables needed for resolve_redirects and dispatching of hooks
         allow_redirects = kwargs.pop('allow_redirects', True)
         stream = kwargs.get('stream')
-        timeout = kwargs.get('timeout')
-        verify = kwargs.get('verify')
-        cert = kwargs.get('cert')
-        proxies = kwargs.get('proxies')
         hooks = request.hooks
 
         # Get the appropriate adapter to use
@@ -588,12 +591,7 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, request, r.raw)
 
         # Redirect resolving generator.
-        gen = self.resolve_redirects(r, request,
-            stream=stream,
-            timeout=timeout,
-            verify=verify,
-            cert=cert,
-            proxies=proxies)
+        gen = self.resolve_redirects(r, request, **kwargs)
 
         # Resolve redirects if allowed.
         history = [resp for resp in gen] if allow_redirects else []
@@ -636,7 +634,7 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
                 'cert': cert}
 
     def get_adapter(self, url):
-        """Returns the appropriate connnection adapter for the given URL."""
+        """Returns the appropriate connection adapter for the given URL."""
         for (prefix, adapter) in self.adapters.items():
 
             if url.lower().startswith(prefix):

requests/status_codes.py

@@ -78,11 +78,12 @@ _codes = {
     507: ('insufficient_storage',),
     509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
     510: ('not_extended',),
+    511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
 }
 
 codes = LookupDict(name='status_codes')
 
-for (code, titles) in list(_codes.items()):
+for code, titles in _codes.items():
     for title in titles:
         setattr(codes, title, code)
         if not title.startswith('\\'):

requests/utils.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ from .compat import (quote, urlparse, bytes, str, OrderedDict, unquote, is_py2,
                      basestring)
 from .cookies import RequestsCookieJar, cookiejar_from_dict
 from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
-from .exceptions import InvalidURL
+from .exceptions import InvalidURL, FileModeWarning
 
 _hush_pyflakes = (RequestsCookieJar,)
 
@@ -48,26 +48,47 @@ def dict_to_sequence(d):
 
 
 def super_len(o):
+    total_length = 0
+    current_position = 0
+
     if hasattr(o, '__len__'):
-        return len(o)
+        total_length = len(o)
 
-    if hasattr(o, 'len'):
-        return o.len
+    elif hasattr(o, 'len'):
+        total_length = o.len
 
-    if hasattr(o, 'fileno'):
+    elif hasattr(o, 'getvalue'):
+        # e.g. BytesIO, cStringIO.StringIO
+        total_length = len(o.getvalue())
+
+    elif hasattr(o, 'fileno'):
         try:
             fileno = o.fileno()
         except io.UnsupportedOperation:
             pass
         else:
-            return os.fstat(fileno).st_size
+            total_length = os.fstat(fileno).st_size
 
-    if hasattr(o, 'getvalue'):
-        # e.g. BytesIO, cStringIO.StringIO
-        return len(o.getvalue())
+            # Having used fstat to determine the file length, we need to
+            # confirm that this file was opened up in binary mode.
+            if 'b' not in o.mode:
+                warnings.warn((
+                    "Requests has determined the content-length for this "
+                    "request using the binary size of the file: however, the "
+                    "file has been opened in text mode (i.e. without the 'b' "
+                    "flag in the mode). This may lead to an incorrect "
+                    "content-length. In Requests 3.0, support will be removed "
+                    "for files in text mode."),
+                    FileModeWarning
+                )
+
+    if hasattr(o, 'tell'):
+        current_position = o.tell()
+
+    return max(0, total_length - current_position)
 
 
-def get_netrc_auth(url):
+def get_netrc_auth(url, raise_errors=False):
     """Returns the Requests tuple auth for a given url from netrc."""
 
     try:
@@ -105,8 +126,9 @@ def get_netrc_auth(url):
                 return (_netrc[login_i], _netrc[2])
         except (NetrcParseError, IOError):
             # If there was a parsing error or a permissions issue reading the file,
-            # we'll just skip netrc auth
-            pass
+            # we'll just skip netrc auth unless explicitly asked to raise errors.
+            if raise_errors:
+                raise
 
     # AppEngine hackiness.
     except (ImportError, AttributeError):
@@ -498,7 +520,9 @@ def should_bypass_proxies(url):
     if no_proxy:
         # We need to check whether we match here. We need to see if we match
         # the end of the netloc, both with and without the port.
-        no_proxy = no_proxy.replace(' ', '').split(',')
+        no_proxy = (
+            host for host in no_proxy.replace(' ', '').split(',') if host
+        )
 
         ip = netloc.split(':')[0]
         if is_ipv4_address(ip):
@@ -536,36 +560,22 @@ def get_environ_proxies(url):
     else:
         return getproxies()
 
+def select_proxy(url, proxies):
+    """Select a proxy for the url, if applicable.
+
+    :param url: The url being for the request
+    :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs
+    """
+    proxies = proxies or {}
+    urlparts = urlparse(url)
+    proxy = proxies.get(urlparts.scheme+'://'+urlparts.hostname)
+    if proxy is None:
+        proxy = proxies.get(urlparts.scheme)
+    return proxy
 
 def default_user_agent(name="python-requests"):
     """Return a string representing the default user agent."""
-    _implementation = platform.python_implementation()
-
-    if _implementation == 'CPython':
-        _implementation_version = platform.python_version()
-    elif _implementation == 'PyPy':
-        _implementation_version = '%s.%s.%s' % (sys.pypy_version_info.major,
-                                                sys.pypy_version_info.minor,
-                                                sys.pypy_version_info.micro)
-        if sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel != 'final':
-            _implementation_version = ''.join([_implementation_version, sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel])
-    elif _implementation == 'Jython':
-        _implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess
-    elif _implementation == 'IronPython':
-        _implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess
-    else:
-        _implementation_version = 'Unknown'
-
-    try:
-        p_system = platform.system()
-        p_release = platform.release()
-    except IOError:
-        p_system = 'Unknown'
-        p_release = 'Unknown'
-
-    return " ".join(['%s/%s' % (name, __version__),
-                     '%s/%s' % (_implementation, _implementation_version),
-                     '%s/%s' % (p_system, p_release)])
+    return '%s/%s' % (name, __version__)
 
 
 def default_headers():

requirements.txt

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-py==1.4.12
-pytest==2.3.4
-pytest-cov==1.6
+py==1.4.30
+pytest==2.8.1
+pytest-cov==2.1.0
+pytest-httpbin==0.0.7
+httpbin==0.4.0
 wheel

setup.py

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 
 import os
+import re
 import sys
 
-import requests
-
 from codecs import open
 
 try:
@@ -29,6 +28,14 @@ packages = [
 
 requires = []
 
+version = ''
+with open('requests/__init__.py', 'r') as fd:
+    version = re.search(r'^__version__\s*=\s*[\'"]([^\'"]*)[\'"]',
+                        fd.read(), re.MULTILINE).group(1)
+
+if not version:
+    raise RuntimeError('Cannot find version information')
+
 with open('README.rst', 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
     readme = f.read()
 with open('HISTORY.rst', 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
@@ -36,7 +43,7 @@ with open('HISTORY.rst', 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
 
 setup(
     name='requests',
-    version=requests.__version__,
+    version=version,
     description='Python HTTP for Humans.',
     long_description=readme + '\n\n' + history,
     author='Kenneth Reitz',
@@ -55,14 +62,13 @@ setup(
         'Natural Language :: English',
         'License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License',
         'Programming Language :: Python',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
         'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
         'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
         'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4'
-
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
     ),
     extras_require={
-        'security': ['pyOpenSSL', 'ndg-httpsclient', 'pyasn1'],
+        'security': ['pyOpenSSL>=0.13', 'ndg-httpsclient', 'pyasn1'],
     },
 )

test_requests.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import os
 import pickle
 import unittest
 import collections
+import contextlib
 
 import io
 import requests
@@ -16,7 +17,9 @@ import pytest
 from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
 from requests.auth import HTTPDigestAuth, _basic_auth_str
 from requests.compat import (
-    Morsel, cookielib, getproxies, str, urljoin, urlparse, is_py3, builtin_str)
+    Morsel, cookielib, getproxies, str, urljoin, urlparse, is_py3,
+    builtin_str, OrderedDict
+    )
 from requests.cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, morsel_to_cookie
 from requests.exceptions import (ConnectionError, ConnectTimeout,
                                  InvalidSchema, InvalidURL, MissingSchema,
@@ -32,6 +35,11 @@ try:
 except ImportError:
     import io as StringIO
 
+try:
+    from multiprocessing.pool import ThreadPool
+except ImportError:
+    ThreadPool = None
+
 if is_py3:
     def u(s):
         return s
@@ -40,20 +48,33 @@ else:
         return s.decode('unicode-escape')
 
 
+@pytest.fixture
+def httpbin(httpbin):
+    # Issue #1483: Make sure the URL always has a trailing slash
+    httpbin_url = httpbin.url.rstrip('/') + '/'
+
+    def inner(*suffix):
+        return urljoin(httpbin_url, '/'.join(suffix))
+
+    return inner
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def httpsbin_url(httpbin_secure):
+    # Issue #1483: Make sure the URL always has a trailing slash
+    httpbin_url = httpbin_secure.url.rstrip('/') + '/'
+
+    def inner(*suffix):
+        return urljoin(httpbin_url, '/'.join(suffix))
+
+    return inner
+
+
 # Requests to this URL should always fail with a connection timeout (nothing
 # listening on that port)
 TARPIT = "http://10.255.255.1"
-HTTPBIN = os.environ.get('HTTPBIN_URL', 'http://httpbin.org/')
-# Issue #1483: Make sure the URL always has a trailing slash
-HTTPBIN = HTTPBIN.rstrip('/') + '/'
 
-
-def httpbin(*suffix):
-    """Returns url for HTTPBIN resource."""
-    return urljoin(HTTPBIN, '/'.join(suffix))
-
-
-class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+class TestRequests(object):
 
     _multiprocess_can_split_ = True
 
@@ -97,13 +118,13 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert pr.url == req.url
         assert pr.body == 'life=42'
 
-    def test_no_content_length(self):
+    def test_no_content_length(self, httpbin):
         get_req = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get')).prepare()
         assert 'Content-Length' not in get_req.headers
         head_req = requests.Request('HEAD', httpbin('head')).prepare()
         assert 'Content-Length' not in head_req.headers
 
-    def test_override_content_length(self):
+    def test_override_content_length(self, httpbin):
         headers = {
             'Content-Length': 'not zero'
         }
@@ -124,19 +145,30 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             "http://example.com/path?key=value#fragment", params={"a": "b"}).prepare()
         assert request.url == "http://example.com/path?key=value&a=b#fragment"
 
-    def test_mixed_case_scheme_acceptable(self):
+    def test_params_original_order_is_preserved_by_default(self):
+        param_ordered_dict = OrderedDict((('z', 1), ('a', 1), ('k', 1), ('d', 1)))
+        session = requests.Session()
+        request = requests.Request('GET', 'http://example.com/', params=param_ordered_dict)
+        prep = session.prepare_request(request)
+        assert prep.url == 'http://example.com/?z=1&a=1&k=1&d=1'
+
+    def test_params_bytes_are_encoded(self):
+        request = requests.Request('GET', 'http://example.com',
+                                   params=b'test=foo').prepare()
+        assert request.url == 'http://example.com/?test=foo'
+
+    def test_mixed_case_scheme_acceptable(self, httpbin):
         s = requests.Session()
         s.proxies = getproxies()
         parts = urlparse(httpbin('get'))
-        schemes = ['http://', 'HTTP://', 'hTTp://', 'HttP://',
-                   'https://', 'HTTPS://', 'hTTps://', 'HttPs://']
+        schemes = ['http://', 'HTTP://', 'hTTp://', 'HttP://']
         for scheme in schemes:
             url = scheme + parts.netloc + parts.path
             r = requests.Request('GET', url)
             r = s.send(r.prepare())
             assert r.status_code == 200, 'failed for scheme {0}'.format(scheme)
 
-    def test_HTTP_200_OK_GET_ALTERNATIVE(self):
+    def test_HTTP_200_OK_GET_ALTERNATIVE(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'))
         s = requests.Session()
         s.proxies = getproxies()
@@ -145,7 +177,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
-    def test_HTTP_302_ALLOW_REDIRECT_GET(self):
+    def test_HTTP_302_ALLOW_REDIRECT_GET(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.get(httpbin('redirect', '1'))
         assert r.status_code == 200
         assert r.history[0].status_code == 302
@@ -155,7 +187,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     #     r = requests.post(httpbin('status', '302'), data={'some': 'data'})
     #     self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 200)
 
-    def test_HTTP_200_OK_GET_WITH_PARAMS(self):
+    def test_HTTP_200_OK_GET_WITH_PARAMS(self, httpbin):
         heads = {'User-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}
 
         r = requests.get(httpbin('user-agent'), headers=heads)
@@ -163,25 +195,25 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert heads['User-agent'] in r.text
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
-    def test_HTTP_200_OK_GET_WITH_MIXED_PARAMS(self):
+    def test_HTTP_200_OK_GET_WITH_MIXED_PARAMS(self, httpbin):
         heads = {'User-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}
 
         r = requests.get(httpbin('get') + '?test=true', params={'q': 'test'}, headers=heads)
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
-    def test_set_cookie_on_301(self):
+    def test_set_cookie_on_301(self, httpbin):
         s = requests.session()
         url = httpbin('cookies/set?foo=bar')
         s.get(url)
         assert s.cookies['foo'] == 'bar'
 
-    def test_cookie_sent_on_redirect(self):
+    def test_cookie_sent_on_redirect(self, httpbin):
         s = requests.session()
         s.get(httpbin('cookies/set?foo=bar'))
         r = s.get(httpbin('redirect/1'))  # redirects to httpbin('get')
         assert 'Cookie' in r.json()['headers']
 
-    def test_cookie_removed_on_expire(self):
+    def test_cookie_removed_on_expire(self, httpbin):
         s = requests.session()
         s.get(httpbin('cookies/set?foo=bar'))
         assert s.cookies['foo'] == 'bar'
@@ -194,18 +226,18 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         )
         assert 'foo' not in s.cookies
 
-    def test_cookie_quote_wrapped(self):
+    def test_cookie_quote_wrapped(self, httpbin):
         s = requests.session()
         s.get(httpbin('cookies/set?foo="bar:baz"'))
         assert s.cookies['foo'] == '"bar:baz"'
 
-    def test_cookie_persists_via_api(self):
+    def test_cookie_persists_via_api(self, httpbin):
         s = requests.session()
         r = s.get(httpbin('redirect/1'), cookies={'foo': 'bar'})
         assert 'foo' in r.request.headers['Cookie']
         assert 'foo' in r.history[0].request.headers['Cookie']
 
-    def test_request_cookie_overrides_session_cookie(self):
+    def test_request_cookie_overrides_session_cookie(self, httpbin):
         s = requests.session()
         s.cookies['foo'] = 'bar'
         r = s.get(httpbin('cookies'), cookies={'foo': 'baz'})
@@ -213,13 +245,13 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         # Session cookie should not be modified
         assert s.cookies['foo'] == 'bar'
 
-    def test_request_cookies_not_persisted(self):
+    def test_request_cookies_not_persisted(self, httpbin):
         s = requests.session()
         s.get(httpbin('cookies'), cookies={'foo': 'baz'})
         # Sending a request with cookies should not add cookies to the session
         assert not s.cookies
 
-    def test_generic_cookiejar_works(self):
+    def test_generic_cookiejar_works(self, httpbin):
         cj = cookielib.CookieJar()
         cookiejar_from_dict({'foo': 'bar'}, cj)
         s = requests.session()
@@ -230,7 +262,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         # Make sure the session cj is still the custom one
         assert s.cookies is cj
 
-    def test_param_cookiejar_works(self):
+    def test_param_cookiejar_works(self, httpbin):
         cj = cookielib.CookieJar()
         cookiejar_from_dict({'foo': 'bar'}, cj)
         s = requests.session()
@@ -238,13 +270,13 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         # Make sure the cookie was sent
         assert r.json()['cookies']['foo'] == 'bar'
 
-    def test_requests_in_history_are_not_overridden(self):
+    def test_requests_in_history_are_not_overridden(self, httpbin):
         resp = requests.get(httpbin('redirect/3'))
         urls = [r.url for r in resp.history]
         req_urls = [r.request.url for r in resp.history]
         assert urls == req_urls
 
-    def test_history_is_always_a_list(self):
+    def test_history_is_always_a_list(self, httpbin):
         """
         Show that even with redirects, Response.history is always a list.
         """
@@ -254,7 +286,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert isinstance(resp.history, list)
         assert not isinstance(resp.history, tuple)
 
-    def test_headers_on_session_with_None_are_not_sent(self):
+    def test_headers_on_session_with_None_are_not_sent(self, httpbin):
         """Do not send headers in Session.headers with None values."""
         ses = requests.Session()
         ses.headers['Accept-Encoding'] = None
@@ -262,7 +294,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         prep = ses.prepare_request(req)
         assert 'Accept-Encoding' not in prep.headers
 
-    def test_user_agent_transfers(self):
+    def test_user_agent_transfers(self, httpbin):
 
         heads = {
             'User-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (github.com/kennethreitz/requests)'
@@ -278,15 +310,15 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         r = requests.get(httpbin('user-agent'), headers=heads)
         assert heads['user-agent'] in r.text
 
-    def test_HTTP_200_OK_HEAD(self):
+    def test_HTTP_200_OK_HEAD(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.head(httpbin('get'))
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
-    def test_HTTP_200_OK_PUT(self):
+    def test_HTTP_200_OK_PUT(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.put(httpbin('put'))
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
-    def test_BASICAUTH_TUPLE_HTTP_200_OK_GET(self):
+    def test_BASICAUTH_TUPLE_HTTP_200_OK_GET(self, httpbin):
         auth = ('user', 'pass')
         url = httpbin('basic-auth', 'user', 'pass')
 
@@ -309,42 +341,47 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_connection_error_invalid_port(self):
         """Connecting to an invalid port should raise a ConnectionError"""
         with pytest.raises(ConnectionError):
-            requests.get("http://httpbin.org:1", timeout=1)
+            requests.get("http://localhost:1", timeout=1)
 
     def test_LocationParseError(self):
         """Inputing a URL that cannot be parsed should raise an InvalidURL error"""
         with pytest.raises(InvalidURL):
             requests.get("http://fe80::5054:ff:fe5a:fc0")
 
-    def test_basicauth_with_netrc(self):
+    def test_basicauth_with_netrc(self, httpbin):
         auth = ('user', 'pass')
         wrong_auth = ('wronguser', 'wrongpass')
         url = httpbin('basic-auth', 'user', 'pass')
 
-        def get_netrc_auth_mock(url):
-            return auth
-        requests.sessions.get_netrc_auth = get_netrc_auth_mock
+        old_auth = requests.sessions.get_netrc_auth
 
-        # Should use netrc and work.
-        r = requests.get(url)
-        assert r.status_code == 200
+        try:
+            def get_netrc_auth_mock(url):
+                return auth
+            requests.sessions.get_netrc_auth = get_netrc_auth_mock
 
-        # Given auth should override and fail.
-        r = requests.get(url, auth=wrong_auth)
-        assert r.status_code == 401
+            # Should use netrc and work.
+            r = requests.get(url)
+            assert r.status_code == 200
 
-        s = requests.session()
+            # Given auth should override and fail.
+            r = requests.get(url, auth=wrong_auth)
+            assert r.status_code == 401
 
-        # Should use netrc and work.
-        r = s.get(url)
-        assert r.status_code == 200
+            s = requests.session()
 
-        # Given auth should override and fail.
-        s.auth = wrong_auth
-        r = s.get(url)
-        assert r.status_code == 401
+            # Should use netrc and work.
+            r = s.get(url)
+            assert r.status_code == 200
 
-    def test_DIGEST_HTTP_200_OK_GET(self):
+            # Given auth should override and fail.
+            s.auth = wrong_auth
+            r = s.get(url)
+            assert r.status_code == 401
+        finally:
+            requests.sessions.get_netrc_auth = old_auth
+
+    def test_DIGEST_HTTP_200_OK_GET(self, httpbin):
 
         auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
         url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
@@ -360,7 +397,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         r = s.get(url)
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
-    def test_DIGEST_AUTH_RETURNS_COOKIE(self):
+    def test_DIGEST_AUTH_RETURNS_COOKIE(self, httpbin):
         url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
         auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
         r = requests.get(url)
@@ -369,14 +406,14 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
-    def test_DIGEST_AUTH_SETS_SESSION_COOKIES(self):
+    def test_DIGEST_AUTH_SETS_SESSION_COOKIES(self, httpbin):
         url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
         auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
         s = requests.Session()
         s.get(url, auth=auth)
         assert s.cookies['fake'] == 'fake_value'
 
-    def test_DIGEST_STREAM(self):
+    def test_DIGEST_STREAM(self, httpbin):
 
         auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
         url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
@@ -387,7 +424,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         r = requests.get(url, auth=auth, stream=False)
         assert r.raw.read() == b''
 
-    def test_DIGESTAUTH_WRONG_HTTP_401_GET(self):
+    def test_DIGESTAUTH_WRONG_HTTP_401_GET(self, httpbin):
 
         auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'wrongpass')
         url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
@@ -403,7 +440,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         r = s.get(url)
         assert r.status_code == 401
 
-    def test_DIGESTAUTH_QUOTES_QOP_VALUE(self):
+    def test_DIGESTAUTH_QUOTES_QOP_VALUE(self, httpbin):
 
         auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
         url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
@@ -411,7 +448,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
         assert '"auth"' in r.request.headers['Authorization']
 
-    def test_POSTBIN_GET_POST_FILES(self):
+    def test_POSTBIN_GET_POST_FILES(self, httpbin):
 
         url = httpbin('post')
         post1 = requests.post(url).raise_for_status()
@@ -429,7 +466,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             requests.post(url, files=['bad file data'])
 
-    def test_POSTBIN_GET_POST_FILES_WITH_DATA(self):
+    def test_POSTBIN_GET_POST_FILES_WITH_DATA(self, httpbin):
 
         url = httpbin('post')
         post1 = requests.post(url).raise_for_status()
@@ -448,17 +485,17 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             requests.post(url, files=['bad file data'])
 
-    def test_conflicting_post_params(self):
+    def test_conflicting_post_params(self, httpbin):
         url = httpbin('post')
         with open('requirements.txt') as f:
             pytest.raises(ValueError, "requests.post(url, data='[{\"some\": \"data\"}]', files={'some': f})")
             pytest.raises(ValueError, "requests.post(url, data=u('[{\"some\": \"data\"}]'), files={'some': f})")
 
-    def test_request_ok_set(self):
+    def test_request_ok_set(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.get(httpbin('status', '404'))
         assert not r.ok
 
-    def test_status_raising(self):
+    def test_status_raising(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.get(httpbin('status', '404'))
         with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.HTTPError):
             r.raise_for_status()
@@ -466,11 +503,11 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         r = requests.get(httpbin('status', '500'))
         assert not r.ok
 
-    def test_decompress_gzip(self):
+    def test_decompress_gzip(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.get(httpbin('gzip'))
         r.content.decode('ascii')
 
-    def test_unicode_get(self):
+    def test_unicode_get(self, httpbin):
         url = httpbin('/get')
         requests.get(url, params={'foo': 'føø'})
         requests.get(url, params={'føø': 'føø'})
@@ -478,29 +515,29 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         requests.get(url, params={'foo': 'foo'})
         requests.get(httpbin('ø'), params={'foo': 'foo'})
 
-    def test_unicode_header_name(self):
+    def test_unicode_header_name(self, httpbin):
         requests.put(
             httpbin('put'),
             headers={str('Content-Type'): 'application/octet-stream'},
             data='\xff')  # compat.str is unicode.
 
-    def test_pyopenssl_redirect(self):
-        requests.get('https://httpbin.org/status/301')
+    def test_pyopenssl_redirect(self, httpsbin_url, httpbin_ca_bundle):
+        requests.get(httpsbin_url('status', '301'), verify=httpbin_ca_bundle)
 
-    def test_urlencoded_get_query_multivalued_param(self):
+    def test_urlencoded_get_query_multivalued_param(self, httpbin):
 
         r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), params=dict(test=['foo', 'baz']))
         assert r.status_code == 200
         assert r.url == httpbin('get?test=foo&test=baz')
 
-    def test_different_encodings_dont_break_post(self):
+    def test_different_encodings_dont_break_post(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
             data={'stuff': json.dumps({'a': 123})},
             params={'blah': 'asdf1234'},
             files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
-    def test_unicode_multipart_post(self):
+    def test_unicode_multipart_post(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
             data={'stuff': u('ëlïxr')},
             files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
@@ -521,7 +558,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
-    def test_unicode_multipart_post_fieldnames(self):
+    def test_unicode_multipart_post_fieldnames(self, httpbin):
         filename = os.path.splitext(__file__)[0] + '.py'
         r = requests.Request(method='POST',
                              url=httpbin('post'),
@@ -532,13 +569,24 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert b'name="stuff"' in prep.body
         assert b'name="b\'stuff\'"' not in prep.body
 
-    def test_unicode_method_name(self):
+    def test_unicode_method_name(self, httpbin):
         files = {'file': open('test_requests.py', 'rb')}
         r = requests.request(
             method=u('POST'), url=httpbin('post'), files=files)
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
-    def test_custom_content_type(self):
+    def test_unicode_method_name_with_request_object(self, httpbin):
+        files = {'file': open('test_requests.py', 'rb')}
+        s = requests.Session()
+        req = requests.Request(u("POST"), httpbin('post'), files=files)
+        prep = s.prepare_request(req)
+        assert isinstance(prep.method, builtin_str)
+        assert prep.method == "POST"
+
+        resp = s.send(prep)
+        assert resp.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_custom_content_type(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.post(
             httpbin('post'),
             data={'stuff': json.dumps({'a': 123})},
@@ -548,38 +596,38 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert r.status_code == 200
         assert b"text/py-content-type" in r.request.body
 
-    def test_hook_receives_request_arguments(self):
+    def test_hook_receives_request_arguments(self, httpbin):
         def hook(resp, **kwargs):
             assert resp is not None
             assert kwargs != {}
 
-        requests.Request('GET', HTTPBIN, hooks={'response': hook})
+        requests.Request('GET', httpbin(), hooks={'response': hook})
 
-    def test_session_hooks_are_used_with_no_request_hooks(self):
+    def test_session_hooks_are_used_with_no_request_hooks(self, httpbin):
         hook = lambda x, *args, **kwargs: x
         s = requests.Session()
         s.hooks['response'].append(hook)
-        r = requests.Request('GET', HTTPBIN)
+        r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin())
         prep = s.prepare_request(r)
         assert prep.hooks['response'] != []
         assert prep.hooks['response'] == [hook]
 
-    def test_session_hooks_are_overriden_by_request_hooks(self):
+    def test_session_hooks_are_overridden_by_request_hooks(self, httpbin):
         hook1 = lambda x, *args, **kwargs: x
         hook2 = lambda x, *args, **kwargs: x
         assert hook1 is not hook2
         s = requests.Session()
         s.hooks['response'].append(hook2)
-        r = requests.Request('GET', HTTPBIN, hooks={'response': [hook1]})
+        r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin(), hooks={'response': [hook1]})
         prep = s.prepare_request(r)
         assert prep.hooks['response'] == [hook1]
 
-    def test_prepared_request_hook(self):
+    def test_prepared_request_hook(self, httpbin):
         def hook(resp, **kwargs):
             resp.hook_working = True
             return resp
 
-        req = requests.Request('GET', HTTPBIN, hooks={'response': hook})
+        req = requests.Request('GET', httpbin(), hooks={'response': hook})
         prep = req.prepare()
 
         s = requests.Session()
@@ -588,7 +636,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         assert hasattr(resp, 'hook_working')
 
-    def test_prepared_from_session(self):
+    def test_prepared_from_session(self, httpbin):
         class DummyAuth(requests.auth.AuthBase):
             def __call__(self, r):
                 r.headers['Dummy-Auth-Test'] = 'dummy-auth-test-ok'
@@ -741,7 +789,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         # make sure one can use items multiple times
         assert list(items) == list(items)
 
-    def test_time_elapsed_blank(self):
+    def test_time_elapsed_blank(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.get(httpbin('get'))
         td = r.elapsed
         total_seconds = ((td.microseconds + (td.seconds + td.days * 24 * 3600)
@@ -780,7 +828,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         chunks = r.iter_content(decode_unicode=True)
         assert all(isinstance(chunk, str) for chunk in chunks)
 
-    def test_request_and_response_are_pickleable(self):
+    def test_request_and_response_are_pickleable(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.get(httpbin('get'))
 
         # verify we can pickle the original request
@@ -812,8 +860,8 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         url = 'http://user:pass%23pass@complex.url.com/path?query=yes'
         assert ('user', 'pass#pass') == requests.utils.get_auth_from_url(url)
 
-    def test_cannot_send_unprepared_requests(self):
-        r = requests.Request(url=HTTPBIN)
+    def test_cannot_send_unprepared_requests(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.Request(url=httpbin())
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             requests.Session().send(r)
 
@@ -827,7 +875,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert str(error) == 'message'
         assert error.response == response
 
-    def test_session_pickling(self):
+    def test_session_pickling(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'))
         s = requests.Session()
 
@@ -837,7 +885,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         r = s.send(r.prepare())
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
-    def test_fixes_1329(self):
+    def test_fixes_1329(self, httpbin):
         """
         Ensure that header updates are done case-insensitively.
         """
@@ -850,7 +898,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert headers['Accept'] == 'application/json'
         assert headers['ACCEPT'] == 'application/json'
 
-    def test_uppercase_scheme_redirect(self):
+    def test_uppercase_scheme_redirect(self, httpbin):
         parts = urlparse(httpbin('html'))
         url = "HTTP://" + parts.netloc + parts.path
         r = requests.get(httpbin('redirect-to'), params={'url': url})
@@ -895,14 +943,14 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert 'http://' in s2.adapters
         assert 'https://' in s2.adapters
 
-    def test_header_remove_is_case_insensitive(self):
+    def test_header_remove_is_case_insensitive(self, httpbin):
         # From issue #1321
         s = requests.Session()
         s.headers['foo'] = 'bar'
         r = s.get(httpbin('get'), headers={'FOO': None})
         assert 'foo' not in r.request.headers
 
-    def test_params_are_merged_case_sensitive(self):
+    def test_params_are_merged_case_sensitive(self, httpbin):
         s = requests.Session()
         s.params['foo'] = 'bar'
         r = s.get(httpbin('get'), params={'FOO': 'bar'})
@@ -917,7 +965,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         r = requests.Request('GET', url).prepare()
         assert r.url == url
 
-    def test_header_keys_are_native(self):
+    def test_header_keys_are_native(self, httpbin):
         headers = {u('unicode'): 'blah', 'byte'.encode('ascii'): 'blah'}
         r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'), headers=headers)
         p = r.prepare()
@@ -927,7 +975,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert 'unicode' in p.headers.keys()
         assert 'byte' in p.headers.keys()
 
-    def test_can_send_nonstring_objects_with_files(self):
+    def test_can_send_nonstring_objects_with_files(self, httpbin):
         data = {'a': 0.0}
         files = {'b': 'foo'}
         r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), data=data, files=files)
@@ -935,7 +983,20 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         assert 'multipart/form-data' in p.headers['Content-Type']
 
-    def test_can_send_file_object_with_non_string_filename(self):
+    def test_can_send_bytes_bytearray_objects_with_files(self, httpbin):
+        # Test bytes:
+        data = {'a': 'this is a string'}
+        files = {'b': b'foo'}
+        r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), data=data, files=files)
+        p = r.prepare()
+        assert 'multipart/form-data' in p.headers['Content-Type']
+        # Test bytearrays:
+        files = {'b': bytearray(b'foo')}
+        r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), data=data, files=files)
+        p = r.prepare()
+        assert 'multipart/form-data' in p.headers['Content-Type']
+
+    def test_can_send_file_object_with_non_string_filename(self, httpbin):
         f = io.BytesIO()
         f.name = 2
         r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), files={'f': f})
@@ -943,7 +1004,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         assert 'multipart/form-data' in p.headers['Content-Type']
 
-    def test_autoset_header_values_are_native(self):
+    def test_autoset_header_values_are_native(self, httpbin):
         data = 'this is a string'
         length = '16'
         req = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), data=data)
@@ -962,7 +1023,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             preq = req.prepare()
             assert test_url == preq.url
 
-    def test_auth_is_stripped_on_redirect_off_host(self):
+    def test_auth_is_stripped_on_redirect_off_host(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.get(
             httpbin('redirect-to'),
             params={'url': 'http://www.google.co.uk'},
@@ -971,14 +1032,14 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert r.history[0].request.headers['Authorization']
         assert not r.request.headers.get('Authorization', '')
 
-    def test_auth_is_retained_for_redirect_on_host(self):
+    def test_auth_is_retained_for_redirect_on_host(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.get(httpbin('redirect/1'), auth=('user', 'pass'))
         h1 = r.history[0].request.headers['Authorization']
         h2 = r.request.headers['Authorization']
 
         assert h1 == h2
 
-    def test_manual_redirect_with_partial_body_read(self):
+    def test_manual_redirect_with_partial_body_read(self, httpbin):
         s = requests.Session()
         r1 = s.get(httpbin('redirect/2'), allow_redirects=False, stream=True)
         assert r1.is_redirect
@@ -1011,7 +1072,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         adapter.build_response = build_response
 
-    def test_redirect_with_wrong_gzipped_header(self):
+    def test_redirect_with_wrong_gzipped_header(self, httpbin):
         s = requests.Session()
         url = httpbin('redirect/1')
         self._patch_adapter_gzipped_redirect(s, url)
@@ -1022,7 +1083,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert isinstance(s, builtin_str)
         assert s == "Basic dGVzdDp0ZXN0"
 
-    def test_requests_history_is_saved(self):
+    def test_requests_history_is_saved(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.get(httpbin('redirect/5'))
         total = r.history[-1].history
         i = 0
@@ -1030,7 +1091,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             assert item.history == total[0:i]
             i = i + 1
 
-    def test_json_param_post_content_type_works(self):
+    def test_json_param_post_content_type_works(self, httpbin):
         r = requests.post(
             httpbin('post'),
             json={'life': 42}
@@ -1039,6 +1100,39 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert 'application/json' in r.request.headers['Content-Type']
         assert {'life': 42} == r.json()['json']
 
+    def test_json_param_post_should_not_override_data_param(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.Request(method='POST', url=httpbin('post'),
+                             data={'stuff': 'elixr'},
+                             json={'music': 'flute'})
+        prep = r.prepare()
+        assert 'stuff=elixr' == prep.body
+
+    def test_response_iter_lines(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('stream/4'), stream=True)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+        it = r.iter_lines()
+        next(it)
+        assert len(list(it)) == 3
+
+    def test_unconsumed_session_response_closes_connection(self, httpbin):
+        s = requests.session()
+
+        with contextlib.closing(s.get(httpbin('stream/4'), stream=True)) as response:
+            pass
+
+        assert response._content_consumed is False
+        assert response.raw.closed
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail
+    def test_response_iter_lines_reentrant(self, httpbin):
+        """Response.iter_lines() is not reentrant safe"""
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('stream/4'), stream=True)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+        next(r.iter_lines())
+        assert len(list(r.iter_lines())) == 3
+
 
 class TestContentEncodingDetection(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -1184,6 +1278,7 @@ class TestCaseInsensitiveDict(unittest.TestCase):
         del othercid['spam']
         assert cid != othercid
         assert cid == {'spam': 'blueval', 'eggs': 'redval'}
+        assert cid != object()
 
     def test_setdefault(self):
         cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Spam': 'blueval'})
@@ -1221,6 +1316,16 @@ class TestCaseInsensitiveDict(unittest.TestCase):
         assert frozenset(cid.keys()) == keyset
         assert frozenset(cid) == keyset
 
+    def test_copy(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({
+            'Accept': 'application/json',
+            'user-Agent': 'requests',
+        })
+        cid_copy = cid.copy()
+        assert cid == cid_copy
+        cid['changed'] = True
+        assert cid != cid_copy
+
 
 class UtilsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -1246,6 +1351,13 @@ class UtilsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             assert super_len(
                 cStringIO.StringIO('but some how, some way...')) == 25
 
+    def test_super_len_correctly_calculates_len_of_partially_read_file(self):
+        """Ensure that we handle partially consumed file like objects."""
+        from requests.utils import super_len
+        s = StringIO.StringIO()
+        s.write('foobarbogus')
+        assert super_len(s) == 0
+
     def test_get_environ_proxies_ip_ranges(self):
         """Ensures that IP addresses are correctly matches with ranges
         in no_proxy variable."""
@@ -1267,6 +1379,15 @@ class UtilsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             'http://localhost.localdomain:5000/v1.0/') == {}
         assert get_environ_proxies('http://www.requests.com/') != {}
 
+    def test_select_proxies(self):
+        """Make sure we can select per-host proxies correctly."""
+        from requests.utils import select_proxy
+        proxies = {'http': 'http://http.proxy',
+                   'http://some.host': 'http://some.host.proxy'}
+        assert select_proxy('hTTp://u:p@Some.Host/path', proxies) == 'http://some.host.proxy'
+        assert select_proxy('hTTp://u:p@Other.Host/path', proxies) == 'http://http.proxy'
+        assert select_proxy('hTTps://Other.Host', proxies) is None
+
     def test_guess_filename_when_int(self):
         from requests.utils import guess_filename
         assert None is guess_filename(1)
@@ -1405,13 +1526,13 @@ class TestMorselToCookieMaxAge(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class TestTimeout:
-    def test_stream_timeout(self):
+    def test_stream_timeout(self, httpbin):
         try:
             requests.get(httpbin('delay/10'), timeout=2.0)
         except requests.exceptions.Timeout as e:
             assert 'Read timed out' in e.args[0].args[0]
 
-    def test_invalid_timeout(self):
+    def test_invalid_timeout(self, httpbin):
         with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
             requests.get(httpbin('get'), timeout=(3, 4, 5))
         assert '(connect, read)' in str(e)
@@ -1420,7 +1541,7 @@ class TestTimeout:
             requests.get(httpbin('get'), timeout="foo")
         assert 'must be an int or float' in str(e)
 
-    def test_none_timeout(self):
+    def test_none_timeout(self, httpbin):
         """ Check that you can set None as a valid timeout value.
 
         To actually test this behavior, we'd want to check that setting the
@@ -1432,7 +1553,7 @@ class TestTimeout:
         r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), timeout=None)
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
-    def test_read_timeout(self):
+    def test_read_timeout(self, httpbin):
         try:
             requests.get(httpbin('delay/10'), timeout=(None, 0.1))
             assert False, "The recv() request should time out."
@@ -1454,7 +1575,7 @@ class TestTimeout:
         except ConnectTimeout:
             pass
 
-    def test_encoded_methods(self):
+    def test_encoded_methods(self, httpbin):
         """See: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2316"""
         r = requests.request(b'GET', httpbin('get'))
         assert r.ok
@@ -1505,7 +1626,7 @@ class TestRedirects:
         'proxies': {},
     }
 
-    def test_requests_are_updated_each_time(self):
+    def test_requests_are_updated_each_time(self, httpbin):
         session = RedirectSession([303, 307])
         prep = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post')).prepare()
         r0 = session.send(prep)
@@ -1583,12 +1704,11 @@ def test_prepare_unicode_url():
     p.prepare(
         method='GET',
         url=u('http://www.example.com/üniçø∂é'),
-        hooks=[]
     )
     assert_copy(p, p.copy())
 
 
-def test_urllib3_retries():
+def test_urllib3_retries(httpbin):
     from requests.packages.urllib3.util import Retry
     s = requests.Session()
     s.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter(max_retries=Retry(
@@ -1598,5 +1718,24 @@ def test_urllib3_retries():
     with pytest.raises(RetryError):
         s.get(httpbin('status/500'))
 
+
+def test_urllib3_pool_connection_closed(httpbin):
+    s = requests.Session()
+    s.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=0, pool_maxsize=0))
+
+    try:
+        s.get(httpbin('status/200'))
+    except ConnectionError as e:
+        assert u"Pool is closed." in str(e)
+
+
+def test_vendor_aliases():
+    from requests.packages import urllib3
+    from requests.packages import chardet
+
+    with pytest.raises(ImportError):
+        from requests.packages import webbrowser
+
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()